AWARENESS LEVEL OF BSMT STUDENTS ON ANNEX V OF

MARPOL73/78

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Maritime Department
VMA Global College and Training Centers, Inc.
Earl Carol St., Sum-ag, Bacolod City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research (RES)

Al Joseph H. Aliguin
Alleo Jan A. Lijayan
Paul Andrew P. Montemar
Ronnie Jr. B. Oquindo
Jhonel L. Paguntalan
Gwendel John A. Pediongco

December 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study…………………………………………………………..……3

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….....…....6

Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………….………...6

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………..…7

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………….……….7

Review of Related Literature………………………………………………….….....… 8

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………….…..… 23

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………..…. 24

Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..25

Research Design……………………………….…….…………………….…... 25

Respondents of the Study………………………………….…………………….26

Research Instrument……………………………………………………………..26

Data Collection Procedure………...……………………………………………..26

Data Analysis Procedure……………………………….…………….....……….27

Ethical Considerations…………………………………………………………...27

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..…….…….28

APPENDICES

Research Instrument……………………………………………………………………..31
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Awareness on garbage includes all kinds of food, domestic and operational waste,

all plastics, cargo residues, incinerator ashes, cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal

carcasses generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of

continuously or periodically under MARPOL Annex V. According to MARPOL 73/78

Annex V Regulations for the prevention of Pollution by Garbage from ships Entered into

force on 31 December 1988 Revised Annex V entered into force 1 January 2013.

Garbage is deadly as oil and chemicals to our marine life and to the environment

we live in. It is been said that plastic is the greatest danger which is because it can float

through years. Fishes and marine life can mistake for eating plastic as food and become

trapped in plastic ropes, nets, bags and other items even such harmless items as the

plastic rings used to hold cans of beer and drinks together. Worldwide, beaches are

polluted by marine waste, which presents an immediate danger to the marine

environment (Mobilik, 2016). The environmental impact of shipping on marine

environment includes discharge of garbage. Plastic litter is the particular concern due to

abundance (Culin, 2016). Awareness on garbage Annex V on MARPOL plays a great

role of the student’s life for it is where they learn how the garbage being manages

onboard. The maritime debris impact on marine environment has been the international

concern and media attention around the world whereas 20% of it came from the

vessel4and offshore platform (Mobilik, 2016).

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In Philippines, through awareness and capacity-building it strengthens the

protection of marine environment from harmful effects of irresponsible garbage and

waste disposal. The MARINA Central Office prepares the Philippines in the effective

implementation of MARPOL Annex V or the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution

by Garbage from Ships, as amended (Vingson, 2019).

These are the gaps of the studies it shows that there are studies that focus on

awareness on awareness level on MARPOL 73/78 but there are no studies that used

students as their respondents. The ship has a garbage management plan onboard and

update with new provision in terms of Annex V of MARPOL. However the ship’s crews

are not fully aware of the obligation of the MARPOL which leads to a violation. It is

been said that member should ensure their crews to understand the contents of MARPOL

Annex V. So it shows that the crews onboard have lack of knowledge and awareness

when it comes to the Annex V of MARPOL (Japan P&I Club, 2013). The main

highlights on damaging the marine environment are plastics. Furthermore, regulatory

requirements are not always followed uniformly and discharge violations under Annex V

occur despite the commitment of shipping industry to reduce marine littering (Culin,

2016). To reduce environmental pollution problem the use of biodegradable packaging

material can be an alternative. However, to the responsible and sustainable approach on

the vessel it is necessary to introduce environmental education to encourage garbage

disposal (Mobilik, 2016).

These gaps should be addressed by improving the implementation Annex V of

MARPOL in order to be aware of what is Annex V of MARPOL all about. Especially,

for the students who are an aspirants to be a mariner someday. Not just to increase their
 5

knowledge and awareness of how Annex V of MARPOL works but also to care for our

marine environment. Maritime industry plays a great role in marine environment so while

it is not too late everyone must be aware of what is happening in our world.

The reason why the researchers are conducting this study in order for us to know

as researcher if our fellow BSMT students are aware of the functions of MARPOL

73/78 especially annex V which denotes prevention of pollution by ships from garbage.

Not only for the requirements of the school to conduct this study but this serve as an eye

opener to the students and the institution.

The suggested output of this study as recommended for awareness program and to

conduct an online symposium on awareness on Annex V of MARPOL 73/78. This will

result into improvement of awareness of a student for the avoidance of marine pollution

by garbage from ships. Awareness of students will enhance when it comes to the

prevention of pollution by ships from garbage. To empower the students with knowledge

for their preparation onboard and also for the good conduct of marine environment.
 6

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the awareness level of 3rdyear BSMT students on

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in VMA Global College and Training Centers Inc. during

1st semester of School year 2020-2021.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:

a. Section

2. What is the awareness level on garbage Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in VMA Global

College and Training Centers Inc. in terms of:

a. Disposal of garbage outside special areas

b. Disposal of garbage within special areas

Scope of the Study

This study will focus on the awareness level of BSMT students on Annex V of

MARPOL 73/78. It aims to establish the profile of a student of VMA Global College and

Training Centers Inc. in terms of section. The students who will undergo the survey

questionnaire are all the students from BSMT 3rdYear College of VMA Global College

and Training Centers Inc. Bacolod city, Philippines during 1 st semester of school year

2020-2021. The researchers will be using adopted and modified survey in getting data

from the respondents. Furthermore, the suggested output is awareness program and to

conduct an online symposium on awareness on Annex V of MARPOL 73/78.

