HKDSE Physics 物理

Constants and Formulas 常數與公式

(Compulsory + E2E3 必修 + E2E3)

Constants 常數:

A. Heat and Gases 熱和氣體

i. 𝑐 = 4200 Jkg −1 °C −1 Specific Heat Capacity of Water
水的比熱容量
ii. 𝑙f = 3.34 × 105 Jkg −1 Specific Latent Heat of Ice
冰的熔解比潛熱
iii. 𝑙v = 2.26 × 106 Jkg −1 Specific Latent Heat of Vapour
水的汽化比潛熱
iv. 𝑅 = 8.31 mol−1 K −1 Universal Gas Constant
普適氣體常數
v. 𝑁𝐴 = 6.0221 × 1023 mol−1 Avogadro Constant
阿弗加德羅常數

B. Force and Motion 力和運動

i. 𝑔 = 9.81 ms −1 Acceleration of Gravity
重力加速度
ii. 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg −1 s −2 Gravitational Constant
萬有引力常數

Constants and Formulas 1

 C. Wave Motion 波動
i. 𝑐0 = 3.00 × 10−1 Speed of Light
光速
D. Electricity and Magnetism 電和磁
i. 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 A2 s 4 m−3 kg −1 Permitivity of Vacuum
真空電容率
ii. 𝜇0 = 1.26 × 10−6 TmA−1 Permeability of Vacuum
真空磁導率

E. Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 放射現象和核能

i. 𝑒 = 1.60 × 10−19 C Charge of Electron
電子電荷
ii. 𝑢 = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg Atomic Mass Unit
原子質量單位

F. Atomic World 原子世界

i. ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔𝑠 −1 Planck Constant
普朗克常數

G. Energy and Use of Energy 能量和能源的使用

i. 𝑆 = 1366 𝑊𝑚−2 Solar Constant
太陽常數

Constants and Formulas 2

Formulas 公式:

A. Heat and Gases 熱和氣體

A1. Internal Energy 內能

i. 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐 Heat Capacity
熱容量
ii. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇 Energy with Change of Temperature
溫度改變時的能量
iii. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑙f = 𝑚𝑙v Energy with Change of States
物態改變時的能量
𝐸
iv. 𝑃= Power
𝑡

功率

A2. Gases 氣體*

𝐹
v. 𝑝=𝐴 Pressure

壓強
vi. 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑘 Boyle’s Law
波義耳定律
𝑝1 𝑝2
vii. = =𝑘 Pressure Law
𝑇1 𝑇2

氣壓定律
𝑉1 𝑉
viii. = 𝑇2 = 𝑘 Charle’s Law
𝑇1 2

查理定律
ix. 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 Universal Gas Law
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝 𝑉
= 𝑛2 𝑉2 普適氣體定律
𝑛1 𝑇1 2 2

Constants and Formulas 3

 𝑚
x. 𝜌= Density
𝑉

密度
4
xi. 𝑉sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 Volume of a Sphere

球體體積
𝑚
xii. 𝑛= Molar Number
𝑀

摩爾數
1
xiii. 𝑝𝑉 = 3 𝑁𝑚𝑐̅̅̅2 Kinetic Equation of Gases

氣體分子運動方程
3 3𝑅𝑇 1
xiv. 𝐸K = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 2𝑁 = 2 𝑁𝑚𝑐̅̅̅2 Kinetic Energy of Molecules
𝐴

氣體分子動能

3𝑝𝑉 2𝐸
xv. √̅̅̅
𝑐 2 = √ 𝑁𝑚 = √ 𝑁𝑚K R.M.S. of Velocity of Molecules

氣體分子的方均根速率

B. Force and Motion 力和運動

B1. Movement 移動
𝑠
i. 𝑣 = = 𝑟𝜔 Velocity
𝑡

速度
𝑣
ii. 𝑎= Acceleration
𝑡

加速度
iii. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 Equations of Uniform Accelerating
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 Motion

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 勻速直線運動方程

Constants and Formulas 4

 B2. Force 力
iv. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
牛頓第二運動定律
v. 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Weight
重量
vi. 𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝑑sin𝜃 Moment of a Force
力矩

B3. Energy and Momentum 能量與動量

vii. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠cos𝜃 Work
功
1
viii. 𝐸K = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 Kinetic Energy in Mechanics

