Separate chemistry

Higher tier in bold

notes revise test
Specification link R A G
Chem ONLY: Recall that most metals are transition metals and
describe their typical properties
Chem ONLY: Recall that the oxidation of metals results in
corrosion
Chem ONLY: Explain how rusting of iron can be
prevented
Chem ONLY: Explain how electroplating can be used to
improve the appearance and/or the resistance to
corrosion of metal objects
Chem ONLY: Explain, using models, why converting pure
metals into alloys often increases the strength of the
product
Chem ONLY: Explain why iron is alloyed with other
metals to produce alloy steels
Chem ONLY: Explain how the uses of metals are related
to their properties (and vice versa) for AL, CU, Ag and
alloys inc: magnalium and brass
HT & Chem ONLY: Calculate the concentration of
solutions in mol dm–3 and convert concentration in g
dm–3 into mol dm–3 and vice versa
Chem ONLY: Core Practical: Carry out an accurate acid-
alkali titration, using burette, pipette and a suitable
indicator
HT & Chem ONLY: Carry out simple calculations using
the results of titrations to calculate an unknown
concentration/volume of a solution
Chem ONLY: Calculate the percentage yield of a reaction
from the actual yield and the theoretical yield
Chem ONLY: Describe that the actual yield of a reaction
is usually less than the theoretical yield and that the
causes of this
Chem ONLY: Recall the atom economy of a reaction
forming a desired product
Chem ONLY: Calculate the atom economy of a reaction
forming a desired product
HT & Chem ONLY: Explain why a particular reaction
pathway is chosen to produce a specified product
HT & Chem ONLY: Describe what the molar volume, of
any gas at room temperature and pressure is
HT & Chem ONLY: Use the molar volume and balanced
equations in calculations involving the masses of solids
and volumes of gases
HT & Chem ONLY: Use Avogadro’s law to calculate
volumes of gases involved in a gaseous reaction, given
the relevant equation
Chem ONLY: Describe what the Haber process is
HT & Chem ONLY: Predict how the rate of attainment
of equilibrium is affected by: changes in temperature,
pressure, concentration and use of a catalyst
 HT & Chem ONLY: Explain how, in industrial reactions,
including the Haber process, conditions used are
related to cost, energy and acceptable yield
Chem ONLY: Name the elements (in compound form)
fertilisers may contain to promote plant growth
Chem ONLY: Describe how ammonia reacts with nitric
acid to produce a salt that is used as a fertiliser
Chem ONLY: Describe and compare the laboratory and
industrial production of ammonium sulfate
Chem ONLY: Recall that a chemical cell produces a
voltage until what happens
Chem ONLY: Recall that in a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell
hydrogen and oxygen are used to produce a voltage and
name the only product
Chem ONLY: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of
fuel cells for given uses

Foundation level questions

Questions
Q1.

Alloys are made by melting mixtures of metals and then leaving them to solidify.
Tin and lead form an alloy called solder.
Samples of solder containing different amounts of tin and lead were prepared.
The temperature at which each sample started to melt was recorded as the melting
temperature.
      The results are shown on the graph.

 
 (i) Use the graph to find the percentage of tin in the mixture that has the lowest melting
temperature.
(1)
.....................................%

 (ii) Describe how the melting temperature changes as the percentage by mass of tin in
the mixture increases from 0% to 100%.
(2)
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Q2.

In the Haber process nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted together to form ammonia.
(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The nitrogen used in the Haber process is obtained from
(1)
   A   air
   B   coal
   C   crude oil
   D   sea water
(b) The balanced equation for the reaction forming ammonia is

(i) All substances in this reaction are in the same physical state.
Give the name of this physical state.
(1)
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(ii) State the meaning of the symbol in the equation.
(1)
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(c) Some ammonia is reacted with sulfuric acid to make ammonium sulfate.
Write the word equation for this reaction.
(2)
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(d) Ammonium sulfate is used as a fertiliser.
 State why farmers use fertilisers on their fields.
(1)
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 (e) Titration can be used to determine the exact volume of ammonia solution that reacts
with 25.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid.
The photograph shows a student carrying out a titration.
(1)

(i) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled X.

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(ii) State what is added to the sulfuric acid to show when it has been neutralised by the
ammonia solution.
(1)
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(Total for Question = 8 marks)

Q3.
 
A titration is to be carried out to find the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide.
The sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with dilute sulfuric acid.
The available apparatus includes a burette, a pipette, a funnel, a conical flask and an
indicator.
(a)  State one safety precaution that must be taken when using sodium hydroxide solution
and dilute sulfuric acid.
(1)

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(b)  The sodium hydroxide solution is made by dissolving 4.3 g of sodium hydroxide in water
and making the solution up to 250 cm3 with water.
Calculate the concentration of the solution in g dm−3.
(2)

concentration = ........................................................... g dm−3

(c)  Write the balanced equation for the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, with sodium
hydroxide.
(2)
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(d)  The results of titrations to determine how much of an acid is required to neutralise a
given volume of an alkaline solution are shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14

Two of the titrations in Figure 14 should not be used to calculate the mean volume of
acid required.
Identify each titration and give a reason why it should not be used in the calculation of the
mean.
(2)

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(Total for question = 7 marks)
 
Q4.
 
