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INTEGRATED REVIEW
General Mathematics
September 25, 2021 (SAT)

TIME ACTIVITY
10:00 – 10:30 Pre-test
10:30 – 12:00 Lecture
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch
1:00 – 2:30 Lecture
2:30 – 3:00 Post-test
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
• In simplifying or evaluating mathematical expressions:
o First, simplify all operations inside the parentheses.
o Second, simplify all terms or expressions with exponents.
o Next, perform all operations involving multiplication and division,
working from left to right.
o Lastly, perform all operations involving addition and subtraction.
NOTE: PEMDAS (Parentheses – Exponents - Multiplication and Division - Addition and
Subtraction)
NATURAL OR COUNTING NUMBERS
• Numbers which are positive integers and includes number from 1 till infinity
(∞)
Ex. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
WHOLE NUMBERS
• Numbers including natural numbers and zero (0)
Ex. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
INTEGERS
• Numbers including zero, natural numbers and its opposites.
Ex. …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …
RATIONAL NUMBERS
𝑎
• Numbers which can be represented in the form of where b ≠ 0 (“a” is the
𝑏
numerator and “b” is the denominator).
1 1 2 5 9
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
• Numbers which are NOT rational number.
Ex. 𝜋, √2, −√3
EVEN NUMBERS
• Numbers which can be exactly divided by 2.
Ex. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, …
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ODD NUMBERS
• Numbers which are NOT even numbers.
Ex. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …
PRIME NUMBERS
• Natural numbers which are greater than 1 and has exactly two (2) factors
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
COMPOSITE NUMBERS
• Natural numbers which has more than two (2) factors
Ex. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12
DIVISIBILITY RULE
A number is divisible by… when …

2 the last digit of the number is divisible by

2.

3 the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.

4 the number formed by the last two digits

is divisible by 4.

5 the last digit is 0 or 5.

6 the number is even and divisible by 3.

7 the series of arithmetic processes produced

0 or a multiple of 7 (the last digit of the
given number should be multiplied by 2 and
then subtracted with the rest of the
number leaving the last digit).

8 the number formed by the last three digits

is divisible by 8.

9 the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

10 the number ends in 0.

PRIME FACTORIZATION
• The process of expressing a number as a product of prime numbers.
Ex. 15 = 5 x 3, 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3, 42 = 2 x 3 x 7
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GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)

• The largest natural number that divides both numbers

Ex. GCF of 2 and 20 is 2 LCM of 12 and 15 is 60

2= 2x1 6= 3x2

20 = 5 x 2 x 2 x 1 30 = 5 x 3 x 2

GCF = 2x1=2 GCF = 3x2=6

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)

• The smallest natural number that it is a multiple of both numbers

Ex. LCM of 3 and 5 is 15 LCM of 12 and 15 is 60

3= 1x3 12 = 3x2x2

5= 5x1 15 = 5 x 3

LCM = 5 x 1 x 3 = 15 LCM = 5 x 3 x 2 x 2 = 60

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS

Addition • (+) integer plus (+) integer = (+) integer
Ex. 5 + 8 = 13
• (−) integer plus (−) integer = (−) integer
Ex. (−5) + (−8) = −13
• (+) integer plus (−) integer = copy the sign of the integer with
the higher absolute value
Ex. 5 + (−8) = −3, (−5) + 7 = 2

Subtraction • Change the sign of the subtrahend then proceed to addition

Ex. 5 + (−8) = −3, (−5) + 7 = 2

Multiplication • If two integers have the same signs, then the product is (+).
Ex. 5 x 8 = 40, (−4) x (−9) = 36
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• If two integers have the opposite signs, then the product is (−).
Ex. 2 x (−10) = −20, (−4) x 6 = −24

Division • If two integers have the same signs, then the quotient is (+).
Ex. 10 ÷ 2 = 5, (−21) ÷ (−3) = 7
• If two integers have the opposite signs, then the quotient is
(−).
Ex. 32 ÷ (−4) = −8, (−20) ÷ 4 = −5
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
Addition • With same denominators, + =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
4 1 4+1 5
Ex. + = =
3 3 3 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑑+𝑐𝑏
• With different denominators, + =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐𝑑
1 3 1(5)+3(2) 5+6 11
Ex. + = = =
2 5 2(5) 10 10

