Basic Aerodynamic Principles - AERODYN1 Part 3

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering & Architecture

Aeronautical Engineering Program
Instructional Material in AERODYNAMICS 1
Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

STREAM FUNCTION
In studying the two-dimensional flow of fluid, it is desirable to have a name for the
quantity of fluid passing between a given point and a reference point. The quantity is termed
the stream function ψ of the given point. In two-dimensional flow, the dimensions of stream
function are in square feet per second.
In Figure 2.8a, 0 is the reference point, 0AP and 0BP are any two lines connecting 0 and
P is the amount of fluid crossing line 0AP per second must be the same as the amount of
fluid crossing 0BP per second: this amount per second is the stream function of P.
In Figure 2.8b, points P and P’ are two points on the same streamline. The stream
function of P is the amount of fluid crossing line 0P per second. Since fluid cannot cross line
PP’, the quantity of fluid crossing line 0P’ per second is the same as the quantity of fluid
crossing the line 0P per second. Therefore points on the same streamline have the same
stream function, and conversely, points having the same stream function are the on the
same streamline. Similarly if 0’ is on s streamline passing through 0, the fluid crossing 0P
per second is the same quantity as that crossing 0’P per second, since no fluid crosses 00’.
Then the stream function of P with respect to 0 is the same as the stream function of P with
respect to 0’.
RELATION BETWEEN VELOCITY AND STREAM FUNCTION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL

FLOW
In two-dimensional flow, the velocity V may be resolved into two components, parallel to
the X and Y axes respectively. The velocity component parallel to the X axis is termed u; its
direction is positive if from lower to greater values of x, i.e., to the right. The component
parallel to the Y axis is termed v; it is positive if the direction is toward increasing positive
values of y, i.e., upward.
Stream function is positive if the flow is clockwise about the origin 0.
Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 29

If P and P’ are points on adjacent streamlines (see Figure 2.9) and if dψ is the difference
between their respective stream functions and dx and dy, the difference between their
coordinates, the quantity of fluid crossing PP’ per second must equal the quantity crossing
PA plus the quantity crossing AP’ per second. Then
dψ = udy − vdx
Note: v is negative because its direction is downward.
From differential calculus, if ψ is a function of x and y,
∂ψ ∂ψ
dψ = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
Then
∂ψ
u=
∂y
∂ψ
v=−
∂x
When the value of ψ is known as a function of the x and y coordinates for all points in a
two- dimensional fluid flow, the velocity may be determined.
2 2
Example: If fluid is flowing so that ψ = x − y , determine the velocity at the point (3, 2).
Solution:
∂ψ ∂
u= = (x2 − y2 )
∂y ∂y
u = −2 y = −( 2)( 2) = −4 ft / sec
∂ψ ∂
v=− = (x2 − y 2 )
∂x ∂x
v = −2 x = −( 2)(3) = −6 ft / sec
V = u 2 + v 2 = (−4) 2 + (−6) 2 = 7.21 ft / sec
v
tan θ =
u
v  −6
θ = tan −1 = tan −1   = 236.31
0
u −4


Problems:
2 2
1. What is the velocity at point (-2, 4), if ψ = x − y ?
Ans. V = 8.94 ft/sec
θ = 153.430
2 2
2. What is the velocity at point (3, 5), if ψ = x + y ?
θ = 329.040
2 2
3. For the flow ψ = x + y , what is the velocity at point (4, 5)?
θ = 321.340
2 2
4. For the flow ψ = x + y , what is the velocity at point (5, 5)?
θ = 315.00
2 2
5. What is the velocity at point (4, 4), if ψ = ln(x + y ) ?
θ = 315.00