* An experiment is carried out to find what is required to cause an iron nail to rust.
One iron nail is left in each of three test tubes, A, B and C, as shown in Figure 8.
Tube A contains tap water, tube B contains a drying agent, tube C contains water which has
been boiled to remove air and then covered by a layer of oil.
The test tubes are left for one week.

Figure 8
The results are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9
Analyse the results shown in Figure 9 to explain what is required for iron to rust.
(6)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q5.
 
An iron bucket is coated in zinc.
Over many years of use, the iron bucket has been scratched and left outside in the rain.
Although some of the zinc coating has been removed to expose iron, the iron bucket has not
rusted.
Explain why the iron has not rusted.
(2)
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(Total for question = 2 marks)
 

Q6.

The periodic table is very useful to chemists.

(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
 The periodic table is a table of
(1)
   A   mixtures
   B   elements
   C   compounds
   D   solutions
(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
 Group 1 in the periodic table contains
(1)
   A   transition metals
   B   noble gases
   C   halogens
   D   alkali metals
(c) The table shows some of the gases in group 0 and some of their properties.
     The gases are shown in the order in which they appear in group 0.
(i) Fill in the three spaces in the table.
(ii) Some light bulbs contain a metal filament.

These light bulbs are filled with argon.

Explain why argon, instead of air, is used inside these light bulbs.
(2)
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(d) The table shows some solids and some properties of solids.
 Draw one straight line from each solid to properties of that solid.

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

Higher tier questions
Q1.

(a) Drinks are often sold in cans.

     These cans are made either of aluminium or of steel coated with tin.
     The table gives information about these three metallic substances.

Use the table to give two reasons why it could be more important to recycle tin than to
recycle aluminium or steel.
(2)
reason 1
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reason 2
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(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
 The reaction for the extraction of aluminium from its ore involves
(1)
   A   heating with carbon
   B   thermal decomposition
   C   reduction
   D   neutralisation
(c) Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium.
     The diagram shows the structure of this alloy.

(i) Explain what you understand by the term alloy.

(2)
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(ii) Explain, in terms of their structures, why magnalium is stronger than pure aluminium.
(3)
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(Total for Question = 8 marks)

Q2.

When nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia, the reaction can reach a dynamic
equilibrium.

(a) Explain what is meant by a dynamic equilibrium.

(2)
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 (b) In industry, the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is affected by the conditions
used.
      (i) The pressure used is 250 atmospheres.
     Explain how the use of a higher pressure would affect the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
(2)
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(ii) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is exothermic. The
temperature used is 450°C.
       Explain how the use of a lower temperature would affect the equilibrium yield of
ammonia.
(2)
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 (ii) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is exothermic.
      The temperature used is 450°C.
      Explain how the use of a lower temperature would affect the equilibrium yield of
ammonia.
(2)
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 (iii) Even at 450°C, the reaction is very slow.
       State what is used in industry to overcome this problem.
(1)
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 (c) (i) Calculate the minimum volume of hydrogen required to completely convert 1000
dm3 of nitrogen into ammonia.
(1)
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volume of hydrogen = .................................. dm3

 (ii) Ammonia is reacted with excess nitric acid, HNO3, to make ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3

Calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate produced by the complete reaction of 34 g of

ammonia.
(Relative atomic masses H = 1.0, N = 14, O = 16)
(3)
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mass of ammonium nitrate produced =.................................g
(Total for Question = 11 marks)

Q3.
 
In a titration, 25.0 cm3 of a different sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with 0.200 mol dm–3
sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

24.80 cm3 of acid are required to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, in mol dm−3.
(4)

concentration = ........................................................... mol dm−3

 
(Total for question = 4 marks)
 
Q4.
 
In an experiment, ammonia gas is made by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and
calcium hydroxide.

2NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)

10.0 g of ammonium chloride is added to an excess of calcium hydroxide.

Calculate the maximum volume of ammonia gas that could be formed.
(relative atomic mass H = 1.00, N = 14.0, O = 16.0 and Ca = 40.0; one mole of any gas
occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure)
(2)

volume = ........................................................... dm3

 
(Total for question = 2 marks)
 

Q5.

When nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia, the reaction can reach a dynamic
equilibrium.

    (i) Calculate the minimum volume of hydrogen required to completely convert 1000 dm3
of nitrogen into ammonia.
(1)
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volume of hydrogen = .................................. dm3
 (ii) Ammonia is reacted with excess nitric acid, HNO3, to make ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.
NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3
Calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate produced by the complete reaction of 34 g of
ammonia.
(Relative atomic masses H = 1.0, N = 14, O = 16)
(3)
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mass of ammonium nitrate produced =.................................g

Q6.
 
Duralumin is an alloy of aluminium and copper.
The radii of the aluminium and copper atoms are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11
Explain why copper added to aluminium to form the alloy makes the alloy stronger than pure
aluminium.
(2)
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(Total for question = 2 marks)
 
Q7.
 
Ships made of steel have blocks containing magnesium fixed to their hulls, as shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3
The magnesium prevents the steel hulls from rusting.
Explain how the magnesium prevents the steel from rusting.
(2)
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(Total for question = 2 marks)

Q8.
 
Ammonia is manufactured in the Haber process.
In this process, hydrogen reacts with nitrogen under a pressure of about 200 atmospheres
and at 450 °C.
A dynamic equilibrium can be reached.
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
Explain the effect on the rate of attainment of equilibrium, of carrying out the process at
the same temperature but at a pressure higher than 200 atmospheres.
(3)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)