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Significance of the Study

This study may be beneficial to the following:

School Administration. This may enrich the Administration’s information and

understanding on student’s awareness towards the Annex V of MARPOL and put this

into wider education structure. The study will also serve as a basis for the administration

regarding for the level of awareness of the students on the said topic.

Maritime Students. The findings will serve as an eye opener for the student to

be aware of the Annex V of MARPOL. This may help the students expand their

knowledge in school.

Maritime Teachers. Through this study, Teachers may be informed about the

awareness of the student towards the Annex V of MARPOL. They may formulate and

produce lessons to their students regarding the prevention of pollution of garbage from

ships of MARPOL.

Future Researchers. The result of this research may serve as a model of

information for the future researchers who will conduct a related research on the

awareness level on Annex V of MARPOL. The product of the study may be used by the

future researchers if they use the same variables.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined to ensure common knowledge and understanding

between the researchers and the readers.

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Disposal of garbage outside special areas. The conceptual definition of term defines as

the dumping of plastic is absolutely forbidden. The Floating materials to be disposed that

must be more than 25 miles from the nearest land. Foods, crockery, bottles, rags, meals,

cans to be disposed at more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land (Raunek, 2020).

Disposal of garbage within special areas. The conceptual definition of the study defines

as the garbage inside special areas is totally restricted apart from food waste to be

disposed at more than 12 nautical miles. Caribbean region food wastes comminuted more

than 3 nautical miles (Raunek, 2020).

Review of Related Literature

The Annex V of MARPOL Convention aims to eliminate and reduce the amount

of garbage that is being dumped into the sea from ships. This are the terms include all

kinds of food, domestic and operational waste that are likely to be disposed of during the

normal operation of ships (UK P&I News, 2013).

MARPOL Annex V and Environmentally Hazardous Substance (EHS) requirements for

coal cargo residues (Lucas, 2013)

Changes to MARPOL Annex V (garbage from ships) include the management of

cargo residues of solid bulk cargoes and as a result, coal is currently being considered as

an Environmentally Hazardous Substance (EHS) by the IMO. In 2009-2010, 33

destinations by ocean transport have exported 293.4 million tonnages of black coal in

Australia. So it is valuable to the coal industry to evaluate Australian coal types in view

of possible re-classification as an EHS. EHS testing which was undertaken in this study

was in response to potential coal industry directives under MARPOL Annex V, where
 9

coal companies are required to: give evidence that coal cargos are not Harmful to the

Marine Environment (HME), including Environmentally Hazardous Substances (EHS),

from 1 January 2013.

The aim of the screening test is to determine the dissolution rate of trace element

from a cargo residue and assess the potential eco toxicity on marine environments. In

some cases these values are orders of amount higher than the water quality limits used to

assess possible marine eco-toxicity which leads to the question particularly in view of

natural seawater trace element concentrations, aquarium seawater quality not harming.

Marine systems, water quality recommendations based on preserving the Great Barrier

Reef, and results from this study and others. This study has demonstrated that coal, as a

cargo residue, is not likely to be an environmentally hazardous substance and under

natural seawater conditions can act to remove trace elements from seawater.

At last the results and discussion, all 56 Australian coal types and reported

individually to the coal companies in 24 hour and 7 day screening test, however for the

ease of presenting a large volume of data the 1000 mg/L loading rate for the 24 hour and

7 day EHS testing is used during results and discussion.

Type and Quantity of Shipborne Garbage at Selected Tropical Beaches (Mobilik, 2016)

In accessing the abundance of debris at beach and ship surveys, identifying the

origin of items collected at beach and ship surveys, and investigating the relationship

between the abundance of garbage carried by ships waste stranded at the beach are the

primary concerns that need to be address of. Worldwide, beaches are polluted by marine

waste, which presents an immediate danger to the marine environment and nature.
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The standard form of this research is the survey method, which conducted a beach

and ship survey in this research. According to study, five public beaches chosen had been

surveyed according to the standing stock technique for beach marine debris. Five ports

were chosen to examine ship-borne items originating in containers of 34 vessels, in bulk

carriers of 46 vessels, and in general cargo vessels of 35 vessels, the type of vessels

operating on international routes. From October 2012 to October 2014, a total of 115

vessels with 2,295 crews were involved in this report. A total of 31 items present in the

vessel have been classified as widely used domestic household products.

