3 Theory, Culture & Society | chara erase SIMMEL ON CULTURE ‘Steels fe i pms wel { EDITOR: Mike Featherstone, Notinghan Tex Uiveriy Selected Writings SERIES EDITORIAL BOARD old Raaron Certo Plt Bera: Btn nr edited by “The Tay Cals Scty bok sri, the oul Theory, Clare & Scey David Frisby and Mike Featherstone ‘etes operat rm he TCS Care eNotes. Fox ord fn 708 Cotes aries pos contre ‘Tees Care Rae 15 ay of mie Notingam Tent Uiersty Sina Lane Notinghen NOT ANS, OK Peet line bee The ody ad Soy sain Soa they “The Sia Contention of Nate ‘An inoucton othe Pits of Desire Phy cae Bide Foner Ee enn 9 rip at Malo ond Ch Shing SAGE Publications London Thowsand Oaks - New Deity gna Section ‘prep ate CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction othe Tens Short Biography Part eting Cltare Introduction’ to Philwop hal Culture “The Concept of Clture Onthe Bnence of Culture ‘Female Culture Part Care and Ces ‘The Concept and Taped of Cutere “The Conflet of Modere Colere ‘The Css ofCaltre “The Feta of Ou Cute “The Change Catal Forms Peet ML Catee of ttorcion Sociology of the Senses ‘The Socoony of Sosabity ‘Sociology ofthe Meal Pen IV Spatial and Urbon Core ‘The Sociology of Space Brigg and Doot ‘The Metropolis and Mental Life Pat V Fusion, Adorament and Style Port VE Lena Caltare a Egan ag sage e 8 - & 0 130 wr to m6 17 an 9 29 2va SIMMELON CULTURE extn compete ansmbiaour mening. Bu this iin fet ally nue station wich symbols nay, tat the overeat of stich goes equal fom inside to onde and fom ould to fide, Ina nthe church andi placed byte onl ection which nes {hy Lion te ery plane; however, a at every emoment hows & Title beveun the aoccoeciedors of thing Tew sad in very tonto inde or ouade the door trough wich wl fend fom sep ut crtence tothe word oom the wondinoie separate exec. “The forms that dominate the dyn of or ies te ths anteried by nd orn ed permanence enon, Thy Go otsuppor the merely fnsonal and teleological apt our movements Ss tot ater in ter fr ses at were nmol eon Sine plastic. Viewed ines fhe opexing eases a peal in The lnpreston: the beens How Remankind nes be pat est of merely natura eng ane door how separates the uniform, Setioout unity of natural Belg. The ban forte isnt vale fr the sual ests inthe genre shee soigance whch they etn through tis visatanton of something weap, thi saan of someting merely function. Eventhough one gt ao abate thee Gene wi whieh patting cploys bh to th ast ofthe mete form, tore does indeed sl exist hee ht mysterious eoineideace ith trvch the purl ars ignifanc perfection ofan cet a he sabe Time alveye reveals the most exhaurve expression oan actualy or ‘iubl situa or mstophyri meaning, The purely aries, the husan face, only oncerned th form abd coor, sie i Be Iighest dere when is representation noes hematin aiation| elu charatezton ‘Because aman being he conven rate mort lays arate anfanno sonnet mth separating ts hy we mst it con ceive inet ofthe merely indieent execs wo sver Dk as someting sparta ord ioonnet hem by ea ofa eee. Ad the ima n'y Weewbe the bordcing cate who has no bore. The {tout of irorher omesibeing by he door meas tbe seh hey oveseparsnd out peer th nitemupledunty mtr ela Bat isto fost takes on shape, fintednes nds ie cance a ity only nat wc he iy ofthe oor Matai the posit any moment of eppeng ot fib ation eed. THE METROPOLIS AND MENTAL LIFE "The dccpst problems of moder fe deive from the im ofthe invidal {a posers the enor and invianly of BS exten ta the face of SPATIAL AND URBAN COLTURE vs oncewhclming social ores, of Boia heritage of external cate, and ofthe fehnigue of Mfe-The fight with atte Wich pralive man isto Sage fr fs Dd existence stan ths modern form it test tans formation. The eighteenth ceatry ell upon man lo fee histo ll the historical Boadsia the sate nin eligion i oras ann economic ‘Man's nature, only goo and common al ould evap una pered In sdson to mare thet, the nnctecnth centr) demande the {onetiona speciation of man and is work this specialization maker one Individual inompsrabeto anther, and each of them indpenerie to the ighest pose extent. However, ths speciation maker seh man the ‘more dec dependent upon the supplementary actives of al others ‘icasche sees te ful developmen! ofthe iadvidvalconltioned bythe mos ruthless ragpe of gdvauas statin bees the suppression ofall competion fo the same reason. Be thts ma, all hese pos. Son the fame Baie motive i t work: the person fests bey leveled ‘down and worn ou by 2 scatechnlogcal mechanism. A eoqsiy into The inereaning of specealy moder ie and is prod the soul ‘ofthe cltral body, 20 speak mit sock fo solve the ston which ‘tructarer ke the meuopolirset up betwen the nda and the sap: Individual contents of fe Sach anenguty ant sewer the question of how the percoaity scsmmodses al he asjments to external forex. “Thiel be my as ody. The peycholopel bss ofthe metropltan type ofnvidualtyconsits inthe noncation of nerve stmuation whi ests rom he cv ‘nintereped change of outer and inner stimu. Mani 8 iferentiting {Seatre, His mind i simulta bythe ference Between nomenty Ingrenon sn he one whic preceded Casting pressions impressions stich ter only aigbly eam ooe another, inpesions which ike Torular and hatitsl couse a show repuar an habitual contest ~ all (hae woe op, 40 to speak, fs comacounes than dos the pid crowding ‘of changing image, the surpsacontinity in the grasp ofa gle lane, Snd tho ubexpeteness of onrating preston. These ae the Psycho {opal conditions which the wtropois crests, With each costing of the ‘treet, with he tempo and muliphisty of economis, occupational td aol ‘Me, the ty see wpa dep conta wth smal tow and ral ie with eter te tothe sensory funtion of peyehi i. The metropls ees fom Ioan ara eseroueating tear diferent amount of consciousness han hoor ral if, Here the rhythm of He and sensory sent igs flows ‘mot slows more Mabiaal nd mote evenly, Preely nthisconnertion the sopiaicated character of etopoitn payee life becomes ner able ar over aia smal tow Me wach sets more upon Jeepy fcltand emotional relaonslps. These latter are rotedin the more uhson ‘ous layers ofthe psyche abd pow most ead inthe steady htm of ‘ninteroped habituation The intellect, however, has ie loes the Uraasparet conscious, higher yer ofthe pach itis the most adaplable ‘fourier fore In ode to ateommodate