NAME
GERUND (Ving)
(DANH ĐỘNG TỪ)
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving)
(HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3/V-ed)
(QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ)
PERFECT GERUND (Having + V3/V-ed)
(DANH ĐỘNG TỪ HOÀN THÀNH)
FUNCTION EXAMPLES
Subject Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding
Complement (bổ ngữ) activity.
Object of a verb What I really like is travelling to other
Object of a preposition countries.
Object of a phrasal verb Jill suggested going for a drink.
Part of a compound noun (danh từ ghép) He rushed out of the room without saying a
word.
Could you give up smoking?
hWe had no drinking (n) water (n) left.
Continuous aspect (khía cạnh có thì tiếp diễn) I am cooking some soup.
I watched the storm approaching.
What have you been doing?
You must be joking.
Adjective (active meaning) The survey revealed some worrying (adj)
results.
Participle clause (Mệnh đề phân từ) (Reduced The man driving the car was not injured.
Relative Clause) The man who was driving was not injured.
(While he was) Walking through the park, Tom
lost his keys.
Would you like to go fishing?
Refer to the same time as the verb in the
main clause.
Participle clause (Reduced Relative Clause) Sue has all the qualifications required for the
job. (…which are required for the job.)
Damaged badly by the flood, the school had to
be rebuilt. (As the school was badly
Adjective (passive meaning)/(active meaning) damaged…)
There was a handwritten note on the table.
Main verb (Tenses) The fallen leaves covered the garden path.
She has just bought a new car.
Object of a verb I appreciate having had a chance to travel to
Australia last year.
Object of a preposition He was accused of (having stolen)/stealing the

PERFECT PARTICIPLE (Having + V3/V-ed)
(PHÂN TỪ HOÀN THÀNH)
CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE (To + be Ving)
(NGUYÊN MẪU TIẾP DIỄN)
PERFECT INFINITIVE
(To + Have + V3/V-ed)
(NGUYÊN MẪU HOÀN THÀNH)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE
(To) + Have + Been + Ving)
(NGUYÊN MẪU HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN)
Indicate (xác định) that the time of the action
that it refers to is before that of the verb in
the main clause
Express an action in progress. (Thể hiện 1
hành động đang tiếp diễn)
Refer to the time before that of the preceding
verb in the past or in the future
Refer to the time before that of the preceding
verb and express an action happening over a
period of time
car.
Having taken the wrong turn (After he had
taken the wrong turn), he ended up in a
dangerous neighbourhood.
Main Clause
I am glad to be sitting here.
You must be joking.
You are lucky to be living in another country
right now.
He can be working at home right now.
You are lucky to have been given the
scholarship.
Peter seems to have cleaned the floor before
we start decorating the room. (Peter will have
cleaned…)
They must have forgotten about the deadline.
(Perfect Bare Infinitive)
He may have been imprisoned before.
I am glad to have been living in Barcelona for
the last ten years.
He must have been waiting for 2 hours.
The organizers were thought to have been
preparing for days.