Practical Research 1

Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research

What I need to know

Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social, political,
environmental and personal. this case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be
a progress that everybody benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to these
problems that is based on knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or theories? You need
to have this knowledge through organized and well-planned procedures that are accurate and
useful. Thus, you need to do research.
Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right
information. Research develops you to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and
seek for truth - Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a catalyst in
solving complex issues in different sectors including health, communications, business and the
environment.

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Lesson 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Lesson 4. The Types of Research Across Fields

Learning Objectives (Most Essential Learning Competencies)

After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:

1. share research experiences and knowledge

2. explain the importance of research in daily life
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science,
business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology,
and social inquiry)

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 Lesson The Importance of Research
1 In Daily Life

What’s in?

In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is used
in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to problems
especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the importance of
research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision you do.

What’s New?

I. What is Research?

1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or
theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in
order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring.

II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman, G.,2013)

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is

a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by
applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”. It is a systematic examination of a

certain event or phenomenon. Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply
involves) himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or
examined by him in detail.
Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
comes in

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 IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.

Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or

method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a
creative process)

V. Purpose of Research

1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further

investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It
helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others
as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided,
1. What is Research?
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2. What is inquiry and its nature?
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3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?
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4. How important is research in your daily life activities?
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5. Why is there a need to conduct research?
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 What’s more?
Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is? Write your
reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.

3.

What have I learned?

Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question. If
inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different from
research which also investigates?

2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading to a
solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to learn new
things?
 Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and
2 Ethics of Research
Research is a process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information to answer
questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be
systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical
practices researchers had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research.
Thus to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.

What’s in?
(
In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in your
daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask
questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. The
importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to problems through
reliable and validated information.

What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic

method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
 II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data
Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical
tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as
expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual
respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
 What are these ethics in research?

1. Informed Consent- This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in your
study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule
of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be
completely voluntary.

2. Honesty- It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity- Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

4. Integrity- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

5. Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and
the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
6. Openness- Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property- Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality- Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for

publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

9. Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.

10.Responsible Publication- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to

advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11.Respect for Colleagues- Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.

12.Social responsibility- Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.

13.Non-discrimination- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

14.Competence- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

15.Legality- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16.Animal Care- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17.Human Subjects protection- When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights
and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without
permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to
the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are
breached by a third party
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process.
Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.
5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name
is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the
ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

IV. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include

honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

A. Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a
violation of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
 Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
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2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem. What is the
importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
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3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
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4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
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5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
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What is it?
You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you
identify the processes involved in conducting research and its characteristics?
Enumerate those processes.

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant?
 What’s more?
Read and Analyze
Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained attention of two

interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the world of the participant. A critical view
of some of the ethical challenges in the participants’ and researchers’ world reveals that how we
examine both these worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for
researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their research life through
multiple modes. The modes may include dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect
their aims to adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in a way
that is mutually beneficial to the participant and the researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious research ethics are
embedded in the unfolding research ethics process involving the participants and the researchers,
and both the participant and researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process
and add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly enhanced by safe,
effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of correlates of immune protection, and
improved scientific knowledge of the disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines
would be particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being developed .
Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most efficient and scientifically
powerful means for testing vaccines, especially because animal models are not adequately
generalizable to humans.
Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health benefit in so far as
they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b) increase the likelihood that the most effective
(candidate) vaccines will ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d)
improve knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.

Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
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2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission study on humans rather than animal models
unethical?
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3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you do to
correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
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 Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative
3 Research
Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research.
Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in
your research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best
results from these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the
differences between them which you will study in this lesson.

What’s in?

(
In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic, objective,
feasible, empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing the real nature of
research following the processes as well as the factors in selecting your general problem or
topic. As a researcher you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting
research.

What’s New?

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results.
 Concept Map showing the Designs of Research

DESIGN

TYPES
Ethnography Experimental Research

Grounded Theory Pre-Experimental

True-Experimental
Case Study
Quasi-Experimental
Discourse Analysis

Phenomenology
Non-Experimental Research
Historical Research
(Survey Research)
Narrative Report 1. Descriptive Research
2.Comparative Research
Biography 3.Correlational Research

Scholarly Chronicle
Intellectual Biography
Life History Writing Action Research
Memoir Biography
Narrative Biography

II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research2

Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory based The purpose is to test a hypothesis
on the gathered data. or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to gain Measures problem using rating
understanding of individual scale and other research
differences in terms of feelings and parameters of group similarities.
experiences.
 -natural setting -measurement setting
Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a
phenomenon. certain phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, sentences, - Uses numbers, scales,

paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations,
compositions, narrations and short computations and statistics tools.
stories

Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives

Sampling of population
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)
Uses census, survey
Uses interviews, participant questionnaire, checklist, paper-
observation, group discussions. Ex: pencil test and experimentation.
Case Study, field research
Uses closed ended questions. This
Uses open ended questions. questions can only be answered
It is a freeform survey questions by selecting from a limited
allow a participant to answer in number of options, usually
open-text format, responses are “multiple-choice”, “yes or no”, or
unlimited to a set of options. a rating scale

Example:
Example: Strongly agree to strongly disagree
Guide questions for the In quantitative research closed
interviews ended questions are the basis of
all statistical analysis techniques
1. What was your experiences applied on questionnaires and
during quarantine period on the surveys.
COVID-19 pandemic? How did
you handle the situation caused by Sample Question:
the pandemic? Do you agree on online modality
2. Was the support of the class in transitioning the new
National and Local Government normal of education?
enough for your basic needs? Did a. Strongly agree
they conduct evaluation for those b. Agree
who were affected? c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
 Inductive Deductive
The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind without already created theory
biases, gathering all exact details of emphasizing the previously
the topic and generalization or new researched phenomenon from
theory is given towards the end of different views (tested against
the research process. observations).