change snd te coast176 stb ON CULTURE ff pheoomena, the intellect does ot rege any shocks and inser ‘opevale it is ony throvgh euch uphearas atthe more eonsevative td could sccrpmoate tothe metropolitan hth of vente Th he Ietrooltan ypeot man~which of lane, erin a tourand inal ‘ins devlope an organ petting im aginst the testing caren Ted dacjpmncs oto eral ecvroent which wold prot him. He Feats wih hs bead cad of is heart In hs an increased awareness sume the pase prerogative. Metropolitan ie, than nderiee a eight {ned seaenes ands predonisans of neligence in metropolitan man ‘The reaction to metopatan phewomenn ised that open whic {East selve sd quit remote rom he dept ofthe pero. nee tly i ths ca to preserve subjerive aga the oerhelning Powe of metopalitan hi, and inlay branches aun many dc lone sn is ineprated with numerous itete phenome, “The mtop hak awaysben th seat ofthe money econo. Hee the ‘mullet aod concentration of economie exchange pve a importance {othemsansof exchange wich he seatnesr of uel conmerce wea rot have allowed. Money economy and the domiaoed ofthe itll ae Intinicaly eonmcted. They share a mater ofc stitade in dealing with ten and wh thing nd hi sta, oral jae ten coped trith an nconiderae hardness The itletuallysopbieted porn Inferno ll genuine india, becuse rlatonshie and teactons "ul fom i whch canot be exatred ith lope operations. Inthe Same manne. the indus of phenomena sot consnranute wt the Becaniary principle Money iconceoed ool with wat come oa: fata the eathage ae, educa al quality aod nvidia the «uot: How ach al intinatemotonallaon between person are {dedi thee indviJalty. wheres tonalreaons mane reckons ‘ith ikea number, ike an cement sich sin el fnaterent Only the ‘tjecve monarable achievement of intrest. This metropolitan a ‘ctor wih hi mechan and comers ts donesitservantsand ct ‘ron wt person ik whom heisblged toa socal interes These features of itbectsity cone withthe mre ofthe sual ele fo tihich the inevitable Knowledge of indent as ineviably produces 2 ‘rarer tone of betavour a Behaviour wich beyond a mere objective Talancing of serie an rturn Inthe sphere of th tcoomi payeholoy ‘like small group tof tmporanc tht ender pre condions po ‘conserves the cstomer who orders the gt aot he produce nd {econsumcr are equanted Themodce metopal, howe, supped Stet entiey by production or the market that or or anknown Durchsers who never personaly nr the produce ts ld vison, ‘arog th snonymity the nee ofeach ary Sequre an rere imatterof acon aod the intectualycleiting eno cp of Bam risen no ray Stn Bm fhe ponder of oma relatonshe The money economy dominates he rctoplis Fis pled he atsurvale of Gomer production andthe det baer SPATIAL AND URBAN CULTURE wr cf ood it minimizes, rom yt di, he amount of work ordered by cus tomers. The malteratfatattude obvinty so intimal nterated ‘ih de money ecmomy which damnant nthe meropoli that roby fan sy wheter the intlectuaise mentality st promoted the money Sono or whether the lar determined the emt. The metropolitan vray of fe certainty the ment ei sl fer i sepa a plat eich Thal document ett by ting the dc ofthe tet even Engh onsitionahtrian:drougheat the we cosrse ot Enpch her London nr ever sted ar Eagan heart ut often as Espa neg snd aways a her moneyoag! "ncetin seeing sigan tals, which ie yp the wae of ite, thesame yee cares carcensaly mi, Modem mind les econ tmoreand more caclating, The cleave extn of pacha ie which the money economy has brought about cacespons othe Hea of sal scence. ator the wrk io a arte problem ot every at SF the work by math frmuls. Only money economy hs ed ie ‘ays oo many people wih weighing calculating wth numeral deter ‘ations, witha reduction of gel vakes to quantitative one.-Tedh the caleaative ature of money ancw reson, tetany inthe Aen of ientes and iferencn, an unambiguous in agrsments and serangemens has bea brought about the reaons of beclements— js 8 external ths precsion as beenefeed bythe ene dfn Pocket watches. However, th conion of wetopotan fife ar a nce ‘tie ad effect ofthis alt The relationship ad ars of he type ‘itopollan soa ae ao vared ad Complex that witout the est Duncuniyn proces nd serves the whole rte would beak down fat an fextiabe chaos. Above al hs necctyw tought about by fe ‘esepation so many people msi terre ces, whe us intra thereon ad ats nto hgly comple xg Ill ‘locks nd wathes in Berlin would suddenly go rong in diferent ways sre yy oh al mmm a nensaton oth ‘onlbe drupe for aon ine. nation an apareny mec extern {acor long distances wot make all wag and broken appoints ‘esl in an -atforded want of tne. Ths, th technique of metopdion leis unimaginable without the mont punts intgraon ofa acitcsand ‘ea relations into astable and imperonal tine schedule Hore apn he several conclson of thisene tah of reton become obvious namely. {hat rm exch pint onthe srface of extence however cosy atached {othe surface lone one may drop asounding tothe depot yee $0 that ll the mont bal exeraalies fhe foal ate comes wh the timate decisions coneering the meaning ands ote, Puncunty tcl, exactpe are forced up ie the complet aed extension a ‘etropolan existence an ret only ow intimately Gnnesed with i ‘mone economy and intelectual charade, These ais mt 0 clo ‘he content fe an favour the exclusion of those raindance, sovereigns andimpulbes which sim t determining temode of etove. SIMMEL ON CULTURE ‘siti, instead of reseivng the general ana precisely schematies form of Tie trom thou. ven though sven fen of peronali chracteried| ty intial pes, re by 0 means pore the i, they a, ‘evethles,oppeed to ype iy ie The pasos ated of me ke Rinkin and Netache for the metopais is understands i thes ers “Ts natures donee tha vu of fe stone in the vanhematied exe ‘ree which cannot be defined with prea for al ake rom Oe Some fource this bated of the meeps serpd ther haved of mone) ‘sonomy andthe inlectuaian of modem exten The wane fcors mh have the coslssed into the exactness and ‘inate prion ofthe for of ie have coalesced nto 4 stucture of Ue Fighest personality on theater hand they have promoted a Bieh pe tonal subjesiviy, Thee perhapemo pile phenomenon which has bee {stnconitonaly easrved ote metropolis hae the ase ata. The ‘bl ate result it from th all) ebanging aa osely compres ‘ontrsting stilatione of the nerves. From thi