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
Subtraction • With same denominators, − =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
5 1 5−1 4
Ex. − = =
3 3 3 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑑−𝑐𝑏
• With different denominators, − =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐𝑑
5 1 5(2)−1(4) 6 3
Ex. − = = or
4 2 8 8 4
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑏
Multiplication • x =
𝑐 𝑐𝑑𝑑
1
3 1(3) 3
Ex. x = =
2 5 2(5) 10

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎𝑑
Division • ÷ = x =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐𝑏
2 1 2 5 2(5) 10
Ex. ÷ = x = =
3 5 3 1 3(1) 3
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RATIO
• the quantitative relation of two or more amounts (usually express as a quotient
of two numbers)
1
Ex. 1 girl is to 3 boys, 1:3, 1 is to 3, or
3
PROPORTION
𝑎 𝑐
• two ratios which are equal (in the form a:b = c:d or = , where a and d are
𝑏 𝑑
the extremes, and b and c are the means)
3 6
Ex. 3:4 = 6:8, or =
4 8
PERCENT, BASE, AND RATE
• Percent means “one part in a hundred”.
20
Ex. 20% means
100
• To convert percent to decimal, simply drop the percent sign then divide it by
100.

Ex. Convert 45.5% to decimal

drop the percent sign -> = 45.5

divide it by 100 -> = 45.5 ÷ 100 = 0.455

• To convert decimal to percent, simply multiply by 100 then affix the percent
sign.

Ex. Convert 1.25 to percent

multiply by 100 -> = 1.25 x 100

affix the percent sign -> = 125%

• Percentage (p) is the part of the whole based on the rate --- 𝒑 = 𝒓𝒃

Ex. What is 6% of 20?

Given: r = 6% or 0.06, b = 20

Solution: 𝑝 = 𝑟𝑏 = (0.06) (20) = 1.2

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𝒑
• Base (b) is the whole on which rate operates --- 𝒃 =
𝒓

Ex. 12 is 25% of what?

Given: p = 12, r = 25% or 0.25

𝑝 12
Solution: 𝑏 = = = 48
𝑟 0.25
𝒑
• Rate (r) is the ration of the amount to the base --- 𝒓 =
𝒃
NOTE: Rate is in percent form but when being used in computation, it should be in
decimal form.

Ex. 15 is what percent of 50?

Given: p = 15, b = 50

𝑝 15
Solution: 𝑟 = = = 0.3 or 30%
𝑏 50
INTEREST
• Simple Interest --- 𝑰 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕

where: 𝐼 = simple interest

𝑃 = principal (amount borrowed)

𝑟 = interest rate (usually in percent)

𝑡 = time or duration (in terms of years)

• Amount to be paid by the borrower upon maturity of the loan --- 𝑨 = 𝑷 + 𝑰

where: 𝐴 = total amount to be paid

𝑃 = principal (amount borrowed)

𝐼 = simple interest
METRIC SYSTEM (SI UNITS)
• It is the international standard for measurement.
• Conversion of measurement requires awareness of the prefixes and its corresponding
power of tens.
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Prefixes kilo- hecto- deca- deci- centi- milli-

Symbol k h da d c m

Factor 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3

• There are standard basic units in the SI system.

Name Symbol Measure

Second S time

Meter M length

kilogram Kg mass

Kelvin K temperature

Mole Mol substance

candela Cd luminous intensity

ampere A electric current

• There are conversion factors, both English and metric system, for units of measurement.

1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 1 yard = 3 feet

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 mile = 5, 280 feet

1 foot = 12 inches 1 kilometer = 0.62 mile

1 meter = 3.28 feet 1 meter = 39.37 inches

• Dimensional Analysis is a problem-solving method which utilizes conversion factors to

express expression into different unit of measurement without changing its value.

Ex. What is 10 inches in centimeters?