SOURCES AND SINKS
In the mathematical study of fluid flow, a useful concept is a source, or a sink. A source
is a point at which fluid is appearing at a definite, uniform rate: if there is no disturbance to
the flow the fluid will travel radically outward from the source. A sink is a negative source or
a point at which fluid is disappearing at a definite, uniform rate. With no disturbance, the fluid
travels radially inward equally from all directions.
The strength m of a source is the quantity of fluid appearing per second; in two-
dimensional flow it is measured in square feet per second. The streamlines from a source
are radial lines. If one of these streamlines is designated as a base or reference line, and the
streamline through point P makes an angle θ with these reference line, θ being measured
counterclockwise from the reference line, the stream function for the point P is
mθ
ψ = , θ in radians
2π
mθ
ψ= , θ in deg rees
360
Since he flow is radially outward, the magnitude of the velocity V is
m
V=
2πr
and the direction of V makes the angle the angle θ with the reference line.
UNIFORM FLOW PLUS A SOURCE

Because stream function is a scalar quantity, stream functions may be added.
The stream function of a source, of strength m, located at the origin is ψ = mθ /( 2π ), θ

being measured in radians in a counterclockwise direction from the positive X axis. The
stream function, straight-line flow parallel to the X axis and flowing in a positive direction is
ψ = +Uy , where U is the constant velocity.
The stream function of these two flows when combined is
mθ
ψ = +Uy +
2π
m y
ψ = +Uy + tan −1
2π x
Having the equation for ψ in terms of the constant U and m, and the variables x and y,
curves are plotted for various streamlines, as in Figure 2.10a. The streamline representing
ψ = 0 is the X axis plus a curve resembling a parabola, PP’, shown as a heavy solid line in
Figure 2.10a.
As no fluid may cross a streamline, any streamline may be replaced by a solid boundary,
so that the streamlines of Figure 2.10a may be considered as the flow of a horizontal wind
striking a hill shaped like PP’ in Figure 2.10b.

The velocity being ascertainable at any point in the flow, if the pressure is known at
some one point, Bermoulli’s law may be used to find the pressure at any other point on a
given streamline.
Example: A source of strength of 600 sq ft per sec located at the origin (0, 0) is
superimposed on a uniform flow of 500 ft per sec parallel to the X axis in a negative direction.
If the pressure in the flow remote from this source is standard atmospheric, what is the
pressure at the point (0, 1.5)? Note: This point is on the streamline ψ = 0.
Given:
m = 600 sq ft per sec
U = - 500 ft/sec
P0 = 2,116.8 lb/ft2
Solution:
∂ψ ∂  m y
u= =  + Uy + tan −1 
∂y ∂y  2π x
m  x  600  0 
u =U +  2 
2 
= −500 + ( )  2 2 
= −404.51 ft / sec
2π  x + y  2π  ( 0 ) + (1 . 5) 
∂ψ ∂  m y
v=− = −  − Uy + tan −1 
∂x ∂x  2π x
m  y  600  1 .5 
v=+  2  = ( ) 2 = 63.66 ft / sec
2π x +y
2
 2π  (0) + (1.5) 2 
V = u 2 + v 2 = (−404.51) 2 + (63.66) 2 = 409.49 ft / sec


By Bernoulli’s law,
V 2 P U 2 P0
+ = +
2 ρ0 2 ρ0
1
P = P0 + ρ 0 (U 2 − V 2 )
2
1
[ ]
P = 2,116.8 + ( )(0.002377) (−500) 2 − (409.49) 2 = 2,214.63lb / ft 2
2
Problems:
1. With a source and uniform flow as in the example, find the pressure at the point
(0.557, 1.0).
Ans. P = 2,117.9 lb/ft2
(-1.15, 2).
Ans. P = 2,109.3 lb/ft2
(0.995, 0).
Ans. P = 2,128.1 lb/ft2


SOURCE PLUS SINK PLUS UNIFORM FLOW
If a source with a strength m is located on the X axis at x = c and if a sink with a strength
–m is located on the X axis at x = -c (see Figure 2.11), the stream function of point P (x, y) is
mθ1 mθ 2
ψ = −
2π 2π
but
y
tan θ1 =
x−c
and
y
tan θ 2 =
x+c
By trigonometry,
tan θ1 − tan θ 2
tan(θ1 − θ 2 ) =
1 + tan θ1 − tan θ 2
y y
−
= x−c x+c
 y  y 
1+   
 x − c  x + c 
2cy
= 2
x + y 2 − c2
mθ1 mθ 2
Then Eqn. ψ = − may be written in the form
2π 2π
m  2cy 
ψ = tan −1  2 2 2