the enhancement of imetopoion instal, sso, seems rial to nem. Therefore, ‘upd people who arent intelectual alive thd at plac wal are Int etl bate in Boundless pus of pleasure rmnker one lst {ocau il apts the nerves to their aronest eat for sud long tne that they nally eras to esc at all. nthe spe way, cough the ‘ply and contadtornes of el changes, more harmless impressions {once such ylent response, tearing te meee 0 trully ber and thither thar trast reserves of enath ae pent aad one remain in the sane mie they bave no tne to gather ew sent. An scape Uh emerges vo eat t ne’ seneatons wih the appropriate coer. TAS ‘Sonne that ae tte whith nae evrs mtropltn ct anos tvien compared mth children of guctr and est changeable miles, Ts lola youre of the metropotan bled aude ned by noth sotvr ch ows fom the money ssonem, The cence of he ‘an ate consis in te bhmtng a dsctination. Ts oes not mean thatthe objets are not peesved, as the es wth he halt Batra ‘atthe meahing sn dein aes of hing, and thereby the ings tet {elven ar experienced ae inmobetantal They appear to te ase peso a tmeveny dat and gray tne: no ono object deserves peference ove AY ther. This moo ir the fil sobectve relection ofthe completly Internalzeé mney economy. By beng the equiatet to all the manfld things none andthe sme way, money becomes te most righ leveles For mooey expres al qualitative erences of things i terns Of h0™ inuci?- Money, with al fi soloutiernes and inference, Becomes the ommos denominator of al values veparbl it llows ot the cre of ‘hngtheiingyaeaiy thei specte yal, snd thei incomparasy All things oat with equal specie grvty i the constay roving sean of ‘money All things eon th samo lovel ad ifr fom one another ony in Ther ofthe aya wh they over Inthe ndvidal cate hs coloration, trator daolration, of ting though their mosey egialence may Be SPATIAL AND URBAN CULTURE 179 Uunpodeabty mine. However, trough the relons of the Heh 0 the ‘jects tobe had or money, periapreven through the otaleharacter which ‘he mentaliy ofthe contemporary puble everywheteinpars to these obj, the exclusively peculany evalaton of objects his become gute Considerable. The lag gts the main eas a the money exchange, Bring the parchsnblity of thing tothe fore ch moe impresuvely than do taller eae. That why es at lo the pense lee of the bins Stade. Inthe tas ate the conentation of men and things simelte the nervous stem of the inva os highest acevement so that ‘tain it pes, Through the mere quttatv intensisaion othe same Condlonng (stor achievement transformed nai oppose nd fppear inthe pela gustan! af the Bee nade he pinom non he nerves nd in he esl oreac to the simulton the lst pou ‘ity ot aosommodating to the contents and frm of meteopalian Me The sel preazrvaton of etan perros sought a the pie of devas. ing the whole object mor» devaluation which othe end unavoidably ‘ras one' oon personality down int a fecing of the sre werthlses, ‘Whereas te subject oft frm of extene hs Lo come tems mith i entirely for hime, bi seepresevaion inthe face of the large iy ‘demands from bin a no lee negative Behaviour of» seal nature. TE ‘mental ated of metiopattans tomard one another we may designate, ‘fom formal point of view, a reserve I'so many Inver TeatGons were {espones (othe continuo external contacts with fntmerabe people at ‘Sr thon isthe coal town, where one know inst everyoody one meets Std where one has a postive telaon to almost everyone, one would be Completely lomized intently an come to 30 enimagintteprehi sne Frnly ie peycholoia! pr the ht to dsrst which have {he face ofthe toutand go clement of metzoplilan Me, necesstates our reserve: Asa rel tis rezrve we fequent donot even know by sat ‘howe wit have bee ot neighbours fr yea, Ad is thie esrye whieh In the oye othe smalltown people makes appear ‘oe cald an heat less Indced, if do nt deceive myst ier aspect of thseuter ere Ie not only indifference but moe often than me are ame, Kis» agit ‘version, mutual stangenesr ad repli, which wil break int hatred {nd fight tthe moment of closer contact, powever ested. The whole inner organization of such an extensive communicative Meret upon an trtrenely varied Rerrchy of sympathies indillereaces, sd aversons of le eft os well sof the moat permanent nature. The sphere of nd {ereoce nhs herareby isnot aie ae might appar on the are. Oar pyc sti responds ta sinst every presen of somebody ee {nts somewhat este fecting The unconscious, id and changing cha. eter ofthis impression sem f renl ina ste of ndiference: Actually this inference woud be just ay unnatural asthe fasion ot dsr ‘ate mutual suggestion Would be unbearable. From both these ‘ypical angers ofthe melopol, ndference snd indicriminate sues, Sntpathy prteets us A Tbent antipathy and the preparatory sage of160 SIMPAEL ON CULTURE ‘ractclantagonim effect the distances and aversion witb which this ‘ode of ie could natal je The exe ete rate oth ye ‘if, the shyt fe emergeee and appearence, he forms in Whe Ais lled af hese, withthe onyng sis he narawer sexs, ‘am the inoperable whale othe mettopeltan se of Me. Wha appear inthe metropetan tse of Mle cet sociation sm elity ony ane ‘lis clemental form of sellation "This ovr witht overtone of hadden aversion appt ia tun asthe former the lak of more general mental phenemenon oth metepols i rants to the individ lad anda amount of petsooal fecdomn wich hat no analogy whatsoever under other condor, The metopots ges ‘back to one of the Ire developmental tendencies of So ie such o ‘ne ofthe few tendenfor which an apyroinatly univers ormala can ‘hovered. The cate pave of snc formato’ found a storie ‘ells in ntrnoray socal stustrsix tha elaely al el ely lone aginst nephourng, strange, orn som Way aiogonte cle, However this dele dosely coherent and allows india members nly» nvr fl forthe development of unique quales aod fe, sel ‘espomile movements, Pll tnd kinship groups pales and elo ‘verlatons begin in this Way. Mh velpeaervaton of ¥ery Young aso ‘ong requires the establishment of ret boundaries end a cept unt Therefore they cant ll the inva eedom and Unger and outer development rom thi tg saa evelopmc prseeis toe in ‘to difren yet eoresponding. cress To the exten! o which the rou tows naman stl niiance andi content af let the fle dog the group direct ter unity Toone, and Uo ity ofthe ‘nial