Uses both inductive and deductive

They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts

Data discussions discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the overall
and Presentation mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going to

the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on experience Opinions are based on laws, rules, or
or observation. There are no other recognized principles.
criteria used in
data discussions.
Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical
thematic.

Subjective Objective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by the The researcher employs
personal experiences and views.
standard criteria in analyzing data.

Cultivates understanding with high Endorse a development. Has

validity. high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated
formulated. towards the end of the research
process.

I. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving
solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative?
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Activity 2

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and similarities between a quantitative
and qualitative method of research by filling in completely the Venn diagram presented in the next page.

One example is done for you to follow.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Similarities
Natural Dependent on
Setting Both are rigorous & statistical tool
uses textual form
in data analysis
 Lesson The Kinds of Research Across
4 Fields
Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into
something that affects your personality or your life in some important way. If you are
interested on a topic you are researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it. To
define clearly the types of research in areas of interest you want to embark, focus your
scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It supports you to connect to your career path. The
examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to choose specific topic of your
research study which you will be exploring to create new knowledge.

What’s New?

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Description Example of Studies

Interest
Arts-Based Personal expression in various art 1.The Role of Arts in Student
Research forms is use as a primary mode of Achievement in Reading
inquiry 1.How Classroom Artistic
Structure Motivates Learning
Deals with human culture such as 1.Values Education in the Public
Research in philosophy, religion, literature, Schools: Practices and Challenges
Humanities linguistics and history
2. Children In-Conflict with the Law:
It includes ancient and modern A Resolution and Intervention
languages, human geography, laws,
politics and other social sciences.
Sports Research
Intended for athletes to endure their 1.Student Involvement in
health and wellness goals through Athletics and their Academic
proven high quality products. Performance
It helps the coaches and athletes to
access information and apply it to 2.Sports and Fitness Support on
develop programs and techniques in Students in Public Schools
sports.
Science Discover laws, postulates theories 1.Utilization of Garbage and
Research that can explain natural or social other Waste Resources as
phenomena. Cleaning Materials

Applies systematic and constructed 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out

scientific method to obtain, analyze of Heat Transfer
and interpret data.

A strong and testable hypothesis is

the fundamental part of the
scientific research.
Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General
topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
confidence and interest to solve Interventions
Mathematics more mathematical problems.
Research
It may also assist to find new 2.A Systemic Approach to
methods to simplify Changing Classroom Practices for
calculations. Enhancing Mathematics
Outcomes
Agriculture Research Improves productivity and quality 1.Green Space in School: Social and
of crops irrigation, storage Environment Perspective
methods, effective farm
management and marketing of Is Urban Gardening as a Source of
agricultural resources. Well-Being?

Agriculture is the backbone of the

economic system providing food,
raw material and
employment opportunities.
Fisheries research Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining
management of fishery resources to Inland Fishery
provide food: protect and maintain
different bodies of water for Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy in
sustainable supply of aquatic the Philippines
resources.

Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1.he Role of ICT in the New
Communication advancement which enhances Normal Education
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research Exploring the Interactive Computer
Simulation in Public Schools

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 Business Research Acquire information in business to
maximize the sales and profit. It
aids business companies regulates
which product or service is most
profitable or in demand.
Social Science Finds solutions for human behavior
Research gathering information about people
and societies.
1.Developing a Framework for
Small Scale Business
Business Practices and Strategies of
Small Enterprises at Limketkai Mall
1.The Impact of COVID-19
Pandemic on Employment
Opportunities

Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low Risk
Area of Misamis.Oriental.

What’s more?

Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper.

Choose two researches from the different areas of interest like those in the field of arts,
humanities, sports, science, mathematics, business, agriculture, fisheries, ICT and social
science. Be able to differentiate your chosen topics. Highlight their similarities and differences
using a Venn Diagram.

Assessment

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by choosing
your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on the space provided
below each number.

Science Research Fisheries research Social Science Research

Information & Communication Technology Research Arts Based Research
Business Research Humanities Research Agriculture Research
Sports Research Mathematics Research

_1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring

_2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals
_5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
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 _7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics
REFLECTION
Direction: Using the 3-2-1 Exit Card, cite 3 things you have learned in this module, 2
interesting ideas that you want to be clarified on or you want to learn more about and 1 question
about these lessons.

1.

3 things you have learned 2.

3.

1.
2 clarification/topic you want to learn more
about
2.

1 question about the lessons 1.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E.,
Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City.

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex
Book Store

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Ist ed.C & E
Publishing Inc. Quezon City.

Online sites:

https://sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/research1

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/17z5_eXy2wp-LDVgBaBrrvIHqLtD- JIarMDe0jOi0VX0/edit?
usp=sharing

http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KYoixU3L9SerYAYcurbHOZ0IM

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