CSEC Chemistry

Teacher: Ms. Kristi Mohammed

Miss Shazara Kristi Mohammed
Scalar & Vector Quantities
 SECTION A - MECHANICS
Scalar & Vector Quantities
Students should be able to:

1) Distinguish between scalar & vector quantities.

2) Give examples of scalar & vector quantities.

3) Use scale diagrams to find the resultant of two vectors.

4) Calculate the resultant vectors which are parallel, anti-parallel and

perpendicular.

5) Understand that a single vector is equivalent to two other vectors at

right angles.
 Scalar & Vector Quantities
A scalar quantity has magnitude only whereas a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
 Scalar & Vector Quantities
A scalar quantity has magnitude only whereas a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
 Scalar & Vector Quantities
A scalar quantity has magnitude only whereas a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
 Forces
A force is an action that changes the size, shape or motion of a body.

Forces can also be described as:

 An action that changes the size, shape or motion of a body

 The product of a body’s mass and its acceleration.

 A force is a push or pull which one object applies to another object

 Types of Forces

There are two types of forces:

• Contact Forces

• Non-Contact Force
 Contact Forces
Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other.

Examples of contact forces include: (a) Reaction Force

An object at rest on a surface experiences reaction force. For example, a book on a table.
 Contact Forces
Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other.

Examples of contact forces include: (b) Tension

An object that is being stretched experiences a tension force. For example, a cable holding a ceiling

lamp.
 Contact Forces
Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other.

Examples of contact forces include: (c) Friction

Two objects sliding past each other experience friction forces. For example, a box sliding down a slope.
 Contact Forces
Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically touching each other.

Examples of contact forces include: (d) Air Resistance.

An object moving through the air experiences air resistance. For example, a skydiver falling through

the air.
 Non-Contact Forces
Non-contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are not physically touching each other.

Examples of non-contact forces include: (a) Magnetic Force

 Non-Contact Forces
Non-contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are not physically touching each other.

Examples of non-contact forces include: (b) Electrostatic Force

An electrostatic force is experienced by any charged particle in an electric field.

 Non-Contact Forces
Non-contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are not physically touching each other.

Examples of non-contact forces include: (c) Gravitational Force

A gravitational force is experienced by any mass in a gravitational field.

Masses are attracted towards each other by gravitational force:

 Resultant Forces
There are three types of forces we can add:

• Parallel forces

• Perpendicular forces

• Parallelogram forces
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Practice 5)Questions & garden

Use of salt or sugar to control Solutions
pests and as a preservative.
 Parallel Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

Hint: (i) Force is a vector quantity, there pay attention to both magnitude and directions.
(ii) Forces moving towards the right side can be represented with a positive sign & left side can be represented
with a negative sign.

Data: 𝐹1 = 3 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = +3N

𝐹2 = 6 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = +6𝑁

Solution: The resultant force = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2

= 3 N + 6 N = 9 N to the right.
 Parallel Forces
Example 2: Determine the resultant force.

Hint: (i) Force is a vector quantity, there pay attention to both magnitude and directions.
(ii) Forces moving towards the right side can be represented with a positive sign & left side can be represented
with a negative sign.

Data: 𝐹1 = 2.5 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = −2.5 𝑁

𝐹2 = 6 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = + 6 N

Solution: The resultant force = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2

= −2.5 𝑁 + 6 N = 3.5 N to the right.
Remember that a positive answer means the force is moving to the right.
 Parallel Forces
Example 3: Determine the resultant force.

Hint: (i) Forces moving towards the right side can be represented with a positive sign & left side can be represented
with a negative sign.

Data: 𝐹1 = 5 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = − 5 𝑁

𝐹2 = 4 𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = + 4 N

Solution: The resultant force = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2

= −5 𝑁 + 4 N = −1 N
Therefore the resultant force is moving 1N to the left. Remember that a positive answer means the force is
moving to the right.
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

Hint: We can determine the resultant force in two parts:

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

(ii) Determine the direction of the resultant force by using trigonometry. [SOHCAHTOA]

Your final answer must include BOTH the magnitude and direction.
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Step 1: Draw a triangle between the forces, and label the resultant force as well as the direction.

Data:

𝐹1 = 3N

𝐹2 = 4 N

R=?N

Pythagoras’ Theorem: 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Can be written as: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Step 2: Subsititute the values on the diagram into Pythagoras’ Theorem: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

Solution:
Data:
𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2
𝐹1 = 3N
R 2 = 32 + 42
𝐹2 = 4 N
R2 = 9 + 16
R=?N
R2 = 25
Pythagoras’ Theorem: 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Can be written as: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2 R = 25 = 5N

 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

(ii) We must first determine the direction of the resultant force by using trigonometry. [SOHCAHTOA]
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

(ii) We must first determine the direction of the resultant force by using trigonometry. [SOHCAHTOA]

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

4
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
3

4
θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
3
θ = 53.1°
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

Lastly we must state our final answer, which should consist of BOTH:

(i) the magnitude of the resultant force.

(ii) the direction of the resultant force.

Answer: Resultant force is 5N in the direction shown, 53.1° from the horizontal.
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 2: Determine the resultant force.

Hint: We can determine the resultant force in two parts:

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

(ii) Determine the direction of the resultant force by using trigonometry. [SOHCAHTOA]

Your final answer must include BOTH the magnitude and direction.
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 2: Determine the resultant force.

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Step 1: Draw a triangle between the forces, and label the resultant force as well as the direction.

Data:

𝐹1 = 4 N

𝐹2 = 5 N

R=?N

Pythagoras’ Theorem: 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Can be written as: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

 Perpendicular Forces
Example 2: Determine the resultant force.

(i) We must first determine the magnitude by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

Step 2: Subsititute the values on the diagram into Pythagoras’ Theorem: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

Solution: 𝑅2 = 𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

R2 = 42 + 52
Data:
R2 = 16 + 25
𝐹1 = 4 N

𝐹2 = 5 N R2 = 41

R=?N R = 41 = 6.4 N
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 1: Determine the resultant force.

(ii) We must first determine the direction of the resultant force by using trigonometry. [SOHCAHTOA]

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

5
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
4

5
θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
4
θ = 51.3°
 Perpendicular Forces
Example 2: Determine the resultant force.

Lastly we must state our final answer, which should consist of BOTH:

(i) the magnitude of the resultant force.

(ii) the direction of the resultant force.

Answer: Resultant force is 6.4N in the direction shown, 51.3° from the horizontal.
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Structured Questions
5) Use of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Answers
5) Use of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
CSEC Physics
End of Lecture