demarescn aginst thers softened thro matali and oanevis, At th sme tes, the advil pins feeden Of tenement, {ar tejond the ft elon deliniaion The ncn alo pines speci Inia to whi th divin olga the ena grup vex bot ‘tzasion and neces The Sle and Christan, gus and police Parties, andianamersbie other rouye have develope secording to this fem homeve mich, of cour, the pec condllons and forces othe ‘esgestve groups have modifi the perl scheme, 7h sme Seems (0 ‘hen recognizable loin the syoftion diay win urban We. The sac fin antigay tel inte Mile Age ter ‘zinger! and relations ft ini award the outside, a op hares agit nial independence snd Seren within the init set These bares Were sch hat under ther mer ma {uld aot hve bathed. Even todays ntspoltan man wo planed in =| Sal town cls a etetion sa eas ki. The sale te ee ‘wie fons oor mew, and the more ested thse relations others {ss hich dah the botndais of the individual, the more anaouay the ‘ele gad the achievements, te conde of lie, and the ouleoe of the indie and the nore vend quatative aod eae spedaliation ‘would brea up the framework a ihe oe ite ose SPATIAL AND URSAN CULTURE wa ‘he ancient pols nti repo see to have ha the wy character of ssamall town, The constaoe tes or exisence at the hands of enemies fiom near and afar elected strit coherence i politcal and miliary ‘especs,4spervision of the etzen by the ez, 2 ealoury of the whole ‘gains the indidul Whose parieular ie was suppres wo sack a deyree that he cold compensate cay by acting ar despa nhs owa hose. “The tomendou tation and rvetement the walgge coloutunest of ‘Athenian ioscan pert beundertood in em ofthe fact tat a pee ‘tinsrpareyinvilined personales srutled mais the constant Ines and outer presae of «de ining smal town, Tas produced 4 tee atmosphere in Which the weskerinvduals Were soppented ae {hoe of trouser nites were acted to prove hemline mst Po Sonate manner. This precy why it was tht Ger lasomed in Aten ‘what mst be elled wos defining exactly, th genera hm eh ltr inthe intelectual development of out species For we maintain fac eel Hsia ality forthe following ceanesion the met ‘extensive tnd the most geeral content ad foams Of ie are mot In ‘Gately consested withthe mex avid ons They have eepartory Stage in comion, at is they fd thee enemy in nats formations end iroepingr, the maintenance of which paces both of thm nto a ate of Sofence, ogalstexpase ang generality ng without andthe reel moving Snail win, Justa nthe feudal age the "eran was the ont who stood under the aw of the land, that under the aw ofthe largest focal orbit andthe unice man was the one who deve his ight merely from the natow cil of feudal asocaton and was exuded rom the larger social orbit =o toyentropolitan man‘ fre ina spiualized aad ‘refined sae i cout Lo the petines and pojuics wich hem in the full town man Por the repeal reserve and inference and the nts Testa fe condiions of late cls are never fll mre stony by the Jalal os epact ope his independene han the thicken cowl tthe ig ty, This beens te boy proximity sed narownes pace ‘ake the mona dstance ony the mere vse eis obvi oly the tere of ths reedom under csraincrcamatoes, ome nowhere fs $s lonely and ost asin the mteopaitan ctowd Fr hete or cleo it ‘ynomeans newer thal the feed ofmanbe refleted inhi cmetional te a comfort. Tern oaly the immediate siz of the are and the numberof person: ‘uhh ocnue of the univer historia corrlton between the clare Trent ofthe arte and he poronal nar and outer cedor, ha sae he Ineropalis th lecle of feed, It ix rather io Uanacending ths vile {xpane thit any given iy Becomes the seat of eremepoiania, The teizon ofthe expands n'a manner somparale tothe wy sn which eah desloge; a certain amount of property increases in» qua-atoma EEalwayin ever moe apd proeasion, As 200m at cera hasbeen ‘Paso econois,preonl, an intellectual reaton of the iizenry, he ‘phere of intial predominance ofthe ty over i Mott, gro ss182 SIMMEL ON CULTURE in geometrical progression. Eve ain dyaicertesion becomes at, ‘otra equal bor aew an arr etenson. From very tend ‘ing ut ofthe iy eer ew cee rom a iy thers, Us in they the wncaral ieee of ground ren though the mee cease ‘ncomrousistion, rings he owner ttcnailyincesing rok. As eth quantitative supe of Hic transformed ree gaat tris of characte. The spereof feo the al own tthe a, otic nd stash For he deciine notre o the metropls t ime ie vertows by waves Into farang matonal or stration trea, Weimar snot a eamplc the conn, ices Senses wor fingeé upon individu peronaies a ied wit them, wheres the Ietepoitis indeed cirsctezed by Ks eet ineendoncs crea Lom, thembeteminent naval pronatis.Thi the counterpart tothe ine Pendens, ad tithe price the nil paystor he independence, wich eens in the metopox The most ‘ain characteris of th ‘ropes is thie untionlestenion beyond its ysl boundaries. And {Gh eieacyreucts in tn nd gies we pegs, and rerponsilty tometopoltan ie, Man dest cb wt ihe fn fib rhe ea omprisng is meet acti. Rater the range of he petson sont {ete bythe sumo eet mann rom temporally a spatial. Ta the same way. a cy somos of tal ects woh eto Beyond ‘immediate cones. Oly tis ang the y's actu eatent in wich its xine expressed, Tis ct makes bons tha india feed, ‘he local ana sto complemest of ruc exten 01 be under: ond ony te segatve see of i reed cencbity ad timation testes ana psy pho THs enol fos atte ari itty and asprin ul avery Suan lke lon [somehow exyessd inthe working ou! sway o ie, That we flow ‘elas ofour wm atireand ths feral frst = becomes obvious nd contig to curser and to others nly the expresons of tht ‘lure difr om tieexpresonsf oes. Only our unmitaabiy proes ‘hat cor way of ie hs ot been sperimponed by others ‘ies me. fat of al seats of the Nps comer von of abou ‘They produc hereby such enteme phevone aaa te renumer tive oespation of the quatorsime They ate pesos who Westy thr Ssh ype on ter etdences nwo Se ready athe dine how fn forest tie, that they ean be quickly called upon a diner rat Should comic of hen persons. nthe ricer of teexpansion, he GY ‘fers more and snore the dese conditions of the dion of taba 1 ‘fers acute which tough ite eon abe highly diverse vary Seriken. Ae ote same tine, the concretion of inahadsls and tt ‘trl forcaomers compel he nds opps in funtion fom ‘rich he cana e ready pace by anata