2.54 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Solution: 10 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 ( ) = 25.4 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
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Practice Test: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter which corresponds
to the best answer for each question.

1. Simplify: 5(3 − 2) − 2(5 − 6) + 3[4 − 2(3)]

A. 1 C. 2

B. −1 D. −2
4(5)−(18−12) 2
2. Evaluate the following mathematical expression: +
−(−3−4) 3

7
A. C. 7
3
8
B. D. 8
3
3 2
3. What is the sum of the following quantities: , - and 3?
5 3
46 46
A. − C.
15 15
44 44
B. − D.
15 15

4. Which of the following is NOT a prime number?

A. 41 C. 61

B. 51 D. 71

5. How many prime numbers are there from 1 to 100?

A. 24 C.26

B. 25 D. 27

6. What is the largest prime number less than 70?

A. 61 C. 67

B. 63 D. 69
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7. What is the smallest prime number?

A. 1 C. 3

B. 2 D. 5

8. What are the prime factors of 90?

A. 2 x 5 x 9 C. 2 x 2 x 5 x 9

B. 2 x 5 x 3 x 3 D. 2 x 2 x 5 x 3 x 3

9. Which of the following have the following prime factors: 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7?

A. 210 C. 630

B. 420 D. 1, 260

10. What is the least common multiple of 6 and 15?

A. 6 C. 30

B. 15 D. 60

11. What is the greatest common factor of 32 and 80?

A. 2 C. 8

B. 4 D. 16

12. Andrea is making bracelets out of beads. How many identical bracelets can she
make in using all 70 red and 84 blue beads?

A. 5 C. 10

B. 7 D. 14

13. A dining company need to ship an order of 117 wine glasses. The company will
put the wine glasses into boxes such that each box contains the same number of
items. How many boxes could the company use for the order?

A. 11 C. 13

B. 12 D. 17
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14. Which of the following is NOT a factor of the number 34, 343, 364?

A. 2 C. 4

B. 3 D. 8

15. How many trees are saved if 5, 000 lbs of paper is recycled when 18 trees are
saved whenever 2, 000 lbs of paper are recycled?

A. 36 C. 45

B. 44 D. 54

16. A recipe for the base of a cake calls for 2 eggs for every 5 cups of flour. How
many eggs are needed when 35 cups of flour are to be used?

A. 12 C. 14

B. 13 D. 15

17. Five out of every seven households have cable TV. If 42, 000 households in a
certain city have a TV, how many do not have cable TV?

A. 12, 000 C. 20, 200

B. 16, 800 D. 25, 000

18. Class section A has 8 male students who comprises 25% of all students. How
many students does class section A have?

A. 24 C. 32

B. 28 D. 40

19. Mr. Cruz’ class has 20 male and 12 female students. What percent of the students
are male?

A. 37.5% C. 50%

B. 62.5% D. 75%

20. Allan answered 60% of a 50-item test correctly. How many items does Allan got
correctly?

A. 25 C. 35

B. 30 D. 40
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21. Melanie’s allowance is based on Matthew’s allowance: ten pesos more than twice
Matthew’s allowance is at most 700 pesos. What is Melanie’s possible maximum
allowance?

A. 340 C. 350

B. 345 D. 355

22. The ratio of two numbers is 3:4. If the of these two numbers is 77, what is the
smaller number?

A. 7 C. 33

B. 11 D. 44

23. Mr. Santos invested 30, 000 pesos at 6% interest rate. How much will his
investment yields at the end of a year?

A. 1, 800 C. 2, 200

B. 2, 000 D. 2, 400

24. How many centigrams are there in 234 grams?

A. 2.34 centigrams C. 2, 340 centigrams

B. 23.4 centigrams D. 2, 340 centigrams

25. Derek ran 3, 200 meters this morning as part of his daily routine. How far does
he run in feet?

A. 10, 496 feet C. 4, 976 feet

B. 7, 496 feet D. 976 feet

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATH
(ANSWER KEY)

1. A 5(3 − 2) − 2(5 − 6) + 3[4 − 2(3)]

= 5(1) − 2(−1) + 3(4 − 6)
= 5 + 2 + 3(−2)
=7−6
=𝟏

2. B 4(5)−(18−12) 2
+
−(−3−4) 3
20−(6) 2
= +
−(−7) 3
14 2
= +
7 3
2
=2 +
3
6 2
=3 +
3
𝟖
=
𝟑

3. D 3 2
− +3
5 3
9 10 45
= − +
15 15 15
9−10+45
=
15
𝟒𝟒
=
𝟏𝟓

4. B
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5. B The prime numbers from 1 to 100 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,
31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97. Hence there
are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100.