2π  x + y −c 


Superimposing a uniform flow of –U ft per sec parallel to the X axis on the outward flow
of the source and the inward flow of the sink given, for the point P (x, y),
m  2cy 
ψ = −Uy + tan −1  2 2

2 
2π  x + y −c 
By assigning values to ψ, streamlines may be plotted for the form of flow as in Figure
2.12. The streamline for ψ = 0 in the X axis and a symmetrical curve, tan (2πUy)/m=2cy/(x2
+y2 –c2), resembling an ellipse. The flow may be considered as the two-dimensional flow
about a cylindrical surface having for its cross section the quasi-elliptic shape of the ψ = 0
line.
The component velocities, u and v, may be found at any point by differentiating the
stream function
∂ψ
u=
∂y
m  x−c x+c
u = −U +  2 − 2 
2π  r1 r2 
∂ψ
v=−
∂x
my  1 1 
v=+  2 − 2 
2π  r1 r2 
Where
r12 = ( x − c) 2 + y 2
r22 = ( x + c) 2 + y 2
The components of the velocity being known, the resultant velocity may be found. The
pressure being known at same point in the flow, the pressure at another point on the same
streamline may be calculated by Bernoulli’s law. Owing to the symmetry of the streamlines,
the pressure on the surface, ψ = 0, are symmetric about the X and Y axes. The sum of the
vertical pressures is zero, and the sum of the horizontal pressures is zero.

Example: A source whose strength is 314. 2 sq ft per sec and a sink, whose strength is -
314.2 sq ft per sec are located at (1.0) and (-1.0) respectively. They are superimposed in a
uniform flow of -100 ft per second parallel to the X axis. If the pressure in the flow remote
from the source and sink is atmospheric and if the fluid is air, what is the pressure at the
point (1.05, 0.6)? Note: This point is on the streamline ψ = 0.
Solution:
r12 = ( x − c) 2 + y 2 = (1.05 − 1.0) 2 + (0.6) 2 = 0.3625
r22 = ( x + c) 2 + y 2 = (1.05 + 1.0) 2 + (0.6) 2 = 4.5625
 x−c x+c 314.2  1.05 − 1.0 1.05 + 1.0 
 2 − 2  = −100 + 
m
u = −U +  − 4.5625
2π  r1 r2   2π   0.3625 
= −115.57 ft pers sec
my  1 1 
 2 − 2  = 
(314.2)(0.6)  1 1 
v=+   − 
2π  r1 r2   2π  0.3625 4.5625 
= 76.19 ft per sec
V = u 2 + v 2 = ( −115.57) 2 + (76.19) 2 = 138.42 ft per sec
V 2 P U 2 P0
+ = +
2 ρ0 2 ρ0
1
P = P0 + ρ 0 (U 2 − V 2 )
2
1
[ ]
P = 2,116.8 + ( )(0.002377) ( −100) 2 − (138.42) 2 = 2,105.91 lb / ft 2
2
Problems:
1. For the flow described in the example, what is the pressure at point (1.38, 0.2)?
Ans. P = 2,124.4 lb/ft2
Ans. P = 2,115.3 lb/ft2
Ans. P = 2,110.2 lb/ft2
Ans. P = 2,099.2 lb/ft2
Ans. P = 2,098.6 lb/ft2


FLOW ABOUT A CIRCULAR CYLINDER
It was shown that the stream function of a source and a sink, each located on the X axis
at a distance of 2c apart, is
m  2cy 
ψ = tan −1  2 2

2 
2π  x + y − c 
and the streamline for ψ = 0 is the X axis and a curve resembling an ellipse.
If the distance 2c between the source and the sink is made smaller while the strengths m
and -m are made larger, the product, 2cm, always being kept constant, the ratio of the
length of the major axis to the length of the minor axis of the elliptic figure will become less.
As the distance 2c approaches zero in value, the figure will become more nearly circular,
m  2cy 
when it is combined with a uniform flow. Letting µ = 2cm , Eqn. ψ = tan −1  2 2 2