Ir deceive that ty ie Ts tenformed the sug wheat forIvelioes nts neha Stage fo sna which erent pated by notre buy the men. Ft ‘pedatzaon does 01 flow cal from the competion for si BU AsO SPATIAL AND URBAN CULTURE 13 from the underlying fc thatthe eller mun lay eek Ho cal forth ae ‘na lderntated nod of the hed customer In order to ada source of income which ot yet exbausted, and fo find fancton which cannot readly be epaced, i nocesry to spe in one's services. Ths shin es pul ‘Allis ons the tansion to the ndiduaizaton of men ed psyche tals whch the cy seasons in proportion to its ze, There la whole teres o obvious causes undetyng thir proces is, one most ect the Gifu of srg his own persona ihn the dimension of eto polltaalie. Where the qupttatve intense in importance and the expense fot eneay reach tet nits one seizes upon qualitative ferentiation it fonder somchow to trac eens oe scl cle by sy spon its sensi for eifereces, Finally, mans emped adopt the mos fen ‘entons peste is the pecally crop extravagance of ‘nace, care, and preounes. NOW, the meaning ofthese exe nce docs no at al lente contens of such behaviour, batter ine {oom of beng diferent of tnding out syking manner aad thereby ‘Stscting attention For sany character yes, tmnt nly mean ot or thessver some todieu ofseltstem sd the sete of ling ‘postion sins, through he sirarenes of others n the same sense # ‘cesiogy asin factr is operating, he comune ffs of wach ft, however, ill oteable Lree fo the brevity and seat of the ler ‘Human contact, granted tothe metropllan mak, compared Wis Sot ncreoute is thermal town. The tenaton fo appear dhe poi: 0 reese concentrated and nrkingly cearacteristi, hee much cose 0 he insides! in beet metropolitan contacts than im an atnceptre in which Frequeat and prolonged misoiaon tases the personality af an Wane igo mage of hmel nthe eye of he oer. “The moet rotund reason, however why the metropolis condtce to the sce forthe most advil person existence ~ yo ater whether fh. fe and success ~appears to me tobe Ue following the developet of ‘modern cult ehnrcterzed by he preponderans of what one may cl {he cobjocive spit over the subjective pi The to ny. engage swell arin ln th tecniqueof production aswel asin tin seenee [well asin the object ofthe domes ovionment, there embodied # ‘um of spit. The dial inhi inllectaaldevclopment fellows the rowthof hk pi very pert and aan ever increasing distance fornstnce, we vinw the immense culture which forthe last handed yeas has Been embodied in things sod in knowledge, in sitions ad incor. forts and we compare ll is with the elterl proce of then ‘uring the sme prod at east ih high stats groupe ght dpe Portion growth Between ie twotecomes evisen Indeed, some pointe tre naie a rtrateton in the cle ofthe lndvidaal wth releenee to Spel, dteay, and eal, This erepaney resus esentialy frm8s sie, ON CULTURE the rowing dision of abou. For the dvson of labour demands rm the Indvideal a ever more snoaded sesomplahinent, amd te. fester, ‘vance naan side pus only too requely tees death the pot Sonalty ofthe nda ay are, be at ce lesa less wih the ‘rerowth of objective ator The ind peed o'neggibe sqemes poco i eoteiosnes an In his practe ad in he {otaliy of his bhcare emotional ae tha re dived rm Os procs. The Indvidsal has become a Mare coe In an eBonmous ergmiation of things and powers which tear [em i and progress, pital and ‘al inorder to trameforn them from ter abject fot iat he frm ‘of aputely objective ie Ttnede mercy to be pointed ou tat the meteop” ‘list the pein enn ofthis elure which oulgrown a pec ie Here in buldingr nc edacatonl institut the wonder and ort of space-conguering technology, nthe foration® of community He, snd inthe ie fatations ote sate, fered su an overwhela fl test of ctalized sod impersonated sit thatthe personaly, soto pe annot mins lf under impact On the and, He ede Infitely eso the personality in that nimlations terest ut ime ind contciowsear ae alered 6 i rom al ses They eae) the pets a= fina steam, sd one need arly to swim for ones On te ote Rand however, fe composed more an more a these pera content and ‘tings whieh tend to displce the geaine penal colorations and incomporlies Ths resale the indvdoat summoctng the toto ‘niguenst and prteularzation nner to preserve hit mos Pesoua fore: Hebas to ekggerate his persona lement in onertremain sie vento final. The atrophy of nail ete tog the yerophy ‘objective alae one rearon forthe iter hated which he presehers ‘tthe mont exteqe nail shove all Netasehe,harboer seat he ‘ncttopolis Butts indsd, abo reson why thse preacher a 0 ‘Sonate loved in the stops why they sppese othe metropeln tnam st the prophet and sours ht sot tnt yessngs, fone tks ft hese peso ofthese ae of eae whit ate nourish bythe quanate relation ofthe neeopos, namely, Inve indcpendenc andthe abortion of niiguality ele te the ‘etropasassues an eniely new rank onde In Ue world soy the "The eihteath century found the individual in oppresive Donde Stich tad bosom meanings ~ Bond of plies, grt ul. ad ‘ellos chore, Thy were resins hich, Sot speak foresd Upon na a wear form sod outnod jt noqale. (ss sittin {he ery for iberty and equality arom, the bet im che ii al {feedan of novenet in al weal and tele relator: Freedom ‘ould at once pera the noble satan common toa o come To the fore, a substan which atute ha deposited in e¥ery man and Wich tocisy and istry had only deformed Besides this eigheenth-oontry Heal oriterliny inthe nnetenth entry, Uroush Goce and Romy ‘ism, onthe one and and vouBh the economic ion of abode, cn SPATIAL AND URBAN CULTURE vas the oer hand, apotr deal rot: individuals berated fom historical bonds now med to ditingish henweles fom one anther The atic sf man’s alvesis no longer the “general hema ben” very aviv but rathcr a's goaltativeuniquenesr and ureplaceatity. The external and tral bitony ofOb ene tke cour mince uggs ‘the changing entanglements uf these Oro may of desing te Indy’ Tole in te whole of olay I the fenton ofthe meopait provide {he aren for thistrggle spd ts reooallation, Por the metropolis presets the pecliarconlons which are sevesled to ust the opportunities and ‘he Mil forthe development ofboth thse waye of aoeting ales 10 tneaThoreith thse comitons pina nigue ple. pewiuat wil ne= Utmbte meanings or the development of pret exscnce