Vegard’s Law

Description

In material science and metallurgy, Vegard’s law is the empirical heuristic that the
lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately equal to a
rule of mixture of the two constituents’ lattice parameter at the same temperature.
Vegard’s law assumes that both components A and B in their pure form (i.e before
mixing) have the same crystal structure

Vegard;s law say that the lattice parameter of solid solution ar changes linerly with
the concentration of the component in solution For the two-component solution
A(1-x)Bx the following relation can be written:
a r = a A B = (1-x)a A + x aB
(1− x) x

Where x- component concentration B,

a A , aB - lattice parameters of solution components.

Procedure
 The experiment was done in different parts. The first parts are indexing diffraction
reflections.
1. measuring the diffraction angles for the low-angle and high-angle reflex for
the Ni0Cu100 sample from the graph.
2. Using the relationship (4) and knowing that the lattice parameter a of the
copper is 3.6150 Ǻ and measurements were made using a copper anode
emitting characteristic X-ray radiation with a wavelength ¿ 1.54056 Ǻ. Assign
indexes of the diffraction lines.
3. Then using equation (3) calculating the lattice parameter a for each
concentration. For both peaks, a and b.
Then the next two parts are the application of the vegard’s rule to determine the
proportion of dopant in the NiCu alloy.

4. Using the vegard rule (determined straight line equation) determine the
parameters of the solution network that already given.
5. Using diffractograms presented in the data, based on high-angle (low-angle)
reflections, determine the parameters of the crystal lattice.
 In the experiment Different description of the measuring station and equipment
have used.
 Diffractograms of NiCu alloys with known chemical
composition
 Diffraction patterns of unknown Nicu alloys
 Measuring devices
 Calculator

Determination of the lattice parameter by x-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction in the transmission geometry is often used to study fine grained
powders packed into capillary tubes or to examine solid polycrystalline specimens,
which contain phases with large lattice parameters and which have adequate
transmissivity. When an x-ray beam is directed at a metallic crystal the beam hits the
atoms and produces two types of x-rays, white x-rays and characteristic x-rays. White
x-rays include a wide range of wavelengths and are not of interest in this experiment.
Characteristic x-rays are caused by the ejection of an electron from an inner shell of
an atom hit by the incident x-ray. When an outer shell electron moves to fill the space
created in the inner shell, energy in the form of an x-ray photon is emitted. Bragg's
law is used to determine a crystal parameter from its characteristic x-ray pattern.

n  2d sin (This is Bragg's Law) (1)

where n= l,2, 3,.... For our purposes we assume n=l

Once all the Bragg angles have been found it is possible to determine the crystalline
structure of the sample by considering the geometry of the crystal. For pure metals in
a cubic structure:
a
dhkl= √ ℎ + k +l
2 2 2 (2)
where dhkl is the interplanar spacing between (hkl) planes, a is the lattice parameter,
and h,k,l are Miller indices of the planes. Substituting eqn. (2) into Bragg's law eqn.
(l) gives:

2 a sin n
= 2 2
√ ℎ + k +l 2 (3) or .. a= 2sin √ ℎ +k +l
2 2 2

Letting Q 2=ℎ2 + k 2+l 2 , we can rewrite eqn. (3) as:

Result
From the given data: -
 lattice parameter a of the copper is 3.6150 Ǻ
wavelength ¿ 1.54056 Ǻ
 Chart Title
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Diffraction spectrum 100% Cu p1

Cu
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146

Diffraction spectrum 100% cu p2

From the above graph and the given data, the lattice parameters for both
peaks are calculated.
Number 2 [deg] Sin () 4 a2 sin2 hkl
[deg] ℎ2 + k 2+l 2 = 2
❑
1 43.32 21.66 0.36909 3.000563 111
8
2 136.5 68.25 0.92881 19.00084 331
3 144.7 72.35 0.95292 20.00037 421
6

Table 1. lattice parameters a of NiCu solid solution for given (hkl) reflex
 Cu0.9Ni0.1
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Peak 1 Cu0.7Ni0.3
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
 Peak 1 Cu0.5Ni0.5
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Peak 1 Cu0.3Ni0.7
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
 Peak 1 Cu0.1Ni0.9
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

For the first peak

n
B= √ ℎ2 +k 2 +l 2= 1.334164
2

Numbe Concentratio 2 [deg] Sin () n 2 2 2

B=
r n [deg] 2 √ ℎ +k +l
Ni [%] B
a= [Ǻ]
sin
1 10 43.44 21.72 0.370071 3.605156
2 30 43.66 21.83 0.371854 3.587871
3 50 43.9 21.95 0.373797 3.569218
4 70 44.14 22.07 0.375739 3.550773
5 90 44.38 22.19 0.377679 3.532533

Table 2. All observed peaks are tabulated for each sample for different concentration

Peak 2 Cu0.9Ni0.1
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146
 Peak 2 Cu0.7Ni0.3
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146

Peak 2 Cu0.5Ni0.5
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146

Peak 2 Cu0.3Ni0.7
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146
 Peak 2 Cu0.1Ni0.9
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
134 136 138 140 142 144 146

For the second peak

n
B= √ ℎ2 +k 2 +l 2= 3.357573
2

Figure 14. Diffraction spectrum 10% Cu 90% Ni

Numbe Concentration 2 [deg] Sin () n 2 2 2
B=
r Ni [%] [deg] 2 √ ℎ +k +l
B
a= [Ǻ]
sin
1 10 137.22 68.61 0.93111 3.605953
9
2 30 138.74 69.37 0.93587 3.587629
5
3 50 140.32 70.16 0.94064 3.56944
4
4 70 141.98 70.99 0.94546 3.551252
2
5 90 143.74 71.87 0.95035 3.532975
3
Table 3. All observed peaks are tabulated for each sample for different concentration
 Figure 14. Diffraction spectrum for unknown alloy 1
Using a vegards rule y=kx+a oc were investigated from the above graph and given
data.
Where, k=-0.00091
a o=3.614697=3.615 Ǻ
The peak 2 result was the reference for the B.(B=3.357573)
The peak 2 result was the reference for the B.(B=3.357573)

Numbe Concentratio 2 [deg] Sin () n 2 2 2

B=
r n [deg] 2 √ ℎ +k +l
Ni [%] B
a= [Ǻ]
sin
1 18 137.84 68.92 0.93307 3.598379
9
2 76 142.51 71.255 0.94695 3.54564
8
Table 4. The different concentration value for Unknown alloy.

Conclusion
In this experiment vegard rule was tested experimentally and it was applied to
determine the concentration of dopants in an unknown alloy. in addition, the skill of
practical determination of lattice parameters using X-ray diffraction was Used. Both
of them are applicable for this experiment and they make the system easy to
determine the lattice parameters.
The limiting geometry of the θ − 2θ diffractometer allows for extremely precise
measurements of peaks angles. Those angles are determined from the given data. The
graph is plotted to determine the given peak angles. It has been shown that sensitivity
to changes in the lattice constant increases with higher Bragg angles.