Lastly, the result of the study had proven that the use of biodegradable packaging

material can be an alternative to reduce environmental pollution problem. However, it is

necessary to induce and introduce environmental education and encourage garbage

disposal in a responsible and sustainable approach on the vessel.

Plastic Pollution from ships (Culin, 2016)

Discharge of garbage on marine environment has a great environmental impact by

ships. Due to abundance, plastic litter is the particular concern. First, the objective of the

study is about Monitoring data indicate that despite banning plastic disposal at sea.

Substantial quantities of plastics have accumulated in the marine environment since the

first reports of plastics occurrence in the early 1970s (Moore, 2015). In response to global

concerns about marine pollution, the International Marine Organization (IMO) in 1973

adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, known
 11

as MARPOL 73/78, which has been amended by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 (IMO,

2015a).

Furthermore, there is a gap of knowledge that is needed to be addressed regarding their

ecological harm.

The discussion of this study is because it is difficult to accomplish direct

enforcement of Annex V regulations, other measures to reduce plastic pollution are very

important. Environmental education is one of the tools to address the problem

(GESAMP, 2015). Raising awareness of the detrimental consequences of operational or

accidental pollution of the marine environment is needed to alter disposal practices.

Therefore, the Seafarers Training, Certification, & Watch keeping (STCW) Code require

that maritime officers gain knowledge on the prevention of pollution to the marine

environment.

The result of the study shows Plastics is the main highlights on damaging the

marine environment. Furthermore, despite the commitment of shipping industry to reduce

marine littering, regulatory requirements are not always followed uniformly and

discharge violations under Annex V occur.

The Management of Ship-Generated Waste On-Board Ships (CHEW, 2016)

This study was initially conducted and aimed at determining the management of

Ship-Generated Waste On-Board ships. The goals of this study are, to provide a detailed

review of the on-board about waste practices and management of ship-generated waste in

the range of ships visiting EU ports. To provide an average of the different classes or

types of waste produced on-board ships. To include a thorough overview of the latest
 12

technologies and methods used to minimize ship-generated SGW. The Respondents are

the 13 ship audits, with a 25 interviews, collected the empirical foundation of the report

and from 33 internet survey participants which held online. The purpose of the audits and

interviews was to acquire and gathered copies of oil record books. Garbage record books

or (GRB) and collect waste generation information, on-board care and handling.

Although it was possible to obtain such knowledge, it was not possible for any

interview for all ship audits because the copies of ship audits were copied. This analysis

is a descriptive review. The sample's relatively small size means that the findings

presented in the sample are it is not always possible to extrapolate the following chapters

into the whole fleet. In some cases, like the oily residues, the amounts of waste generated

are consistent with information found in the literature in the entire sample lies within a

small range.

However there is a wide difference between ships in other cases, they cannot be

ascribed to the ship types or other characteristics. The ranges referred to in this study

which serves as an indicator of the quantity of waste in these cases, but statistical

averages should not be regarded as such.

Lastly, there is a range of waste flows and methods of treatment for almost every

kind of waste and garbage. The empirical evidence gathered in this study shows that

ships use various methods of treatment and often treat only part of the waste stream.

These results in a distinction between the quantities of waste generated and the quantities

landed.

A Canadian Policy Framework to Mitigate Plastic Marine Pollution (Pettipas, 2016)

 13

Marine pollution from plastic debris is a global problem causing negative impacts

in the marine environment. Plastic marine debris as a contaminant is increasing,

especially in Canada. The study aims for the (1) law and waste management strategies;

(2) education, outreach and awareness; (3) source identification; and (4) increased

monitoring and further research. A literature review was conducted to assess current

management frameworks and policies. Based on the apparent lack of policy studies

aimed at mitigating plastic debris accumulating in the marine environment (particularly

in Canada), this study was designed to assess current international and national

management practices and policies, to better understand macro and micro plastic

contamination in the Canadian marine environment.

However, in strategies or policies that govern micro plastic contamination found

that there is currently no formal management. The result found that 70% of marine debris

found in Halifax Harbor was derived from land based sources, rather than ship based

sources. Education, outreach, and awareness are effective ways to promote change to

limit indiscriminate disposal. With Canada’s large coastline and population, many

Canadians have strong ties to the ocean.

In conclusion, despite existence of numerous international conventions, plastic

marine debris is a global problem. This persistent issue demonstrates the lack of effective

global, national, and regional strategies to address sources of plastic waste.

A study on Solid Waste Management: Compliance, Practices, Destination and Impact

among Merchant Vessels Docking in Iloilo Ports, Philippines (Sarinas, 2012)

 14

The aim of the study was to identify solid waste management practices and

impacts and destinations between merchant vessels docking at the Port of Fort San Pedro

and the Port of Dumangas.

First, merchant vessels comply with solid waste management as mandated by

MARPOL 73/78; second, what are the practices observed by merchant vessels docking in

Iloilo ports towards their solid waste. Third, what are the impacts of solid waste

management on the crew of the vessel? Finally, where do the merchant vessels relinquish

their solid waste after disembarking in the ports of Iloilo?