6. C

7. B The smallest prime number is 2, not 1 because 1 has only one factor.

8. B By continuous division, 90 ÷ 2 = 45, 45 ÷ 5 = 9, 9 ÷ 3 = 3, 3 ÷ 3 = 1.

All divisors are the prime factors of 90, thus 90 = 2 x 5 x 3 x 3.

9. D 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 7 = 1, 260

10. C The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, … while the multiples of
15 are 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, … The first common multiple of 6 and 15 is
30. Thus, 30 is the least common multiple of 6 and 15.

11. D 32 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
80 = 2x2x2x2x5
2x2x2x2 = 16

12. D To determine the number identical bracelets which can be made in using
all 70 red and 84 blue beads, simply get the greatest common factor:
70 = 5 x 2 x 7
84 = 2x7x2x3
2x7 = 14

13. C Simply check each choice if it divides 117. One hundred seventeen (117)
is divisible by 13. Thus, the company needs 13 boxes for the order.
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14. D The number 34, 343, 364 is NOT divisible by 8 since the first 3 digits
from the right (which is 364) is NOT divisible by 8.

15. C The problem suggests that:

2, 000 lbs of paper: 18 trees = 5, 000 lbs of paper : x trees
Then, get the product of the means and extremes:
2,000 x = 5,000 (18)
2,000 x = 90,000
x = 45 trees

16. C The problem suggests that:

2 eggs : 5 cups of flour = x eggs : 35 cups of flour
Then, get the product of the means and extremes:
2 (35) = 5 x
70 = 5 x
x = 35

17. B The problem suggests that:

5 (w/ cable TV) : 2 = 42,000 (w/ cable TV) : x
Then, get the product of the means and extremes:
5 x = 2 (42,000)
5 x = 84,000
x = 16,800

18. C From the word problem, it can be concluded that (a) percentage = 8
and (b) rate = 25% (in decimal, 0.25). Using the formula for the base:
𝑝 8
𝑏 = ---> 𝑏 = ---> 𝒃 = 𝟑𝟐
𝑟 0.25
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19. B From the word problem, it can be concluded that (a) percentage = 20
and (b) base = 32. Using the formula for the rate:
𝑝 20
𝑟 = ---> 𝑟 = ---> 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓%
𝑏 32

20. B From the word problem, it can be concluded that (a) base = 50 and (b)
rate = 60% (in decimal, 0.6). Using the formula for the percentage:
𝑝 = 𝑟𝑏 ---> 𝑝 = (0.6)(50) ---> 𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎

21. B Melanie’s allowance can be expressed as the expression where

Matthew’s allowance is represented by the variable “x”:
10 + 2𝑥 ≤ 700
2𝑥 ≤ 700 − 10
2𝑥 ≤ 690
𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟒𝟓

22. C The ratio of two numbers is 3:4 and their sum is 77. It can be
represented as the mathematical expression:
3x + 4x = 77
---where 3x is the smaller number and 4x is the larger number. Solve
for the value of “x” then substitute is to “3x” to determine the value of
the smaller number:
7x = 77
x = 11
Thus, the smaller number is 33.

23. A To compute for the interest for his investment, use the formula 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡,
where the principal (p) = 30,000, the rate = 6% (in decimal, 0.06), and
the time = 1 year.
𝐼 = (30,000)(0.06)(1) = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒔

24. D The converting factor for grams and centigrams is:

1 centigram = 10-2 or 0.01 grams
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To convert 234 grams to centigrams:

1 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
234 grams x = 23,400 centigrams
0.01 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

25. A The converting factor for meters and feet is:

1 meter = 3.28 feet
To convert 3,200 meters to feet:
3,28 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
3,200 meters x = 10,496 feet
1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
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ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
EXPONENT
• It determines how many times the base will be used as a factor.
Ex. (a) 25 = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2, (b) (−5)3 = (−5) • (−5) • (−5)

LAW OF EXPONENTS
• If m and n are positive integers, then the following are laws of exponents.