機械動能
ix. 𝐸P = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Potential Energy of Gravity
重力勢能
x. 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 Power in Mechanics
機械功率
xi. 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Momentum
動量
xii. 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 Conservation of Momentum
動量守恆式
1 1
xiii. 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 Conservation of Kinetic Energy
2 2
1 1
= 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22 動能守恆式

B4. Circular Motion 圓周運動*

𝜃
xiv. 𝜔= Angular Velocity
𝑡

角速度

Constants and Formulas 5

 2𝜋
xv. 𝑇= Period of Circular Motion
𝜔

圓周運動的週期
𝑣2
xvi. 𝑎 = 𝑟𝜔2 = Centripetal Acceleration
𝑟

向心加速度
𝑚𝑣 2
xvii. 𝐹 = = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 Centripetal Force
𝑟

向心力

B5. Gravitation 引力*

𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
xviii. 𝐹 = Law of Universal Gravitation
𝑟2

萬有引力定律
𝐺𝑀E 𝐹
xix. 𝑔= 2 =𝑚 Gravitational Field Strength
𝑅E

引力場強度
xx. 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑟 3 𝜔2 = 𝑣 2 𝑟 Gravitation and Circular Motion
𝐺𝑀𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 𝑟 3 引力和圓周運動

𝐺𝑀
xxi. 𝑣=√ Orbital Velocity
𝑟

軌道速度

𝑟3
xxii. 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝐺𝑀 Orbital Period

軌道週期

C. Wave Motion 波動

C1. Refraction 折射
sin𝑖
i. 𝑛= Refractive Index
sin𝑟

折射率

Constants and Formulas 6

 ii. 𝑛1 sin𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin𝜃2 Snell’s Law
斯涅耳定律
n
iii. 𝑐 = sin−1 (n1 ) Critical Angle
2

臨界角

C2. Lenses 透鏡
ℎo 𝑑
iv. = 𝑑o Magnifying Rate of Lens
ℎi i

透鏡放大率
1 1 1
v. +𝑣 =𝑓 Formula of Single Lens*
𝑢

單塊透鏡公式*

C3. Phenomena of Waves 波的現象

vi. 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 Speed of Waves
波速
1
vii. 𝜆∝𝑛∝𝜃∝𝑣 Relationship of Transverse Wave

橫波關係式
𝜆𝐷
viii. 𝛥𝑦 = Double Slits Experiment*
𝑎

雙縫實驗*
ix. 𝑑sin𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 Grating*
光柵*

D. Electricity and Magnetism 電和磁

D1. Electrostatic 靜電學

𝑄1 𝑄2
i. 𝐹= Coulomb’s Law
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

庫倫定律

Constants and Formulas 7

 𝑄 𝐹
ii. 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 =𝑞 Electric field Strength
0𝑟

電場強度
𝑉
iii. 𝐸=𝑑 Electric field Strength in Parallel

Plate
平行板的電場強度

D2. Circuit 電路
𝑄
iv. 𝐼= Current
𝑡

電流
𝐸
v. 𝑉= Voltage
𝑞

電壓
vi. 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 Ohm’s Law
歐姆定律
𝜌𝑙
vii. 𝑅= Resistance of a Wire
𝐴

導線電阻
viii. 𝑅eq = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 Equivalent Resistance of Series
Circuit
串聯電路的等效電阻
1 1 1
ix. = + Equivalent Resistance in Parallel
𝑅eq 𝑅1 𝑅2

Circuit
並聯電路的等效電阻
x. 𝜀 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟 Internal Resistance
內阻
𝑉2
xi. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = Electrical Power
𝑅

電功率

Constants and Formulas 8

 𝑉2 𝑡
xii. 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = Electrical Energy
𝑅

電能

D3. Electromagnetism 電磁學

0 𝜇 𝐼
xiii. 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 Magnetic Field of a Long Straight

Wire
長直導線的磁場
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
xiv. 𝐵= = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 Magnetic Field of a solenoid
𝑙

螺線管中的磁場
xv. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙sin𝜃 Magnetic Force
磁力
xvi. 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝐼 Torque of Coil in a Motor
電動機中線圈的轉矩
xvii. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑄𝑣sin𝜃 Force of a Charge inside Magnetic
Field
電荷在磁場內的磁力
𝑁𝛥𝛷
xviii. 𝜁 = − Faraday’s Law
𝛥𝑡