The study respondents were 141 people. In port of San Pedro Fort and the port of

Dumangas, Two Master Mariners, one Chief Officer and 82 crew members were

interviewed at Fort San Pedro Port, and four Master Mariners were interviewed while two

Chief Officers and 50 crew members were interviewed at Dumangas Port. Convenience

sampling was used during sampling to pick the available respondents. These merchant

vessels were classified as passenger-cargo vessels. A researcher- made questionnaire was

used to answer the problems of the study. It consists of questions that contain if the vessel

complies with the solid waste management practices as mandated by MARPOL 73/78,

various management practices as specified by MARPOL 73/78 (2006) and impacts of

solid waste management to the crew of the vessel. In addition, the master mariner was

asked where to dispose of their solid waste upon arrival at the receiving port. The

Philippine Port Authority of Region 6 was responsible for enabling researchers to access

the said merchant vessels that were present at the Port of Fort San Pedro and the Port of

Dumangas. Respondents were encouraged to assess whether the vessels complied with

the solid waste management activities required by MARPOL 73/78 and the effect of solid
 15

waste management on the crew of the vessel. The data analysis approach used for the

data obtained was a descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that 100% of

vessels comply with the solid waste management activities mandated by MARPOL

73/78. Each vessel was found to have a sufficient garbage bin for any waste collected

during the voyage. The result of the study concludes that in the case of solid waste

management, the Philippine Port Authority, Iloilo, is strict in ensuring that MARPOL

Annex V of the IMO is strictly implemented, in particular in the case of ocean solid

waste dumping. This shows that the docking of vessels at the Iloilo ports complies with

the law and is environmentally friendly. More merchant ships should be included for

further studies in the report.

A review research on marine plastics in Southeast Asia : Who does what? (Lyons et. al.,

2019)

The aim of this report is to provide a regional overview on the current knowledge

in marine plastics research, the frameworks and policies guiding marine plastics research,

and possibly recommend where research will be most useful. The research design is a

quantitative research. The general lack of a clear understanding of sources of plastics

found in the coastal and marine environment, accumulation zones, plastic types and

behavior overtime, toxicity, pathways make the identification of short term effective

solutions difficult. The lack of human and financial resources as well as waste

management infrastructure resources to respond to the issues is further limiting the

availability of effective short term solutions. Much of the on-going work is based on an

(unverified but plausible) assumption of an 80% contribution to marine plastics coming

from land. A European paper submitted to the IMO suggests that the share of sea-based
 16

pollution could be greater. More clarity on this is expected through research work

undertaken by several international bodies. As the Southeast Asian countries continue to

contribute to advancement in marine plastics research, there are a few barriers that

impede regional cooperation. Firstly, research maybe conducted and/or communicated in

the language of the land. This may be critical to dissemination of information within the

nation, but discourages regional synthesis. Without the establishment of a regional

database for plastic research, crucial or fundamental information from unpublished or

ongoing work may not be tapped upon by other researchers in the region until much later.

Lastly, the result or conclusion the realization of the seriousness and complexity

of issues raised by marine plastics is recent globally and even more so in Southeast Asia

(less than 5 years). The presence of non-public research in all states is acknowledged. As

science pushes forward to understand marine plastics and its characteristics, the gathered

information needs to be accessible to communities wider than the scientific fraternity.

Accessibility in this context also means that the science needs to be framed so that it can

guide law and policy. In the same respect, policy and frameworks outlining marine

plastics pollution and key questions to remedy the situation must guide enough of the

research thrusts of scientific inquiry to generate applicative science. Here, an ideal

situation is proposed, where a communicative model between policy and science elevates

the literacy of the wider community to make informed choices, thus reducing marine

plastics.
 17

Assessment of Shipborne Garbage on Merchant Vessel Calling to Malaysian Ports

(Mobilik, 2016)

To determine the compliance of vessels calling to Malaysian port to the

implementation of MARPOL Annex V practices (IMO, 2012c), this study aimed to: first

is to estimate the total shipborne garbage on selected ports, second assess the abundance

of shipborne garbage by category, third is to determine the possible shipborne garbage

sources and lastly to identify the effectiveness of garbage processing equipment on the

vessel. A descriptive study was carried out to assess the abundance of waste from ships.

A total of five ports had been selected for this study, namely, Kuching port, Bintulu port,

Kota Kinabalu port, Sandakan port and Klang port. A total of 47 vessels with 896 crews

were involved in this study from October 2012 to October 2013. The survey instrument

was administered to the person in-charge of the ships garbage management plan using

face to face interview.