(a) 𝑥 𝑚 • 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 (d) (𝑥𝑦)𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑚

𝑥𝑚 1 1
(b) = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 = if x≠0 (e) 𝑥 −𝑚 = if x≠0
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−𝑚 𝑥𝑚

(c) (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 (f) 𝑥 0 = 1 if x≠0

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
• It is a combination of ordinary numbers and letters (called variable) which
represent numbers.
Ex. (a) 2x2y3z, (b) x2 + 2, (c) −10z3 + r + 1
TERM
• It consists of products and quotients of ordinary numbers and letter which
represent numbers.
Monomial is an algebraic expression consisting of only one term.
Binomial is an algebraic expression consisting of exactly two terms.
Trinomial is an algebraic expression consisting of exactly three terms.
Multinomial is an algebraic expression consisting of more than one term.
Ex. (a) 2x2y3z -> It consists of a term. Thus, it is a monomial.
(b) x2 + 3 -> It consists of 2 terms. Hence, it is a binomial.
(c) −10z3 + r + 1 -> It consists of 3 terms. Therefore, it is a trinomial.
NOTE: (1) Terms are separated by (+) plus and (−) minus signs. (2) Monomial or
multinomial in which every term is integral and rational are called polynomial.
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION
• The degree of a monomial is the sum of all the exponents in the variables (called
literal coefficients) in the term.
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• The degree of a polynomial is the same as that of the term having highest degree
and non-zero coefficient.
Ex. (a) 2x2y3z -> The variables are x2, y3 and z1, and the sum of the
exponents is 6. Thus, the degree of 2x2y3z is 6.
(b) x2 + 2 -> It is a multinomial consisting of x2 and 31. The
degree of these terms is 2 and 1 respectively. Thus,
the degree of x2 + 2 is 2.
(c) −10z3 + r + 1 -> It is a multinomial consisting of −10z3, r1, and 11
where the degree of these terms is 3, 1 and 1
respectively. Thus, the degree of −10z3 + r + 1 is 3.
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
• It is a function that composed of non-negative integer exponents in its literal
coefficients (variables).
Linear function has a degree of 1. Its graph is a straight line.
Quadratic function has a degree of 2. Its graph is a parabola.
Cubic function has a degree of 3. Its graph is a curve line.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
• In adding or subtracting algebraic expressions, simply combine like terms.
Like terms (also called as similar terms) are terms which have the same literal
coefficients and corresponding exponents.
Ex. Simplify 3x – 5y3 – (2x − 3y3)

distribute (−) to (2x − 3y3) -> 3x – 5y3 – 2x + 3y3

put together like terms side by side -> 3x– 2x – 5y3 + 3y3
combine like terms -> x – 2 y3
MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
• Multiplication of algebraic expressions is achieved by multiplying the terms in
the factors of the expressions.
(1) To multiply two or more monomials, use the laws of exponents, the rules of
signs, and properties of multiplication.
Ex. Multiply 2x2yz and 5x3z2

group all numerical and literal coefficients -> = [2(5)][x2(x3)](y)[z(z2)]

simplify the expression -> = (10)(x5)(y)(z3)
= 10x5yz3
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(2) To multiply a multinomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by

the monomial and combine results.
Ex. Simplify 2xy (3x + 4y – x2y)

distribute 2xy -> = 3x(2xy) + 4y(2xy) − x2y(2xy)

simply each term -> = 6x2y + 8xy2 – 2x3y2
(3) To multiply multinomial by multinomial, multiply each term of one
multinomial by each of the terms of the other multinomial and combine
results.
Ex. Simplify (2x + y) (x + 2y – xy)

distribute (2x + y) -> = x(2x + y) + 2y(2x + y) – xy(2x + y)

simply each term -> = 2x2 + xy + 4xy + 2y2 – 2x2y + xy2
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
• The following are some of the products which occur frequently when multiplying
binomials.
Description Pattern

Product of a Monomial and a

𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑
Binomial

Product of the Sum and

(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Difference of Two Terms

(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
Square of a Binomial
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
Product of Two Binomials (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑑

(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3

Cube of a Binomial
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3

Square of a Trinomial (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐

LINEAR EQUATION
• It is an equation that are of the first order (composed of constants and terms with a
degree of 1).

