Theory of Elasticity: Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Theory of Elasticity
Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Course Outline
Basics of Elasticity Deformation of Structural Elements

1. Elasticity 1. Deformation of Rods
2. Stress 2. Deformation of Plates
3. Components of Stress 3. Deformation of Shells
4. Components of Strain Propagation of Waves in Solid Media
5. Hooke’s Law 1. Longitudinal Impact on Bars and Deformation
Plane Stress and Plane Strain 2. Plane Waves
1. Plane Stress 3. Surface Waves
2. Plane Strain 4. Practical Application for Dynamic Material Behavior
3. Stress at a Point using the Hopkinson Bar
4. Strain at a Point Introduction to non-linear Elasticity
5. Measurement of Surface Strains 1. Principles and Constitutive laws for multi-linear elasticity
6. Construction of Mohr Strain Circle for Strain Rosette 2. Constitutive laws for exponentially elastic materials
7. Boundary Conditions 3. Elasticity in elastomers and polymers
8. Compatibility Equations
9. Stress Functions
10. Solution of Stress functions
Virtual Work and Strain Energy
1. Strain Energy
2. Principle of Virtual Work
3. Principle of Least work
4. Applications of Least work
Behaviour Laws
1. Isotropic materials
2. Generally Anisotropic materials
3. Transversely Isotropic Materials
4. Orthotropic Materials
5. Laminates as a special case of Anisotropy
Stress
• Body with external forces
• Forces and Stresses

– Distributed as pressure
– Volume as gravity
Strain and Stress
• Component of Stress
• Components of Strain
Hooke’s Law
• Under normal stress

Hooke’s Law
• Pure Shear
Hooke’s Law
• In General for volumetric expansion.

Plane Stress & Strain
• Plane Stress
• Plane Strain
• Stress at a point and principal stresses

– The calculation of principal stresses is an
important part of any mechanical design
• Stress at a point and principal stresses

• Stress at a point
• Stress at a point (Mohr’s Circle)



• Strain at a point
– Displacements
• Putting Shearing strain = 0
• From a strain equivalent Mohr Circle

• Measurement of surface strains




– Using Strain gauges

– Half Bridge
– Full Bridge

– Fiber Bragg Grating
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of
distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a
short segment of optical fiber that reflects
particular wavelengths of light and
transmits all others. This is achieved by
creating a periodic variation in the
refractive index of the fiber core, which
generates a wavelength-specific dielectric
mirror. A fiber Bragg grating can therefore
be used as an inline optical filter to block
certain wavelengths, or as a wavelength-
specific reflector.
• Measurement of surface
strains
– Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
• Digital image correlation and tracking is an optical method
that employs tracking and image registration techniques for
accurate 2D and 3D measurements of changes in images.
This method is often used to measure full-field
displacement and strains, and it is widely applied in many
areas of science and engineering, with new applications
being found all the time. Compared to strain gages and
extensometers, the amount of information gathered about
the fine details of deformation during mechanical tests is
increased manyfold.

– The principle works on the tracking and comparison of deformed and
undeformed images
• DIC
– Automated edge detection

– The field to be measured is painted with a special speckle pattern which is used for
the image tracking.
– Here f(m, n) is the pixel intensity or the gray-scale value at a point (m, n) in the
original image, g(m, n) is the gray-scale value at a point (m, n) in the translated
image, f ¯ and g ¯ are mean values of the intensity matrices f and g respectively.
• Stress Function
• A stress function is defined to cater for
the variation of stresses along the body at
which it is being applied
• Where
• Differential Equations of Equilibrium

• Boundary Conditions
– The stress components can be given as
• Taken parallel to x-axis
– X and Y are surface forces per unit area

• Compatibilty Equations
• Solution of the equilibrium equations
• So as to satisfy the boundary conditions
• Determination of 3 stresses, with 2 equations

• Taking into account the elastic deformation
• Consideration of elastic deformation as
• Differentiating twice w.r.t. x and y and equating

the three.
• Replacing the condition of compatibity term with
the elasticity moduli
Substituting in
• Differentiating the first equilibrium equation
w.r.t. x and the second with y
And then adding the two
• Substituting in
• We get
• In case of general equilibrium
• And for plane strain

• Stress Function
• The only body force is the weight of the object
• Take any function ϕ of x and y
• The equations of equilibrium will be satisfied