The respondents were master mariners (35) and chief officers (12) who

participated voluntarily. The answers for each respondent were collected to establish if

the vessel compliance to MARPOL 73/78 regulation. In addition, the respondents were

asked as to where they discharged their ship borne garbage and identify waste generated

from the vessels. Official records, statutory documents for maintaining ship borne

garbage, MARPOL 73/78 Annex V compulsory training and disposal certificates were

reviewed and inspected to determine proper garbage disposal procedure and record

keeping of each garbage category.

 18

Results of the study indicate that 62 per cent of the large number of ships

accounted for food waste and cargo residual forms. Garbage accrued, but the vessel

required less consideration prior to its discharge to the sea.

As a short-term solution for reducing ship-based waste in order to prevent illicit

ship-based waste dumping and ensure marine environmental protection, the introduction

of a ship-based waste management plan should be easy, precise and complementary to

the productivity of vessel operations.

The Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA, 2019), in coordination with the

International Maritime Organization (IMO), hosted the National Workshop on MARPOL

Annex V and Port Reception Facilities on 23 to 25 October 2019 at the MARINA Central

Office to prepare the Philippines in the effective implementation of MARPOL Annex V

or the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, as amended.

Strengthen the protection of marine environment from harmful effects of

irresponsible waste and garbage disposal through awareness and capacity-building.

(Vingson, 2019). According to Vingson (2019) likewise emphasized the need for

coordinative efforts among the port authorities, environmental authorities and reception

facility providers to minimize ship sourced pollution and not to further contribute to land-

based pollution, which comprises 80% of wastes.

Japan P&I Club (2013)

 19

MARPOL Annex V, increase of violations of the requirement to comminute food

waste prior to discharge in special areas. It is considered to have more sensitive

ecosystems than the others and imposes tougher condition for the discharge of food waste

from ship to these areas. Ships that within in the area should only discharge food that are

cable to pass the screen with the opening of 25mm that pass through food process. The

ship has a garbage management plan onboard and update with new provision in terms of

Annex V of MARPOL. However the ship’s crews are not fully aware of the obligation of

the MARPOL which leads to a violation. It is been said that member should ensure their

crews to understand the contents of MARPOL Annex V. To strictly comply with the

garbage management plan so that detentions and violation will be avoided.

These are the indicators used in the study.

According to the revised MARPOL Annex V: Regulation 3 – Disposal of garbage outside

special areas.

If the ship is outside the special areas:

Food waste comminuted or ground is permitted to discharge at greater than or equal to 3

nautical miles from the nearest the land, en route and as far as practicable.

Food waste not comminuted or ground , cargo residues not contained in wash water and

contained wash water is permitted to discharge at greater than or equal to 12 nautical

miles from the nearest land, en route and as far as practicable.

 20

Cleaning agents and additives in deck and external surfaces wash water is permitted to

discharge.

Carcasses of animals carried on board as cargo and which died during the voyage is

permitted to discharge as far from the nearest land as possible and en route.

All other garbage including plastics synthetic ropes , fishing gear, plastic garbage bags,

incinerator ashes, cooking oil, floating dunnage, lining and packing materials, papers,

rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuses are prohibited to discharge.

According to the revised MARPOL Annex V: Regulation 5 – Disposal of garbage within

special areas.

If the ship is within the special areas:

Food waste comminuted or ground is permitted to discharge at greater than or equal to 12

nautical miles from the nearest the land, en route and as far as practicable.

Food waste not comminuted or ground , cargo residues not contained in wash water and

is prohibited to discharge.

Cargo residues contained wash water is permitted to discharge at greater than or equal to

12 nautical miles from the nearest land, en route and as far as practicable.

Cleaning agents and additives in deck and external surfaces wash water is prohibited to

discharge.
 21

Carcasses of animals carried on board as cargo and which died during the voyage is

prohibited to discharge.

All other garbage including plastics synthetic ropes , fishing gear, plastic garbage bags,

incinerator ashes, cooking oil, floating dunnage, lining and packing materials, papers,

rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuses are prohibited to discharge.

These are the special areas under MARPOL Annex V:

 Mediterranean Sea

 The Baltic Sea

 The Black Sea

 The Gulf Areas

 Antarctic Sea

 The Red Sea Areas

 The North Sea

 The Wider Caribbean Region

In the study of Raunek (2020) according to revised MARPOL Annex V shipboard

generated garbage is to be grouped into the following categories:

Plastics are that garbage that consists of or includes plastic in any form, including

synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from

plastic products.

Domestic Wastes Garbage generated mainly in the accommodation spaces on board the

ship examples are drinking bottles, papers, cardboard etc.

 22

Cooking Oil , are those edible oil or animal fat used for the preparation or cooking of

food. Incinerator ashes, these are the Ash and clinkers resulting from shipboard

incinerators used for the incineration of garbage. Operational wastes, solid wastes

(including slurries) that are collected on board during normal maintenance or operations

of a ship, or used for cargo stowage and handling.

Cargo residues or remnants of any cargo that remains on the deck during loading or

unloading of cargo. This category does not include cargo dust remaining on the deck

after sweeping or dust on the external surfaces of the ship.