Slope of the line is a measure which indicates both the direction and steepness.
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The general form of a linear equation is: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

𝐶
(a) The x-intercept is defined by: (− , 0)
𝐴
𝐶
(b) The y-intercept is defined by: (− , 0)
𝐵
𝐴
(c) The slope of the line is defined by: −
𝐵
• Given two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) which lies on the same line:

(a) Slope-intercept form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m is the slope and (0, b) is the

coordinate of the y-intercept.
𝑦2 −𝑦1
(b) Two-point form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1
(c) Point-slope form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ), where m is the slope.
𝑥 𝑦
(d) Intercept form: + = 1, where (a, 0) and (0, b) are the coordinates of
𝑎 𝑏
x-and-y intercept respectively.
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
• It is defined as expressions in which two values are compared using >, <, ≥, ≤, and
≠.

Ex. Solve for the inequality: 2x + 4 ≥ 10

add (−4) on both sides -> 2x ≥ 6

divide both sides by 2 -> x ≥ 3

Solve for the inequality: −3x − 2 < 4

add (2) on both sides -> −3x < 6

NOTE: When you divide the whole inequality by a (−) negative integer, change
the symbol to its opposite.

divide both sides by (−3) -> x > −2

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Practice Test: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter which corresponds
to the best answer for each question.

1. Factor complete the expression: 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 + 3𝑏 2 − 3𝑦

A. (𝑎2 + 3)(𝑏 2 − 𝑦) C. (𝑎2 + 3)(𝑦 − 𝑏 2 )

B. (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(3 − 𝑦) D. (𝑎2 + 𝑦)(3 − 𝑏 2 )

2. Factor the expression completely: 3𝑚3 𝑛 − 2𝑚2 𝑛2 + 6𝑚3 𝑛2

A. 𝑚𝑛(3𝑚 − 2𝑛 + 6𝑚𝑛) C. 𝑚𝑛(3𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑛 + 6𝑚2 𝑛)

B. 𝑚2 𝑛(3𝑚 − 2𝑛 + 6𝑚𝑛) D. 𝑚2 𝑛(3𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑛 + 6𝑚2 𝑛)

3. Which of the following is a perfect square trinomial?

A. 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9 C. 𝑥 2 + 16

B. 49𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 100𝑐 2 𝑑 2 D. 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 30

4. What is the greatest common factor of 24ℎ2 𝑔5 , and 36ℎ3 𝑔3 ?

A. 6ℎ2 𝑔3 C. 6ℎ3 𝑔3

B. 12ℎ2 𝑔3 D. 12ℎ3 𝑔3

4𝑢3 9𝑢4 𝑤 9 2𝑤 0
5. Simplify the algebraic expression:( )( )( )
3𝑤 3 16𝑢5 𝑢3 𝑤 4
3 3𝑤 2
A. 𝑢𝑤 2 C.
2 2𝑢
3 3𝑤 2
B. 𝑢𝑤 2 D.
4 4𝑢

6. Simplify the algebraic expression: 4a – b2 – (3a – 2b2)

A. a – b2 C. a + b2

B. a – 3b2 D. a + 3b2

7. Evaluate the algebraic expression: (3v – 4) (v + 3)

A. 3v2 – 9v + 12 C. 3v2 – 5v – 12

B. 3v2 + 9v + 12 D. 3v2 + 5v – 12
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𝑘 2 −4𝑘+4
8. Simplify the algebraic expression:
𝑘 2 +6𝑘−16
𝑘−2 𝑘+2
A. C.
𝑘+8 𝑘+8
𝑘−2 𝑘−2
B. D.
𝑘−8 𝑘+6