• Stress Function
• The Airy Stress Function

– Unlike stress, strain and deformation they have no
physical meaning.
– Biharmonic equation
• The Airy Stress Function

– Unlike stress, strain and deformation they have no
physical meaning.
– Biharmonic equation
• Some Simple Solutions

• Some Simple Solutions

• Pure Bending of a Beam
– Since the stress in the logitudinal direction varies

with the y axis
• Pure Bending of a Beam
– From the bending moment applied

• Cantilever Beam
– With a uniform shear stress applied to its free end
– Whose solution is very difficult if not impossible

• Cantilever Beam
– We replace the beam with a shear force at the

end, the elementary beam theory predicts
– Therefore a good place to start is

• Cantilever Beam
– Where α can be determined by
– However
– Thus to make it zero we can superpose a constant

shear stress of
• Cantilever Beam
– Thus from α becomes

• Problems
Two Dimensional Problems
• Solution of Stress Function
• Polynomial of second degree

• Polynomial of second degree

• Polynomial of third degree


• Putting all = 0 except "d" we get pure bending

• Putting all = 0 except "a" we get pure bending
• "b" and "c" non-zero we get shearing stresses
Strain Energy and Virtual Work
• Strain Energy
– Vo is the strain energy per unit volume

– Work done per face when the stresses vary
accross a body
• Strain Energy
» Computing the work done by the shear stresses on faces
1 and 2 and adding to the expression
» On all the 6 faces
» Including the body forces

• Strain Energy
» Adding the two equtions
• Strain Energy
» By Hooke’s Law
» Becomes
» Or in terms of strain
• Strain Energy
» For plain Stress
» The total Strain Energy becomes

• Strain Energy
» Special case where the stress is divided into a
distortion producing component and pure tension,
to justify how can isoptropic materials sustain high
hydrostatic pressures without yielding
» Subtracting from
• Strain Energy
» And using the identity
» Strain energy in terms of distortion thus becomes
» The critical value of tensile stress in terms of shearing is

thus
• Strain Energy Release Rate

» Application for the failure of materials
» Griffith Energy Based Approach

» When the crack grows a certain energy is released, using
the Ignis approach Grffith was able to calculate this
release rate
» This is calculated by considering β = π as calculated by

Ignis in the stress triangle.
» The surface energy S associated with crack of length a is
then given by
» Where ϒ is the surface energy in Joules/m2


» The total energy associated to the cracking is the –ive
energy of the crack surfaces being unloaded and the +ive
energy delivered to create the cracks.
» Setting the derivative to zero we can find the critical crack

length.
» For plasticly deforming materials a general strain energy

release rate coefficient is defined

» Compliance Calibration

» Half Cantilever Beam
• Principle of Virtual Work
• In terms of strain
» Any action to deform the body will be countered by the
restoring energy which is the strain energy.
» Change in strain energy per unit volume is thus
𝛿𝑉𝑜 = 𝜎𝑥 𝛿𝜀𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝛿𝜀𝑦 +𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝛿𝛾𝑥𝑦


» Work done for the virtual displacement would be
• Inclusion of body forces
• Finally we add the boundary forces as well

• The first term is for the potential energy of

deformation and the second and third are for
unstressed condition potential energy.
Therefore the expression represents the total
potential energy of the system.
• Example of a perfectly elastic string fixed at

both ends loaded by a uniformly distributed
load.

– Initial tension is very large
– The strain energy is the initial
tension and the deflection
– Stretching of the string is
– And increase in strain energy is


– Total strain energy is then
– Integrating by parts and putting δy = 0 at

the ends

– Putting in
– We get
• Castigliano’s Theorem.
• Castigliano’s Theorem.
• Principle of Least Work
• So strain energy due to variance in traction

forces become
• Application of the Principle of Least Work –

Rectangular Plates
• Application of the Principle of Least Work –

Rectangular Plates
Constitutive/Behaviour Laws
• The course will include

– Basic definitions of elaticity and representation in
tensor/matrix form
– Isotropic materials
– Generally Anisotropic materials
– Transversely Isotropic Materials
– Orthotropic Materials
– Laminates as a special case of Anisotropy
• Elasticity
• Elasticity
• Elasticity
• Elasticity
• Voigt Notation
• Voigt Notation
• Isotropic Materials
– Compressional and Shear Wave velocity