Animal Carcasses these are the bodies of any animals that are carried on board as cargo

and that die or are euthanized during the voyage.

Fishing Gear, these are the physical device that may be placed on or in the water or on

the sea-bed with the intended purpose of capturing marine or fresh water organisms.

In summary, Prevention of pollution from ships by garbage is an important factor

that needs to have a full attention especially to the students while they were at school.

Students will have the knowledge on how Annex V of MAROL works. The researchers

are gathering information of how important is the waste management on the topic of

Annex V of MARPOL which is the prevention of pollution of garbage from ships. The

Researchers found out that our world needs the awareness especially for the students

which will become the future citizen and dwellers of this world. Making them fully aware

of what their course take them into. The gathered information shows that some of the

seafarers onboard are not fully aware of the Annex V of MARPOL which leads in to a
 23

destruction of marine environment by the garbage. All the studies show the importance of

awareness on garbage management and its rules. Management of garbage is really

important matter, especially for the marine life and cleanliness of the ocean. In this

literature, Researcher has gathered 5 foreign and 5 local studies that are related to our

study. In this Review of related literatures, Since Annex V of MARPOL73/78 means

Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, researchers decided to use the keyword

“garbage at sea” since it is related to our topic.

Theoretical Framework

Self-Awareness Theory. This study is anchored to the theory of Duval and

Wicklund on Self-awareness which explains that self-awareness represents the capacity

of becoming the object of one’s own attention. In this state one actively identifies,

processes, and stores information about the self. Main effects and functions of self-

attention consist in self-evaluation, escape from the self, and amplification of one’s

subjective experience, increased self-knowledge, self-regulation, and inferences about

other mental states (Morin 2011).

To illustrate this juncture, one can think about one’s future and past. One can

focus on sensations, personality traits, thoughts, choices, attitudes, dreams, mindset,

emotions, intentions and so forth. It represents a complex multidimensional phenomenon

that comprises various self-domains and corollaries. It also entails a sense of continuity as

a person across time and includes a feeling of self as being distinct from the rest of the

environment. Moreover, one can think and process mindset from the environment

examples are food and color without knowing that one is doing so. One becomes self-
 24

aware when one reflects on the experience of perceiving and processing stimuli (Morin,

2011).

Based on the theory above the level of awareness of BSMT students on Annex V

of MARPOL 73/78 has an effect to the behavior of the students and capacity absorb.

More so, based on the theory presented above, the level of awareness of students went

through the same developmental stages, self-focused, progression through the stages

happens at different environment and strategies. Indeed, educators need to show

acceptance and understanding. As the students have a capacity to evaluate themselves in

order for them to make decisions and deeply understood the actions of managing such

garbage co-relates to Annex V of MARPOL 73/78. Moreover, if everyone has self-

awareness ignorance does not exist and each individual know how to act accordingly

with limitations.

These theories implies to the study about the level of awareness of BSMT student

on Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 because students can be aware about the proper disposal

and management of garbage that can be seen onboard. Self-awareness has a significant

role for being a good seafarer, it helps a person to overcome the challenges and avoid

accidents so that every individual can work properly on their designated job. Self-

awareness if much needed for everyone especially for the students who faces their future

as a seafarer.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual model is used to identify the respondents, dependent and

independent variables. The independent variable in the study is the 3rd year BMST
 25

student’s perception from Alpha to November section. The dependent variable is the

awareness level on Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 particularly in (a) Disposal of garbage

outside special areas (b) Disposal of garbage within special areas. This independent

variable may influence the extent of the awareness level on Annex V of MARPOL 73/78.

Once the level of awareness will be identified, it will serve as the baseline for the

improvement of student’s awareness and knowledge when they become seafarer onboard

in the near future.

The conceptual model is shown in figure 1.

Methodology

Research Design. The study aims to determine the Awareness level of BSMT

students on Annex V of MARPOL73/78. To achieve the objective of this study a

 26

descriptive method will apply. Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically

describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and

how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide

variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental

research, the researcher does not have a control or manipulate any of the variables, but

only observes and measure (McCombes, 2019). Since this study is descriptive it will

determine the variables of awareness level of students on Annex V of MARPOL73/78 in

VMA Global College and Training Centers Inc.

Respondents of the Study. The target respondents of the study will be the 3 rd

year BSMT college students enrolled in VMA Global College and Training Centers Inc.

during the 1st semester, school year 2020-2021 will be chosen through distribution. The

sampling technique used is stratified random sampling.

Research Instrument. The researchers will use adopted and modified research

survey in the title of “Awareness Level of BSMT Students on Annex V of

MARPOL73/78”. The instrument consists of Parts I and II. The first part of the

questionnaire will be the profile of the respondents which is contains the section and the

second part placed on four-point rating scale very aware (4), somewhat aware (3), aware

(2) and not aware (1).The questions were adopted and modified in a published study by

Raunek of maritime law (2020).