9. Which of the following is the expanded form of (a + 2b)3?

A. a3 + 2b3 C. a3 + 8b3

B. a3 + 6a2b + 12ab2 + 8b3 D. a3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 + 8b3

10. Which of the following is the factors of 2x2 – 7x + 3?

A. (2x – 1) (x – 3) C. (x – 1) (2x – 3)

B. (2x – 1) (3x – 3) D. (2x – 1) (2x – 3)

11. Which of the following is the expanded form of 9p2 – 49q2?

A. (3p – 7q) (3p + 7q) C. (3p – 7q) (3p – 7q)

B. (9p – 49q) (9p + 49q) D. (9p – 49q) (9p – 49q)

12. What is the slope of the line determine by the points (3, 4) and (5, 0)?

A. 2 C. –2

1 1
B. D. –
2 2

13. What is the slop of the line 3x + 6y – 9 = 0?

A. 2 C. –2

1 1
B. D. –
2 2

14. What is the x-intercept of the line y = −3x – 6?

A. 2 C. –2

1 1
B. D. –
2 2
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15. What is the y-intercept of the line 2y = 10x + 6?

A. 3 C. –3
1 1
B. D. –
3 3

16. What is the equation of the line with x-intercept of 4 and y-intercept of 3?

A. 3x + 4y = 12 C. 4x + 3y = 12

B. 3x − 4y = 12 D. 4x − 3y = 12

17. What is the equation of the line with a slope of 3 and passing through the point
(3, 2)?

A. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 7 C. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 7

B. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 11 D. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 11

18. What is the general equation of the line which passes through the points (2, -1)
and (-3, 5)?

A. 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7 = 0 C. 6𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 5 = 0

B. 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 D. 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5 = 0

19. What is the solution set for the inequality 3(𝑥 − 2) ≤ 2(𝑥 + 4)?

A. 𝑥 ≤ 14 C. 𝑥 ≤ 10

B. 𝑥 ≥ 14 D. 𝑥 ≥ 10

20. What is the solution set for the inequality −𝑡 > 5(𝑡 − 2) − 2?

A. t > 2 C. t > −2

B. t < 2 D. t < −2
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ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
(ANSWER KEY)

1. A The common factor of the terms 𝑎2 𝑏 2 and −𝑎2 𝑦 is 𝑎2 while 3𝑏 2 and −3𝑦
is 3. Thus:
𝑎2 (𝑏 2 − 𝑦) + 3(𝑏 2 − 𝑦)
From this working expression, the common factor of the terms
𝑎2 (𝑏 2 − 𝑦) and 3(𝑏 2 − 𝑦) is (𝑏 2 − 𝑦). Hence:
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑)(𝒃𝟐 − 𝒚)

2. B The common factor of the terms 3𝑚3 𝑛, −2𝑚2 𝑛2 , and 6𝑚3 𝑛2 is 𝑚2 𝑛.

Thus:
𝒎𝟐 𝒏(𝟑𝒎 − 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟔𝒎𝒏)

3. A A perfect square trinomial, in the form (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ,

contains two (2) perfect square terms and the 3rd term is twice the
product of the square roots of the two (2) perfect square terms.

4. B Determine the prime factorization of each terms then get the product of
it common factors.

24ℎ2 𝑔5 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 xhxh xgxgxgxgxg

36ℎ3 𝑔3 = 2 x 2 x3x3xhxhxhxgxgxg

2x2 x3 xhxh x g x g x g = 12h2g3

5. C Group all numerical and literal coefficient:

4 9 2 𝑢3 𝑢4 𝑤9𝑤0
( • • )( )( )
3 16 1 𝑢5 𝑢3 𝑤3𝑤4
Then, apply the operations in fractions and law of exponents to simplify
the expression:
3 2 𝑢7 𝑤9
( • ) ( 8) ( )
4 1 𝑢 𝑤7
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3 1 𝑤 9−7 𝟑𝒘𝟐
( )( 8−7 ) ( )=
2 𝑢 1 𝟐𝒖