The metopo- leretnl alfa one of thos great hiorcl exmations nh opposing ‘reams ich enclose Ue wnfld, a well a on one another with equal Fight Homenerin hs proses th arent oie, wher tes nil fienomens touch te smpatheticlly or aetpathetely, ete tanacend {he sphere for mhich the Jug attade sproprat- lace mich ores {fH have grows So Ihe poy and nto the owe of he whlch i {ove ie in which mein our esting cxitence, cll belong oly a9 partite not our ti citer a sesso to pardon, bet ony understnd? Noterto Par 1V |The ami eto cnt eo inka onic: phe perme es Sate a Seen es nay210 SIMMEL ON CULTURE “Tere once exited » dere in medieval France which proititd a ‘panos Seow 2 crn ran fo wear gold ornament. The cman 2h characters the whole nn of adornment stanly ves | {Gr decres:i adornment the soclogcal ud aerhlc emphasis pon the fersonaly face asf ufos being for once od Bein fotobers ‘fStomereprocl cute nad effect nie Acute excellence ahd the ht techarm an pease ae slowed ini decee ogo ely ts pn fed by the noida aac phere asinine es pect nts tasion tone ads othechaom which adornment gescner wole appearance, Afesncoopcl charm of teing by vio adornment epreentatie of ‘nc group. i whose whol sgcane one adorcd Iria he Soiance of is Mats, ymbozed by jewel returned tthe nda nthe vey bests ich oigiae Sir and enlarge hi sphere of mgmt ‘Kéornment hun appears etbeeana by whch Missal power ogni ‘Stranstormed ino able, personal excfonc. ‘Cenipctl and Cental tnd, aly, appeat to be fused in adornments peat on, inthe folowing normatio. Among prin the people, It epeted, woten's pate propery Beta develops an it ped any nd ted ety. ree a ten, By dian, he persona opty tthe als oly bes wh ATeanand iu ovals fi ui an Bee ture wae fhe mae ‘Mltgeshie peony sphere withost wedng forthe wil ofere ne [Sse ofthe more pase female natre ti elt = seu aly he lnc inspite ofl external ilerencs~ depends mote on he fhe 0 ‘i very pope sam extersion of personaly. property tht which heya cr that in which oe eps expres, nd external rea. them ‘chee Thisepresion eeu cares an pnt completel.aepadtoout ay whch thor sour ft and ost Uncondionalpeweson. fa the ‘domed body, we poses ore if we have the adeno ody a ott i foc we ae mast over more and able thingy a0 peak titers fone deeply slgnican that bouly adorn! comes private property above ale expan the ego so eirgs he spre Sun ws Whi fied wite or persona ad which cost the pear ad We ate thn of oor etvronmeat, This etvitonmeat ook wth much et aention the waded and ts fess "expande od, ad pases by ‘iinout including i, The fundamental pinciple of adornment once Tore reveled th fact tat, der primtve condos he mon ‘anding possesion of women became that wc, acorn oH eye, xis ol footer, nd ich em ites he vale an saniiance of ie wearer cay tg te recog tha ows back (oe or thes ctr Ina asthe form, adornment eter highly specie gates tthe pest convergent and verge frees of he ndvidul ad wey aml the leva othe ep tionghexcing fo exer abd ec thn of cxsing for others hrogh the emphags and exteabn of he ea. ‘Ts aesthetic form tine stans above the cota betwec nn han sings They find adoroment, bot only tke pest of = FASHION, ADORNMENT AND STYLE a ‘ecirocal ogsszation tha, at anipation and plodge of their epee tetaphyaka unity, ranscends the dshamoay o htr Appearance ‘THE PROBLEM OF STYLE thas ong een sa thatthe practical extenoe sf humanity isabsorbed in thesrugle betwee nous genera that mt lms! evry pot ‘four egitence the obedience 1 a alld fr everyone, whether of 3m inner o¢ an outer nature, somes into conti withthe porely Invern ‘tersnation of ur exepee With the iniidgaty ofthe peson ho ‘obeys ony hi own wal semi, Butt lg seem parade that in thee Eallsone ofthe pole, eceamic and tora ede aly 9 mach More teneal form of contrast expresnes elf whch tos abl obs the alu of aristicnte to is ndoment expressing begin itt «sory simple enperience from the peychology of att. The deeper snd ime angie the pression of 2 work tat on te ee ‘the question of spe tends ply a roe this pression. Os Wein ny ‘of to countless aber ungratiying sales of he seventeenth alu}, we Ste above all aware oftheir baroque character, th the acolo por tris rom around 180 we tisk min of these ofthe mes: edn tout numero gute Inilfrentpictures fm the present exces oor stention, exept pothap dis they aplay the mauris se. Facing 3 Staue Oy Hebelangte however, 3 iiuspaltng by Remon pores by Velanues the que of syle eeomer completely elev, Ihe work ofan ake sult prisonerin the unig wholenet wih whch ‘eonfrons ur atdwhetho &auaonlly belongs to some temporal ye froth question Which wil ot wee, oa ott the merely ae {hfe terested obwerver. When t fori ot senstiy doce ot permit sf pra the eal Indy te woo et so that me can fen penetrate tor amse general ap typical Tetutes~ar ison he ce {elses wth oriental st ~ only then does OU consciousness Of Spe Temainsetive and copecily eficeie even with opaa to grest works For the decisis thing i thie lee slay that fp of ari arrangement ssc to the extent cates or hee to ary the pression of 3 wosk of Unt negater tga individual nature and vale, eraueness of mein $y eu of styl, the parteuanty ofthe indus work fubjopted to 1 gzneral lw of frm that also apc to other wos ey 0 t peak, Tebeved offi ateive autonomy Besse shares fu natre on 8 pat As design with others this pons to a common roe tat es beyond the {naiidal workin conrat 1 he wonke that grove purely out Of them ‘elves that from the mysterlousabeote Ui) of he aust personaly2 SIMMEL ON CULTURE ands unigunese. And js a the sation of 9 work contain the note S's genera a a’ of pereeyton Ad oling tal apples teyond the ‘pel ais insulitis ene si ih eet the ja? ‘ibe wrk ofA syle oer suppsedto represen the geet char Scrofatose cape eles qotthe india realy (a eter. iret ara atempt to chev th tough ite diferent conta. ‘in ot anor ferent pw at sh rp coon SoaRES gute aifrent: ven oppo Foran Inn ats 9 Gatic ‘stor one tom the Empire pense ch ization wi hereon lead to ute hetronenoousphenomens Bu the meaning of exch # neti: ‘ito make ines prep bat thr wo omaton, the rok ‘Fistor which ium acive stunting free mal he mut ‘iy forms Tice, however an objection coms yavolabe, We do speak ater all fBottclor ichelngea rae, of Gocthe or Beethoven. Thigh ‘hides the feoing tht tone zest Ares hve ceed a Mode of ‘Soren fowig om