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 N
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 TYPE Wavelength range (m)Frequencyrange (Hz)Production Detection

Radio waves 0.3 to 6x 102 10 to 5 x 10 Oscillating circuit or Receivers aerials

Rapid acceleration
and retardation of
electrons in aerials
Micro wave 10 to 0-3 3x 10 to 1x 10 Klystron valve or Point contact diodes
magnetron valve
Infrared 8x 10- to 1x 10-3 4x 1014 to 3 x 101 Vibrations of atoms Thermopile, Bolo-
and molecules meter, Infrared
photographic films
Visible light 4x 10 to 8 x 10-7 1014 to 4 x
8x 104Excitation of valency Human eye, photo
electrons in atoms cells, photographic
plate
Ultra violet 6x 10 to 4 x 10-7 5x 10 to 8x 1014 Excitation of atoms, Photo cells, Photo-
spark and arc lamps graphic film
X-rays 1x 10-1 to 3x 10 3x 102 to1x 1016 X-ray tubes or Photographic film,
excitation of inner Geiger tubes
shell electron
Gamma rays 0-6 x 1014 to 1 x 10-10 5x1022 to 3 x 1018 Nuclear origin Photographic film,
Ionization chamber
Only a small part of the complete electromagnetic spectrum is visible to human eye, as the radiations
of this part can produce some sensation on the retina of the
eye. This part of the spectrum is called visible
spectrum. The radiations of different wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum produce different
colours on the retina of our eye. This is given in the following table.

I(m)x 10-7 Colour I I(m) x10-7 Colour

4 to 4.5 Violet/Indigo 5.7 to 5.9 Yellow
4.5 to 5.0 Blue 5.9 to 6.2 Orange
5.0 to 5.7 Green 6.2 to 7.8 Red
5.13. MAIN PARTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The electromagnetic spectrum has been broadly classified into following main parts ; mentioned
below in the order of increasing frequency.
1. Radiowaves
These are the electromagnetic waves of
frequency range from 5 x 10° Hz to 10 Hz. These waves are
produced by oscillating electric circuits having an inductor and capacitor.
USES
The various frequency ranges are used for different types of wireless communication
systems as
mentioned below
) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz form
amplitude modulated
(AM) band. It is used inground wave propagation.
(ii) The electromagnetic wavesof frequency range 1710 kHz to 54 MHz are used for short
wave bands.
Tt is used in sky wave propagation.
(iil) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 54 MHz to 890 MHz are used in television waves.
(iv) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 88 MHz to 108 MHz form frequency modulated
(FM) radio band. It is used for commercial FM radio.
 (V) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300 MHz to 3000 MHz form ultra high frequency
(UHF) band. It is used in cellular phones communication.
2. Microwaves
Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range 1 GHz to 300 GHz. They are produced
by special vacuum tubes, namely ; klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes etc.
USES
) Microwaves are used in Radar systems for air craft navigation.
(7) A radar using microwave can help in detecting the speed of tennis ball, cricket ball, automobile while
in motion.
(iii) Microwave used for cooking purposes.
ovens are
(iv) Microwaves are used for observing the movement of trains on rails while
control rooms.
sitting in microwave operated
3. Infrared waves

Infrared waves were discovered by Herschell. These are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range
3x 10 Hz to 4 x 1014 Hz. Infrared waves sometimes are called as heat
produced by hot bodies and molecules. These waves are not detected by human eye butInfrared waves
waves. are
snakes can detect
them.
USES
Infrared waves are used
() in physical therapy, i.e., to treat muscular strain.
(ii) provide electrical energy to satellite
to
by using solar cells
(ii) for producing dehydrated fruits
(iv) for taking photographs during the conditions of fog, smoke etc.
(v) in green houses to keep the plants warm
(vi) in revealing the secret writings on the ancient walls.
(vii) in solar water heaters and cookers
(vii) in weather forecasting through infra red photography
(ix) in checking the purity of chemicals and in the study of molecular structure by
taking infra red absorption
spectrum.
4. Visible light
It is the narrow region of electromagnetic
spectrum, which is detected by the human eye. Its frequency
is ranging from 4x 104 Hz to 8 x 10
Hz. is produced due to atomic excitation.
It
The visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides the
surrounding us. information about the world
wio9lo
5. Ultraviolet rays
19
The ultraviolet rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. The
8 x 1014 Hz to 5 x 10 Hz. The ultraviolet rays are
frequency range of ultraviolet rays is
produced by sun, special lamps and very hot bodies.
Most of the ultraviolet rays coming from sun are
absorbed
the ozone layer in the earth's
ultraviolet rays in large quantity produce harmful effect onbyhuman eyes. atmosphere. The
USES
Ultraviolet rays are used
() for checking the mineral samples through the property of ultraviolet rays causing flourescence. Io
(ii) in the study of molecualr structure and
arrangement of electrons in the external shell through ultraviólét
absorption spectra.
(ii) tdestroy the bacteria and for sterilizing the surgical instruments.
(iv) in burglar alarm.
()inthe detection of forged documents, finger prints in forensic laboratory.
(vi) to preserve the food stuff.
6. X-rays
The X-rays were discovered by German physicst W. Roentgen. Their frequency range is 10° Hz to
3 x 102 z. These are produced when high energy electrons are stopped suddenly on a metal of high
atomic number. X-rays have high penetrating power.
USES
X-rays are used
() In surgery for the detection of fractures, foreign bodies like bullets, diseased organs and stones in the
human body.
(ii) In Engineering (i) for detecting faults, cracks, flaws and holes in final metal products (i) for the
testing of weldings, castings and moulds.
(ii) In Radio therapy, to cure untracable skin diseases and malignant growths.
(iv) In detective departments () for detection of explosives, opium, gold and silver in the body of
smugglers.
(v) In Industry () for the detection of pearls in oysters and defects in rubber tyres, gold and tennis balls
etc. (i) for testing the uniformity of insulating material.
(vi) In Scientific Research () for the investigation of structure of crystals, arrangement of atoms and
molecules in the complex substances.
7. y-rays
Y-rays are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range 3 x 10 Hz to 5 x 1022 Hz. y-rays have
nuclear origin. These rays are highly energetic and are produced by the nucleus of the radioactive substances.
USES
Y-rays are used
(i) in the treatment of cancer and tumours.
(ii) to preserve the food stuffs for a long time as the soft y-rays can kill microorganisms easily.
(into PEoduce nuclear reactions.
(iv) to provide valuable information about the structure of atomic nucleus.
5.14. MICROWAVE OVEN
OTis it device used in the kitchen for heating or cooking the food. The basic principle of working of
microwave oven is to create microwave radiation of suitable frequency in the working space of oven where
theifood to be cooked, can be kept. This radiation may match the resonant frequency of rotation of water
molecules which is'about 3 GHz. In this situation, energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the
kinetic energy of molecules. The microwave of this frequency is of energy equivalent to heating up water.
When microwaves of this frequency fall on food item containing water like fruit, vegetables, meet, cereals,
etc.lacedin oven, the water molecules absorb these radiations. Their energy increases. These molecules
sháretheienergy with neighbouring food molecules. Due to it, the entire food gets heated.
"In a microwave oven one should use porcelain vessel and not metal container, for cooking the food
items. It is required to avoid the danger of getting an electric shock from accumulated electric charges and
to avoid the melting of metal from heating.
In a microwave oven, the porcelain container containing food for cooking remains uneffected and
cool wheeas only the food items gets heated. It is so because the large molecules of porcelain container
vIDAE ADArotate with much smaller frequency than that of microwave and thus cannot absorb microwaves.
In this situation
energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of molecules