6. C Applying PEMDAS, simplify first – (3a – 2b2) by distribution –1 on the

grouping:
4a – b2 – 3a + 2b2
Combine similar terms to come up with get the simplest form of the
expression:
4a – 3a – b2 + 2b2 = a + b2

7. D Distribution the binomial (3v – 4) to each term on (v + 3):

v (3v – 4) + 3 (3v – 4)
Distribute v and 3 on the binomial (3v – 4) then combine similar terms:
3v2 – 4v + 9v – 12 = 3v2 + 5v – 12

8. A The factors of 𝑘 2 − 4𝑘 + 4 are (k – 2) and (k – 2) while 𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 16 are

(k – 2) and (k – 8), thus:
(𝑘 − 2)(𝑘 − 2) 𝒌−𝟐
=
(𝑘 − 2) (𝑘 + 8) 𝒌+𝟖

9. B In the given (a + 2b)3, x = a and y = 2b. Thus, substituting it on the

pattern for the expanded form of the cube of a binomial, (x + 2y)3 = x3
+ 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3:
(a + 2b)3 = (a)3 + 3(a)2(2b) + 3(a)(2b)2 + (2b)3
= a3 + 3a2(2b) + 3a(4b2) + (8b3)
= a3 + 6a2b + 12ab2 + 8b3

10. A

11. A In the given 9p2 – 49q2, a2 = 9p2 thus a = 3p, while b2 = 49q2 therefore
b = 7q. The form a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b), hence:
9p2 – 49q2 = (3p + 7q) (3p – 7q)
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12. C ( 3, 4 ) ( 5, 0 )
x 1 y1 x 2 y2
𝑦2 −𝑦1
The formula for the slope (m) = , by means of substitution:
𝑥2 −𝑥1
0−4 −4
slope (m) = = = −𝟐
5−3 2

13. D

14. C The general form of the equation y = −3x – 6 is 3x + y + 6 where A =

3, B = 1, and C = 6. The intercept of a line, in general form, is defined
𝐶 𝐶 6
by (− , 0). Thus, − is − or −2.
𝐴 𝐴 3

15. A The equation 2y = 10x + 6, in slope-intercept form y = mx + b, is y =

5x + 3 where m = 5 (which is the slope) and b = 3 (which is the y-
intercept). Thus, the y-intercept of 2y = 10x + 6 is 3.

16. A 𝑥 𝑦
The intercept form is += 1 where a is the x-intercept and b is the
𝑎 𝑏
y-intercept. Since x-intercept is 4 (a = 4) and y-intercept is 3 (b = 3),
substitute these values on the intercept form then manipulate it in
standard form:
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1, then multiply both sides by its LCD (which is 12)
4 3
12𝑥 12𝑦
+ = 12 ---> 3x + 4y = 12
4 3

17. A Given the slope (m) = 3 and a point (3, 2) where x 1 = 3 and y1 = 2),
use the point-slope form, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ), then substitute the given
values:
𝑦 − 2 = 3 (𝑥 − 3) ---> 𝑦 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 9
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9 + 2
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕
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18. ( 2, -1 ) ( -3, 5 )
x 1 y1 x 2 y2
Use the two-point slope form to determine the line that passes through
these given points:
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1
5−(−1)
𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − 2)
−3−2
6
𝑦+1= (𝑥 − 2)
−5
−5(𝑦 + 1) = 6(𝑥 − 2)
−5𝑦 − 5 = 6𝑥 − 12
−6𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5 + 12 = 0
−6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7 = 0
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎

19. A 3(𝑥 − 2) ≤ 2(𝑥 + 4)

3𝑥 − 6 ≤ 2𝑥 + 8
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ≤ 6 + 8
𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟒

20. B −𝑡 > 5(𝑡 − 2) − 2

−𝑡 > 5𝑡 − 10 − 2
−𝑡 − 5𝑡 > −10 − 2
−6𝑡 > −12
𝒕<𝟐
Do not forget that when you divide the whole inequality by a negative
(-) integer, change the opening of the inequality symbol.