te ey nul ge whith wen sense ‘the general character in al her ida work Then sche of ‘inafidual maser ay be adopiedbyotersothatitbecomesthe shred froprty of any atc penalties. these others expromes is Ustiny ase teing something over Bee the expression Ot per sonalyco that we quite gy, These have Mchlangels jut {swe have 4 posession that has ht grow from vou, Put ben Spied externally and only subsequently nerperated iat the phe of ishclangcl.by contrasts the sy Ns. ident to Micetn- gto bing, ty ao otha rota genera carat whith EGpresed sad colors tise trance of Micelngso ba nly tecltn iste oot nc ofthese wore an thse works ony therefore, ‘eam nly be Gstnguahestopealy 0 to speak, and not objectively fom ‘Nooo uiga fo the indus work uch, Incase sying that ye Ihe an Sines el ne, evn more ary inte ea tht he Sans he sje Inthe ccs of spe coming rom outside, om eter anu shared wh tes andthe por that mi ates he eanog Uhateshows wher the na fhe ogy fhe indi ‘Teo ths gna heme that sna princi of generality which cater mies with he pine of nd, Spaces represents ‘theta fete eel av psec and asic realiy re veh ‘po dppf portclrte fondant dsincion between applied rated tee are Thc esos othe work ef apes tha exist ma Uist tion the quantatve expression of wettest vaysserves need tht aharedby many people: The enene ofthe work ‘ae acon teeter hand, aniuenca, A ork oat and is copy ae Sevmethng toy erent fom aoe ad fa easton, something “tteren fom he copes abe or 8 pce of ewekry monaco Seog fo pesos The fat the numer fabrics a pees FASHION, ADORNMENT AND STYLE a3 jewelry, ehales and book binding, capdlabas end drinking mses ae Iauafectired witout diinction irom 4 sgle model, ir the symbol that ach of these things has ie law ouside Het ack such object ony the hance examole of smnething gener, in sort ssnse of for sie and otthesingulrity wth which payee expressed according unig: ‘es in procaly this one obest? This by no means 2 denlration of {lied tt no more than the principle of generality andthe principe of inavidualty pues caning among theaves Intend, heyy the poles ofthe Human eeative ail, neither of which could be dispensed Sty andeach of whieh determines every pat oie, iavard and oatwar, ‘tive and esjying, only in coopeston with he oer, thous an a rite src) ofmatres, And we il become nogeained wih he val eee ‘bck can only be sais by the tized. note asc ndvdual objet Sus as previous the concept of ars ndvdual desi was spoted ‘bythe fat that even prea ans havea ste ~naely thei ow, Wohi law, and therfore esl, oftheir ow = the corespondng objection Comes uphere We alo obneree especial today, how the objet of ppliod Sr ove indvaualy digs. by defte peronais wih the was he cachet of such; we often aes olf one copy ofan Invdual objec, [ethape manufactured for only ne wate. But thee ra peel station, ‘rick ean be plated ut Ber, that Keep thi from bing» counter ‘ramp, Tosayofsome things that they ste ung, and of eer that they te one indivi thing ut of many. often bas niy a ymbolie ming, Sind coral that Is he eae ere. Wit that we refer toa certain quality Sthish i characterise ofthe thing and ne We exence the mesng of ‘Sngulariy ot repettvencs, without ome contingent exterior fte always ang to retze hs quate expression of is nature. We ave al bad the experience hata sentence we beat dans wth banal, witout ting able to miniin tha we have aes heard toc even ever earé st AIL Itisjut award qualatvty old hat oven fo one eee as eve tly red the sentence tuna saan I deseees 0 be baal. "An conversely we ave the refute inprenion tht certain works nd certain people are unigue even hance combinations of existence at Sy produce another ot many other exacly iene personalities of bjs That dese affect any of tho, becase the have the Hh, one outa sax 20 be unique, oF rater, this numerical designation is only the Poresion of quale nobly of ature, whose base nares incor Dbl: And such the stuston withthe singularities of applied ar rena thelr esence is sil, boone the goeral arte sibtance of ‘hich theipartinlr shape I formed alway ess angen chen “hei meaning to be rprodooed they ae internally constitited for mul plistyceven though pens, epic or jelous exes only permit them Eychnnc to become realy ence, Matters ate diferent with thove aniicly formed objects of use which actully refare tht yle-mesiyg trough ther desi and wis obave or ‘indeed have the elect of india works of I sould ke Togem ‘Mt. ON CULTURE the stooget protest pombe aint this tendency of the apie at ‘Tow bjt te destnd tobe incorporated int eo serve a exter iy piveend. Un hs they Contea completely mith he work of a, which ‘Mtnperoaly closed hie tte Each mor word unto tse tre en oybelzing ty ¥ery tame tht tess 203 paricpaion a Terai inthe movements of Fecal fe case tel A chai x8 te'that ope can ston fw Bas der atone ca it wih wine and {Shei ones band: ut th desig tee two gv dhe impeson oF tht ssnsied rie nate which follows ony 6 ows laws ad pres the autonomy of pyc total within sel, then the most ‘eps cent! ros Siting ov work oa, worlng With work ‘log wort of at fre needs pace that cannibal, 8 ‘epruation fhe mater tothe Satur ofsve aad hs ot aster wb terapis tutti cotingent favour ae bat inwarly in aes ree wh te low of sunt: The heorsticnn, whom ove hears P= ‘ounaginte same breath thatthe pce of ape a shouldbe a work ff art an thats highest principles pct, do wt seem osense this Satrtion thatthe practi & 2 mene! — hich tottore has send ‘etal nilethe rk fa pete a meat, ule work dosed ‘Slt oe at unl he prt? never orton nw mm enti that emote The principle ha if pose ery abject of use sould be tort oer ike Mihcangel's Mose or Jn Sib Rembrandt ebay {bcmet common mnuedetandng oc der inal. would Be {ovhings trent for other people and purpose the form of hose whose trea ete nthe pide of Being or heroes tothe ings that are ‘evn sed up-moned and handed around toupee frmat those Stich outst the tule of praal Ie unmoved, ke « Weed lend Tiny fo thwe things thot ape! Geeaure of hirer end tothe fcrelin ut tha wich we share wih ory, would ive the form of {ow objet which se nue beeane an india sol hs embodied sence them otha hey grat Coward he point wnnwenes ints where cach man alone wih hin ar inl he oem Mya hi coon eae axis dor not sgn dengration tea othe character of nda pled ats apposed ove the characte ye of road gener — Rt coe nat an ates 6 tae alten ahd et yprovensin he useless wie it SMicotean tm oe Sax ana one We mst ot be cle inf inking hatte sbjectve achievement of a creator ean doplay the She referent and wot the same Jeph sd inagination ws that ofthe puter rte selon The fact hy syle ao appeas to the beerver at rts boyend the prey individ, tothe Bond emovon!categoes subject fez ff esos he calg effet, te ‘ling of secrty ao screnty with which the trict size eet pro- ‘ies Eom he simlation pont of indian to whic the wok of bets ofen pea ie deacons with respect tothe aed obec the FASHION, ADORNMENT AND STYLE as seeped evel, whore oe no longer tle, Tete oF at Ios neve events am be ierrced =the spin av of the ceive sacs olor ne cotrpre in he feng thet we too ae rcatng withthe spr nin pat of urchin which rjc {Sunivealawe Thus we te ved tom tole espns, rb ‘eign the arowes of ae crea. ‘athe reaton why the things tha suo ws dhe bio back ound of diy Ke shoud be yee For nis own rooms persons the in thing the point. 0 0 speak ne mat rest on ade, les in ‘Blo eread dnget a am them ee Ting aout sn ong snd hamontus oer etn, "The we of at fangig i sf on the wall rering on hr petal hing pot {ai show: by ts extra! marcton lon at its nt tere In Sie fee ble ana ssn mp nd ry tat cant se oop Se asnecenry ext The pine ein, whic he mou era. ing a's persm tan rnp ated with sess tint prac. iio ie svienton of tur tavienmen ofall the sects we a, ‘rot frtoe whic met consent cares th echt of sme Cpl Ths Becomes mot crdent inthe ding 00m, wich Sven for tpclpalremoneietypoue to evo lab te dase fom he Shing cern of thoy into = tromercomfos shared with thes ‘Wiou blog swore of tit eemsom the geste tendon ha nays ‘cecourapedtha te ding room te apes sada tle mone Sten Dgining in Geary Inthe 57%, cooestsed inl oh the ‘amg-oom “haf arte pipe of ts elas th of he oni of fore have very ended o Supa some srt treat ronson i {heir seapecve pont. higher power io vets the campo ok Sine feng rr nie ora Gn with he denand oh ‘plzndon Oday enough th demand forse ony ext for modern ‘Boe test fre nde bers ths sarewndiogy at ot Soundings» whole. Toe vse, a od byte mal Scroane wh tvs and goede ste ll mean have the persona, Smite tone that Rowe fom he sec are a td wry would nner be efor every sgl beta bred {he sume indy. Thi might ser prone tat nee. Bat ‘Srna tt wold sta epsin hy ing iro hat Se pt syn acral se har 2 peeling npleaten, strange and cold gui for wh thw hat ae compere a esa Seren ot mole ane er asso ind tant, wheh at ‘cour befrm ad scositen sem most eae se a ov ‘An cnowonment coming cts of object fa one hol syle costes to Sst way whic xl he nde who es there, Setoeatrhe nan pp were persona ie ree ra any pe, cul ets noo aloe Ths boc ie dire ody 008 a the nddal contrat his ements Syed obec by216 SIMEL ON CLUE fis doing the objects recive» nom conte, which not oct i any of them ale, bt which they si mane through the parla wy they se lute. This conte ia secteur an experience by a personal payee Sind. sation ot which becomes tang in he obj. This the irepacebfe attraction which eas us 0 fuash or cova wth jets from past ines, ad espcaty those which bear the calm Rapes of © te, hat a sopra i of form, to create one whol, whose "yes and oneal form are of thoroughly ndvidaal natve and sited {Gone sed only one special ataned perocaity. Wis dives eter ung strongly ost itheunbuteng al con- cealment of he personal. which ie esener of 3 Sujoavim ond {naivdutity have ates to eaing point and inthe syed desis, fn thse of behaviour to tose of Home fvnshing there & a mitigation tnd toning down oth sete personaly tn genera) abd. sei theo99 could sally no longer ety ie, ra east ho nge wished {oshow iselfand hus pt on amare geerals mat pinkish a teed contame There te 8 very dente share i eet that se Invi ou ad oat place between he sabjectve petronaly sd ‘teabjeeive environment Sted expression, fom a if teal hese ‘at bmiatons and ny of eating ditnsc in which tbe exagperted ‘jets ofthe mes nd 9 couetermeght and concealment Th en ‘dency of mover mano sitoand Mune wih anges = tha tinge inwbich hese the character of heir ies he general ood hat overs ‘ound ther ane essa this tndencyicetily no contingent snob ey ttead goes Dock to hat deepor ned io ge the inde exces tie ean adton of calm bcd and pel lawfenes. Err tes, ‘thick ony bad one le which as therefore taken for grand wore {ed quite cterentiyin thos diel guestone ot ite: Whore ony one pe conse, ever inna expressive gros organ fot ith no nee so scarck fist forte rots: he pera nd be personal EO together witht confit toa work They apd ck of proce we coy InGreck snligaty and many Pride of the Mle Apes re based om uch ‘sn enproblematc geazral futon fore, hat os. Om these, ‘nich ramped it rlabonshp to theta prodetoa ich more imply and cs of contradictions than posible forex bo Rae ally ‘tra cst arenes that indi wore, behaoue a fante Rives ows optional tatin othebrod foundation, the ened, ‘nich hey 8 requests al That the reason kyle produ ofcaet Limes often seem ofive vo mich more se tha thee of our own age For ‘we ny a8 objec devoid of se If pears to have pang from @ ‘homestay, sated temporary seaiment, hou bi sed ons more general elie.» noo cntigent norm. Ths pensar anda tl pet cate pt ea im cere the individ Work ows orn Such a all eneompasing Sepeh of meta sable ond there the nen andthe foun, he ran evndenee ofbeve and now: wos comesto the work othe less art rom FASHION, ADORNMENT AND STYLE a7 aneteral syle Here the individuals the case fs nua aw anyone ‘whoo that strong mst adhere 0 general aif he alto, is wore Talo ve ple = whieh, os now ely understood en tly happen in eis with multiple stl pesbies Final, seis the aesthetic attempt to sole the great problem of ie: a India work or behaviour, which 8 closed a whole, can simutaneoly ‘lone to something eh. unying encompasing context. The din te tween the seul aye of very great and the general ye of Thebes expenses that brood practesl norm and you cannot became unity yours then in unity asa serving pete’ express this ithe Iangtage ofr, mich rans even the mst mode achiswement tent 9 ray the splendour and wity that shine nthe paccl worl only on the very ret, Notes to Party eer stein mt a hi na obbaigtctseaete ciamant ceca sepeet opera trom Pema ooh ceete caeerpe ana ee Seieeweeeeetteanesmrnaae Ee en