Data Collection Procedure. First the researchers will ask permission from the

administration of VMA Global College and Training Centers Inc. College department in

order to conduct a research survey to the 3rdyear BSMT students. When approved, the
 27

researcher will proceed to identify the targeted respondents. Then an orientation about the

purpose and scope of the research survey will be conducted to target data in order to get

consent from them. Next, the researchers will administer the survey questionnaire to the

targeted respondents after the orientation and after getting consent from them with the

help of their research adviser. Then, researchers will give final concise instruction to the

targeted respondents before the actual answering of the survey questionnaire. Lastly, after

answering the researchers will gather the entire survey questionnaire to send the collected

data to the statistician for statistical analysis.

Data Analysis Procedure. Frequency percentage will be used to answer the

question 1 and mean will be used to answer the question 2 research problem. The

researcher will use the Google forms to gather data from respondents.

Ethical Considerations. The researchers will secure the informed consent of the

respondents. The targeted respondents will be informed that their participation in the

study is voluntary and they have the right to withdraw if they feel uncomfortable about

the process of data information. Also, their data will be fully confidential. No information

that discloses the respondent’s identity will be released and published without their

specific consent to the disclosure. The materials that contained the raw information

derived from them will be disposed by deleting all the obtained information in the Google

Forms to avoid any chance of recovery.

 28

REFERENCES

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awareness-1

Bhandari(2020).An Introduction to Quantitative Research. Retrieved from

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CHEW(2016).The Management of Ship-Generated Waste On-Board Ships

.http://www.emsa.europa.eu/news-a-press-centre/external-news/item/2925-the-
management-of-ship-generated-waste-on-board-ships.html

Culin(2016).Plastic pollution from ships. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331091847_Plastic_Pollution_from_Ships

GESAMP,(2015). Sources, fate and effects of micro plastics in the marine environment: a
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IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific
Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p.

Hasa(2016).Difference between annex and appendix. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/amp/s/pediaa.com/difference-between-annex-and-
appendix/amp/

IMO, 2011. Amendments to the Annex of the Protocol of 1978 Relating to the
International Convention for The Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973. (Revised
MARPOL Annex V). MEPC.201(62)

JAPAN P&I Club (2013).Retrieved from https://www.piclub.or.jp/en/news/11633

Kairis (2013).Ships‟ Garbage Management under Revised MARPOL Annex V.

Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/officerofthewatch.com/2012/11/07/ships-
garbage-management-under-revised-marpol-annex-v/amp/

Lucas (2013).MARPOL Annex V and Environmentally Hazardous Substance (EHS)

requirements for coal cargo residues. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262973467_MARPOL_Annex_V_and_Environ
mentally_Hazardous_Substance_EHS_requirements_for_coal_cargo_residues

Lyons et.al. (2019). A review research on marine plastics in Southeast Asia: Who does
what?.Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_
data/file/813009/A_review_of_research_on_marine_plastics_in_Southeast_Asia_-
_Who_does_what.pdf
 29

McCombes(2019).Descriptive Research. Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive- research/

MARINA(2019). MARINA holds Workshop on Ships‟ Garbage

Disposal.https://marina.gov.ph/2019/10/25/marina-holds-workshop-on-ships-garbage-
disposal/

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pol-practical-
guide.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwier_iw6MLsAhXO62EKHcelDpYQFjAAegQIARAB&usg=A
OvVaw0sfT6_AL1dyvBQqxn3Tycy

Mobilik(2016.Assessment of Shipborne Garbage on Merchant Vessel Calling to

Malaysian Ports. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282644272_ASSESSMENT_OF_SHIPBORNE
GARBAGE_ON_MERCHANT_VESSEL_CALLING_TO_MALAYSIAN_PORTS#fig
ures

Mobilik(2016).Type and Quantity of Shipborne Garbage at Selected Tropical

Beaches.Volume2016 ArticleID 5126951. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5126951Moore,
C. J. 2015. How much plastic is in the ocean? You tell me! Marine Pollution Bulletin 92:
1-3

Morin(2011).Self-Awareness Part 1. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230451703_Self-
Awareness_Part_1_Definition_Measures_Effects_Functions_and_Antecedents

National geographic(2019).Marine Pollution. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/marine-pollution/

Pettipas (2016). A Canadian Policy Framework to Mitigate Plastic Marine Pollution.

https://www.pame.is/document-library/desktop-study-on-marine-litter-library/marine-
litter-resoponses/464-pettipas-2016-a-canadian-policy-framework-to-m/file

PlasticsEurope (2015). Plastics – the Facts 2014. An analysis of European plastics

production,demand and waste data. Available from Internet:
http://www.plastval.pt/conteudos/File/Publicacoes/Plastics%20%20the%20Facts%2020
4.pdf

Raunek(2020).A Guide to Handling Garbage on Ships. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/a-guide-to-
handling-garbage-on-ships/
 30