– Compressional and Shear Wave velocity

• Transversley Isotropic Materials

• Orthorhombic or Orthotropic Materials

• Orthorhombic or Orthotropic Materials

• Laminates as a special case of Anisotropy

• Laminates as a special case of Anisotropy

• Change in reference
• Relationships between Rigidity and

Compliance
with
• Relationships between Rigidity and

Compliance
• Constitutive Laws for Laminates in 2D





• Problem
• A Unidirectional pli UD is subjected to one of its planes
(x,y) to the strains as following
• Considering plane stress state determine

– The Stresses in (x,y) reference system
– The Stresses in (l,t) reference system
• Analysis of laminate layups/stacks


– The strain field in the (x,y) reference system is
given for the membrane strains as:
– Such that

– Same for the Ny and Txy

– Layup is balanced if

– The average stresses are given by

– Under Applied Moments


with



– Membrane / Bending Coupled Behaviour

– Membrane / Bending Coupled Behaviour
Propagation of Waves in Elastic Solid Media
• Elongation of bar
𝜕𝑢
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴𝐸
𝜕𝑥
• The differences of forces acting on mn and m1n1 would be

The general solution of the equation
Can be written as
The functions f and f1 should be determined using boundary

conditions.
Assuming the initial velocity is zero then the displacement will be

given by
Therefore
Thus the wave will be propagating in both directions
The functions f and f1 should be determined using boundary

conditions.
By the conservation of momentum

Now consider the bar travelling with a velocity v calculating the

energy in the shaded portion of the bar
Strain energy
Kinetic energy
Longitudinal Impact of two Bars
The wave reaches the free end

At t=l/c
The duration of impact would therefore be 2l/c
And the compressive stresses as calculated would be v(Eρ)1/2

Longitudinal Impact of two Bars
Consider two unequal velocities
Then at t=l/c
The compression waves will then be reflected from the free ends
as tension waves and at the instant t = 2l/c, when these waves
arrive at the surface of contact of the two bars, the velocities of
bars 1 and 2 become
• Bars of different lengths

Non-Linear Elasticity
Multilinear Elasticity
Exponential Elasticity
In general 𝜀 = 𝜀0 + 𝐴𝜀 𝑛
1
Ludwik’s Law 𝜏 = 𝜏0 + 𝑘𝛾 𝑛
𝜎0 𝜎
Ramberg–Osgood 𝜀 = + 𝐾( 0 )𝑛
𝐸 𝐸
Or write K as α=𝐾 𝜎0 𝑁 n-1

𝜎0 𝜎 𝜎 𝑛−1
𝜀 = +𝛼 ( )
𝐸 𝐸 𝜎0
Exponential Elasticity
P𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝜎 = 𝐴𝑛 𝜀

Theory of Elasticity: Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Theory of Elasticity: Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Theory of Elasticity: Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Theory of Elasticity

Tutor: Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah

Basics of Elasticity Deformation of Structural Elements

• Body with external forces

• Forces and Stresses

• Under normal stress

• In General for volumetric expansion.

• Stress at a point and principal stresses

• Stress at a point and principal stresses

• Stress at a point (Mohr’s Circle)

• Stress at a point (Mohr’s Circle)

• Stress at a point (Mohr’s Circle)

• Putting Shearing strain = 0

• From a strain equivalent Mohr Circle

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Measurement of surface strains

• Differential Equations of Equilibrium

• Taken parallel to x-axis

– X and Y are surface forces per unit area

• Determination of 3 stresses, with 2 equations

• Differentiating twice w.r.t. x and y and equating

And then adding the two

• In case of general equilibrium

• And for plane strain

• Take any function ϕ of x and y

• The equations of equilibrium will be satisfied

• The Airy Stress Function

• The Airy Stress Function

• Some Simple Solutions

• Some Simple Solutions

• Pure Bending of a Beam

– Since the stress in the logitudinal direction varies

• Pure Bending of a Beam

– From the bending moment applied

– With a uniform shear stress applied to its free end

– Whose solution is very difficult if not impossible

– We replace the beam with a shear force at the

– Therefore a good place to start is

– Where α can be determined by

– Thus to make it zero we can superpose a constant

– Thus from α becomes

• Solution of Stress Function

• Polynomial of second degree

• Solution of Stress Function

• Polynomial of second degree

• Solution of Stress Function

• Polynomial of third degree

• Solution of Stress Function

• Polynomial of third degree

• Solution of Stress Function

• Polynomial of third degree