Globalization – is the idea that there will be
no national boundary in the world.
Globalization as transference – refers to
the exchange or transference of goods
between pre-existing political, economic or
cultural units.
Globalization as transformation – there is
a change in the system that influences the
units.
Globalization as transcendence – implies
the transcendence of those distinctions that
together conditions as a unit.
Philosophies the varying definitions of
globalization:
Theory of liberalism – sees the process of
globalization as market-led extension.
Theory of political realism – states are
inherently acquisitive and self-serving for
competition of power.
Theory of Marxism – principally concerns
with modes of production, social
exploitation, etc.
Theory of constructivism – how people
mentally constructed the social world with
particular symbols, languages, images, etc.
Theory of postmodernism – highlight the
significance of structural power in the
construction of identities, norms and
knowledge.
Theory of feminism – puts emphasis on
social construction of masculinity and
femininity.
Theory of transformationalism – “shared
social space”; a transformation in the spatial
organization of social relations and
transactions.
Effects of globalization on governments:
- Terrorism, employment instability,
high inflation, and pricing instability.
- Direct impact on governance since it
expands innovation, ideas,
technology, tools, expectations, and
social networks.
Institutions governing international
relations:
- World Trade Organization
- International Court of Justice
Internationalism – means to produce goods
or deliver services that have the capability of
entering into the international markets and
have a standard that is globally accepted.
Globalism – connecting the economies of
the world for free trade and economic
policies to integrate the world.
Religion – the belief in & worship of a
superhuman controlling power especially a
personal GOD or Gods.
5 major religions in the world:
Christianity
- Most widely practiced religion in the
world.
- Centers on beliefs regarding birth,
life, death, and resurrection of Jesus
Christ.
- Originated in Judea.
Buddhism
- Largest religions and originated 2,500
years ago in India.
- Believes that meditation, spiritual and
physical labor, and good behavior are
 the ways to achieve
“enlightenment/nirvana”.
Hinduism
- Oldest religion dating back to more
than 4,000 years ago.
- Third largest religion.
Islam
- Second largest religion, dating back to
7th century.
- Youngest of the major world
religions.
Judaism
- World’s oldest monotheistic religion,
dating back nearly 4,000 years ago.
- Believes that God who revealed
himself through ancient prophets.
- Essential to understanding the Jewish
faith, which has a rich heritage of law,
culture, and tradition.
Advantages of religion:
1. Expansion of beliefs & knowledge
2. Make friends amidst differences
3. Respect boundary & limitation
Disadvantages of religion:
1. A person can be confused
2. A person’s confusion can lead to
conversion of religion’s belief
3. Superiority & inferiority
4. Chaos
Economic globalization
- The integration of international
financial markets and the coordination
of financial exchange.
Factors facilitating economic
globalization:
Transportation – making international
travel more convenient than before.
Advancement of science and technology –
improved technology that makes it simpler
to communicate and exchange information
with people all around the world.
Government – it involves on creating
economic policy to strengthen the economic
stability.
International institution – reduced tariff
barriers they serve to promote international
commerce.
Modern world system – a capitalist world-
economy which is the geohistorical in which
we live.
Economic integration – is a pact between
countries that usually entails the removal or
lowering of trade barriers; attempts to lower
consumer and production costs.
United Nations – is an international
organization founded in 1945 after the
World War II by 51 countries committed to
maintaining peace and security.
4 purposes of United Nations:
1. To keep peace throughout the world.
2. To develop friendly relations among
nations.
3. To help nations to work together to
improve lives.
4. To be the center of harmonizing the
actions of nations to achieve these
goals.
How does UN function?
1. General assembly – a parliament
whose members represent nation, not
electorates.
 2. Security Council – the body national economic into larger economic
responsible for keeping peace and regions.
security in the world.
Market integration – is an indicator that
3. Secretariat – the body responsible for
explains how much different markets relate
the UN’s administrative work.
to each other.
Challenges to Global Governance in the
Market integration occurs when prices
20th century:
among different locations follow similar
- Global governance refers to a norms patters over a long period of time.
and rule-based order that is regulated
Backward vertical integration – this
and enforces through multilateral
involves acquiring a business operating
institutions at a transnational level.
earlier in the supply chain.
International Financial Institution (IFS) –
Forward vertical integration – this
is a financial institution that have been
involves acquiring a business further up in
established by more than one country.
the supply chain.
IFS common goal:
Conglomerate integration – this involves
1. To reduce global poverty and improve the combination of firms that are involved in
people’s living conditions and unrelated business activities.
standards.
Horizontal integration – businesses in the
2. To support sustainable economic,
same industry and which operate at the same
social, and institutional development.
stage of the production process are
3. To promote regional cooperation and
combined.
integration.