法拉第定律
xix. 𝜁 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 Induced e.m.f. of Wire Cutting
Magnetic Field
導線切割磁場的感生電動勢

D4. Transformer 變壓器*

xx. √𝐼̅2 = 𝐼max R.M.S. of Current

2 √

電流的方均根值

Constants and Formulas 9

 𝑉
xxi. √̅̅̅̅
𝑉 2 = max R.M.S. of Voltage
√2

電壓的方均根值
𝑁P 𝑉 𝐼
xxii. ≈ 𝑉P ≈ 𝐼S Ratio of Principle Coil and
𝑁S S P

Supplementary Coil
原線圈與副線圈之比

E. Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 放射現象和核能

E1. Radioactive Decay 放射衰變*

i. 𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 Activity and Number of Undecayed
Nuclei
放射強度與未衰變原子核數目
1 𝑛
ii. 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴0 (2) Activity

放射強度
1 𝑛
iii. 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 𝑁0 (2) Exponential Equation of Decay

衰變指數方程
ln2
iv. 𝑡1 = Half Time
2 𝑘

半衰期
v. 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑁𝐴 Number of Nuclei and Molar
Number
原子核數目和摩爾數

E2. Nuclear Energy 核能*

vi. 𝛥𝐸 = 𝛥𝑚𝑐 2 Mass-energy Relationship
質能關係式

Constants and Formulas 10

 vii. 𝑃 = 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑘𝑁𝐸 Power of Nuclear Energy
核能功率

F. Atomic World 原子世界

F1. Photoelectric Effect 光電效應

i. 𝐾𝐸max = 𝑒𝑉𝑠 Maximum Kinetic Energy with
Stopping Potential
最大動能與遏止電勢
ii. 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 Energy of a Photon
光子能量
iii. 𝐾𝐸max = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜑 Albert Einstein’s Photoelectric
Equation
愛恩斯坦光電方程
ℎ 𝜑
iv. 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑓 − Relation of Stopping Potential and
𝑒

Frequency
遏止電勢與頻率的關係

F2. Transition of Hydrogen Atom 氫原子的激發

13.6𝑒𝑉
v. 𝐸=− Energy Level of a Hydrogen Atom
𝑛2

氫原子的能階
vi. 𝐸𝑎→𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑎 Energy Level Difference
能階差
1 13.6𝑒 1 1
vii. =− (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ) Required Wavelength for Transition
𝜆 ℎ𝑐

激發的所需波長

Constants and Formulas 11

 F3. Nanotechnology 納米技術
ℎ ℎ
viii. 𝜆 = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 De Brogile Formula

德布羅意公式
1.22𝜆
ix. 𝜃≈ Rayleigh Criterion
𝑑

瑞利判據
x. 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 Smallest Linear Length
最小線性長度
ℎ
xi. 𝜆= Wavelength of TEM
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉

透射電子顯微鏡的波長

G. Energy and Use of Energy 能量和能源的使用

G1. Domestic Electricity 家居用電

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
i. 𝜂= Efficiency
𝑃𝑖𝑛

效率
𝛷
ii. Lighting Efficiency = 𝑃 Lighting Efficiency
𝑖𝑛

發光效率
𝛷
iii. 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 cos𝜃 Illumination

照明度
𝑄𝐶
iv. Cooling Capacity = Cooling Capacity
𝑡

製冷量
Cooling Capacity
v. 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = Coefficient of Performance
𝑃𝑖𝑛

性能係數

Constants and Formulas 12

 vi. 𝑄𝐻 = 𝑄𝐶 + 𝑊 Energy Conversion in Air
Conditioning
冷氣的能量轉換

G2. Energy Use in Architecture 建築上的能量使用

𝜅
vii. 𝑈= U-value
𝑑

U值
viii. 𝑃 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 Power of Transfering Heat
熱傳導係數
𝑃
ix. OTTV = 𝐴 Overall Thermal Transfer Value

總熱傳送值

G3. Energy Sources 能源

x. 𝐸 = |𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚| Combined Energy

結合能
1
xi. 𝑃 = 2 𝜂𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 Power of Wind Turbine

風力渦輪機的功率
xii. 𝑃 = 𝑆𝐴𝜂cos𝜃 Power of Solar Panel
太陽能板的功率

Remarks 備註:
有 * 標示的為延展部分課程。
Those marked with * are extended syllabuses.

Constants and Formulas 13