2π  x + y −c 
 2cy 
tan −1  2 2

2 
 x + y −c 
may be written ψ =
4πc
µ
As c approaches zero, the right-hand side of the above equation becomes indeterminate,
but, by applying a standard method of calculus (Hospital’s rule), differentiating separately the
numerator and the denominator with respect to c, and letting c approach zero, a solution is
 2cy 
tan −1  2 2

2 
 x + y − c 
obtained. Performing this on Equation ψ = gives, for the source-sink
4πc
µ
µ y
doublet, ψ =
2π x + y 2
2
When this flow is combined with a uniform, negative flow parallel to the X axis, the
stream function becomes
µ y
ψ = −Uy +
2π x + y 2
2


Letting
µ
a2 =
2πU
Ua2 y
ψ = −Uy +
x2 + y2
The streamline for µ = 0 will be the X axis and a circle whose center is at the origin and
whose radius is a.
Anywhere in the flow, the component velocities are

∂  y 
u=  − Uy + Ua 2 2 
∂y  x + y 2 
 x2 − y2 
u = −U + Ua 2  2 2 2
 (x + y ) 
∂ 1 
v=−  − Uy + Ua2 y 2 
∂x  x + y 2 
 2 xy 
v = +Ua 2  2 2 2 
 (x + y ) 
2 2 2
On the circumference of the circle, ψ = 0, since y = a − x
dy x
=−
dx y
Also
V2
u = −2U
a2
xy
v = 2U 2
a
−1
The resultant velocity V makes an angle tan (v / u) with the X axis, but
2Uxy
v 2
= a 2
u − 2Uy
a2
v x
=−
u y


This shows that the resultant velocity V is tangent to the circumference of the circle.
V 2 = u 2 + v2
2 2
 − 2Uy 2   2Uxy 
=  2
 +  2 
 a   a 
4U 2 y 2
=
a2
2Uy
V=
a
In polar coordinate, this becomes

V = 2U sin θ
The pressure at any point on the surface of a circular cylinder in a uniform flow is, from
Bernoulli’s law,
V 2 P U 2 P0
+ = +
2 ρ0 2 ρ0
1
P = P0 + ρ 0 (U 2 − V 2 )
2
1
[
= P0 + ρ 0 U 2 − (2U sin θ ) 2
2
]
1
P = P0 + ρ 0 (U 2 − 4U 2 sin 2 θ )
2

V = 2U sin θ
Where:
V = tangential velocity in ft/s or m/s
U = freestream velocity in ft/s or m/s
θ = angle through the point on the surface of the cylinder with the main
direction of the air flow in deg.
P = pressure at any point on the surface of a circular cylinder in psf or Pa
P0 = freestream pressure in psf or Pa
ρ 0 = freestream density in slug/ft3 or kg/m3
Example:
1. A uniform current of air with a speed of 100 ft. per sec flows around a circular cylinder.
At a distance from the cylinder the pressure is atmospheric. What is the pressure at a
point on the surface of the cylinder so located that a radial line through the point makes
an angle of 150 with the direction of airflow?
Given:
U = 100 ft / sec
P0 = 2,116 .8 lb / ft 2
ρ 0 = 0 .002377 slug / ft 3
θ = 15 deg .
Required:
P
Solution:
1
P = P0 + ρ 0U 2 (1 − 4 sin 2 θ ) = 2,116.8 + (0.5)(0.002377)(100) 2 (1 − 4 sin 2 15) = 2,125.50 lb / ft 2
2

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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering & Architecture

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

RELATION BETWEEN VELOCITY AND STREAM FUNCTION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL

Stream function is positive if the flow is clockwise about the origin 0.

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 29

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 30

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 31

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

UNIFORM FLOW PLUS A SOURCE

The stream function of a source, of strength m, located at the origin is ψ = mθ /( 2π ), θ

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 32

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

V = u 2 + v 2 = (−404.51) 2 + (63.66) 2 = 409.49 ft / sec

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 33

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 34

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 35

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 36

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

V = u 2 + v 2 = ( −115.57) 2 + (76.19) 2 = 138.42 ft per sec

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 37

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

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Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Anywhere in the flow, the component velocities are

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 39

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

In polar coordinate, this becomes

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Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 41

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