History of Global market Integration in the
Main objective of IFS:
20th century:
1. Alleviate poverty
1. Financial crises were common
2. Increase economic growth
2. Telegraph systems were established
3. Protect the environment
Attributes of Global Corporation
The role of IFS:
1. High assets and turnover
1. Advising on development projects
2. Network branches
2. Funding them
3. Control
3. Assisting in their implementation
4. Continues growth
Global Market Integration 5. Sophisticated technology
6. Right skills
Market – is where the exchange of goods
7. Forceful marketing and advertising
and services take place.
8. Good quality products
Integration – is a setoff affairs or a process
of involving attempts to combine separate
Regionalization – societal integration
within a region and often undirected process
of social and economic integration.
What are the factors of greater Asian
integration?
The rise in regional income:
- GDP is the monetary market value of
all final goods and services made
within a country.
- GDP per capital measures the
economic output of a nation per
person.
The removal of trade barriers
- Free trade involves the removal of all
such barriers.
- Advances in production – product
specifications are established before
orders are received.
Transportation technologies
- Innovative transportation tech, such as
autonomous vehicles and e-bikes, is
helping us to get to wherever we want
to go.
Factors of greater Asian Integration:
1. Driven by the market
2. Establishment of formal institutions
3. Economic grants and overseas
development assistance programs
4. Production networks
5. ASEAN experience
Asian response to globalization and
regionalization – they responded as a group
and individual member
As a group:
1. They establish the Asian
Development Bank
2. They work on different forms of loans
and grants
3. They share information esp. on
security like terror groups
4. They work for the achievement of
ASEAN Declaration
As an individual:
1. Countries make bilateral and
multilateral agreements
2. China, India, and Japan started a
dialogue in formulating visions,
shared goals, and roadmap for
regional cooperation
3. Indonesia, the Philippines and
Malaysia made use of their available
resources to combat the effects of
civilian-victims like displacements
4. Santi Suk in Thailand created its own
currency “Bia” that regulated by a
central bank in a village
5. Some countries preferred traditional
herbal medicine, community town
rice and cooperative shops, etc.
Global city – an urban center that enjoys
significant competitive advantages and that
serves as a hub within a globalized
economic system.
Indicators of Globality:
1. Economic power – crucial factor of a
global city.
2. Economic opportunities – it attracts
not only companies but also people
from other countries.
3. Economic competitiveness – distinct
specialization, infrastructure, human
capital and innovation, capital
investment, and good governance.
4. Center of authority – government
power
 5. Political influence – the power
sought for by politically active
persons like: legislators, ministers,
leaders.
6. Center of High Learning and
Culture – an intellectual influence
from the city
“Cities are engines of globalization” –
they are social magnets, as they are just
getting bigger. Urban life has supplanted
rural life as the predominant mode of
human existence.
Challenges of globalization in the global
cities:
1. Inequality and poverty
2. Environmental degration
3. Terror attacks
Global south – referring to countries who
are technically and socially less-developed
countries.
Example: the less socio-economically
developed global regions in Africa, Latin,
America, Asia, and the Middle.
Difference between global south and third
world country:
Third world
- Is an old/outdates and offensive term
for developing countries.
- ‘Economic growth without economic
development’ which refers to ‘growth
determined by foreign capital and
foreign markets rather than by local
needs’.
Global south
- Separates north world;
richer/developed countries from south
world; developing countries.
- Global south is more acceptable term
to describe developing countries.
Importance of understanding Global
Relations:
1. To gain deeper understanding of
global issues.
2. It’s a relevant and important subject.
New concepts of global relations emerging
from the experiences of Latin American
countries:
Colonialism
- When the Europeans came to Latin
America they forced away the native
language of people that lived in Latin
America.
Modernity
- During this period, Latin American
elites promoted (and felt) a real sense
of progression. They pushed to
modernize their nations.
- Industrialization, new technologies,
immigration, and the deliberate
construction of nationalism by
politicians and intellectuals
characterized the modernity that
emerged.
Creation of Global Inequality
- Less equal societies have less stable
economies.
 - High levels of income inequality are
linked to economic instability,
financial crises, debt and inflation.
Global South as a symbol and metaphor:
- As global problems intensify, it
becomes more and more necessary for
the people in the north to support
people from the south.
- The ‘global’ in the global south does
not only mean that the south is in the
globe, it also signifies that the south
continued to be globalized.
Arturo Escobar (1988: 429)
“Articulating global process in terms of a
binary between embracing free trade and
being left behind by the pace of
international economic and technological
developments.”
Global relations – focused on how
countries, people and organizations interact.
Effects of global relations:
Positive: trade, production, labor market,
and demographic improvement.
Negative: comprise of divergence of
communities, increased transitional, cross-
border and rural-urban migration, and
infrastructural deficit.
“Globalization is a fact of economic life” –
Carlos Salinas de Gortari