Sarinas (2013).A study on Solid Waste Management: Compliance, Practices, Destination

and Impact Among Merchant Vessels Docking in Iloilo
Ports,Philippines.DOI:10.21463/jmic.2019.08.2.09. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338136293_Perception_of_Solid_Waste_Mana
gement_and_Rate_of_Accumulation_in_Schools_in_Mati_City_Mindanao_Island_Philip
pines

UKP&I (2013).Retrieved fromhttps://www.ukpandi.com/news-and

resources/briefings/2013/marpol-annex-v--garbage-from-ships---revised
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ON AWARNESS LEVEL OF BSMT

STUDENTS ON ANNEX V OF MARPOL 73/78

Dear Respondent,
Please read the information that follows before answering.
PURPOSE: This instrument aims to gather data to evaluate what is the awareness level of
student in garbage Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in terms of: disposal of garbage outside
special areas and disposal of garbage within special areas.
DESCRIPTION: The Survey questionnaire consists of 16 Likert types of questions for
determining the awareness level of BSMT students of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78. The
researcher uses adopted and modified survey for the disposal of garbage outside special
areas and disposal of garbage within special areas of revised MARPOL Annex V .
INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANSWERING:
A. Please fill out the needed data and encircle the items in the questionnaire.
B. Rate the awareness level on garbage Annex V of MARPOL 73/78: Disposal of
garbage outside special areas and disposal of garbage within special areas.

Scale Verbal Interpretation Verbal Description

4 Very Aware The student is fully aware of the topic

3 Somewhat Aware The student is somewhat aware about the topic

2 Aware The student is aware of the topic

1 Not Aware The student is not aware

Please take note that your participation in this survey is voluntary. You may withdraw if
you feel uncomfortable in the process of answering the questionnaire. Rest assured that
your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality. No information that discloses
your identity will be released or published without your specific consent to the disclosure
and only imperatively necessary.
If you have any question at this moment, please feel free to clarify. If none, you may
begin answering now.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Participants Profile:
Name (Optional):______________

Section: _______________

Part 1: Awareness level of student in garbage Annex V of MARPOL 73/78

Scale
Items
4- 3- 2- 1-Not
Very Somewhat Aware aware
aware aware
Disposal of garbage outside special areas
1. Does food waste comminuted or ground is
permitted to discharge outside special areas at 4 3 2 1
greater than or equal to 3 nautical miles from the
nearest land, en route and as far as practicable?
2. Does food waste that is not comminuted or
ground is permitted to discharge outside special 4 3 2 1
areas at greater than or equal to 12 nautical miles
from the nearest land, en route and as far as
practicable?
3. Does cargo residue that not contained in
washed water is permitted to discharge outside 4 3 2 1
special areas at greater than or equal to 12 nautical
miles from the nearest land, en route and as far as
practicable?
4. Does cargo residue contained in washed water
is permitted to discharge outside special areas at 4 3 2 1
greater than or equal to 12 nautical miles from the
nearest land, en route and as far as practicable?
5.Does cleaning agents and additives contained in
cargo hold wash water is permitted to discharge 4 3 2 1
outside special areas?
6. Does cleaning agents and additives in deck and
external wash water is permitted to discharge 4 3 2 1
outside special areas?
7. Does carcasses of animals carried on board as
cargo and which died during the voyage is 4 3 2 1
permitted to discharge outside special areas as far
as from the nearest land as possible?
8. Does all other garbage including plastics
synthetic ropes , fishing gear, plastic garbage
bags, incinerator ashes, cooking oil, floating
dunnage, lining and packing materials, papers, 4 3 2 1
rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar
refuses are prohibited to discharge outside special
areas ?

Disposal of garbage within special areas

9. Does food waste comminuted or ground is

permitted to discharge within special areas at 4 3 2 1
greater than or equal to 12 nautical miles from the
nearest land, en route and as far as practicable?
10. Does food waste that is not comminuted or
ground is prohibited to discharge within special? 4 3 2 1

11. Does cargo residue that not contained in

washed water is prohibited to discharge within 4 3 2 1
special areas?
12. Does cargo residue contained in washed water
is permitted to discharge within special areas at
greater than or equal to 12 nautical miles from the 4 3 2 1
nearest land, en route and as far as practicable and
subject to two additional conditions?
13. Does cleaning agents and additives contained
in cargo hold wash water is permitted to discharge
within special areas at greater than or equal to 12 4 3 2 1
nautical miles from the nearest land, en route and
as far as practicable?
14. Does cleaning agents and additives in deck
and external wash water is permitted to discharge 4 3 2 1
within special areas?
15. Does carcasses of animals carried on board as
cargo and which died during the voyage is 4 3 2 1
prohibited to discharge within special areas as far
as from the nearest land as possible?
16. Does all other garbage including plastics
synthetic ropes , fishing gear, plastic garbage
bags, incinerator ashes, cooking oil, floating
dunnage, lining and packing materials, papers, 4 3 2 1
rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar
refuses are prohibited to discharge within special
areas?