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UNIT-3 Parabolic Reflectors
UNIT-3 Parabolic Reflectors
asia
UNIT-3
Parabolic reflectors
PF+PS=PF+QS-PQ=QS
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The presence of the prim ary antenna in the path of the reflected wave,
as in the above examples, has two principle disadvantages. These are, first, that
waves reflected from the parabola back to the primary antenna produce interac
tion and mismatching. Second, the primary antenna acts as an obstruction,
blocking out the cen tral portion of the aperture and increasing the m inor lobes.
To avoid both effects, a portion of the par aboloid can be used and the primary
antenna displaced as in Fig. 6.8. This is called an offset feed.
Let us next develop an expression for the field distribution across the aperture
of a parabolic reflector. Since the development is simpler for a cylindrical
parabola, this case is treated fiirst, as an introduction to the case for a
paraboloid. Consid er a cylindrical parabolic reflector with line source as in Fig.
6.9a. The line source is isotropic in a plane perpendicular to its axis (plane of
page). For a unit distance in the z direction (normal to page in Fig. 6.9a) the
power P in a strip of width dy is
P = dyS y
This is a frequency independent antenna for which the impedance and radiation
pattern (and hence the directivity) remains constant as a function of frequency.
But in this antenna, the electrical properties like impedance are a
logarithmically periodic function of the frequency. i.e. if a graph of ‗z‘ is
plotted v/s log f a repetitive variation will be obtained.
One of the design for a log periodic antenna is as shown in fig. 6.10
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The constant ‗η‘ is called the scale factor or periodicity factor. The
typical values are α=300 and η =0.7.
The periodicity extends from dc to ∞ frequency. Only if the structure extends
from the vertex of the angle ‗α‘ and extends to ∞. In practice the cutoff
frequencies are those at which the largest and shortest dipoles are nearly λ/2.
When the antenna is operated at a given frequency only a portion of the
structure in which the dipole lengths are nearly λ/2 (resonant length) radiates.
This portion is called active region, which shifts from the apex (for higher
frequencies) to the other side [for lower frequencies]. Hence a log periodic
antenna consists of four regions.
a. Reflective region
b. Active region
c. Directive region
The period for the log-frequency is given by log [1/ η]. If f1 and f2 are
the two frequencies differing by one period [with the same
characteristics], then they are related by
log(f2)- log(f1)= log(1/ η)
-------------- (6.26)
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The radiation pattern is unidire ctional, if the structure has only one
active region and is bidirectional when there are two active regions.
Note:
There are many log periodic structures possible but not all are frequency
independent.
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Lens antenna
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The dielectric material used should have a refractive index more than 1
w.r.t. free space having minimum dielectric losses. Lucite and polystyrene can be
used having a refractive index a=1.5. The system is constructed
Planar wave fronts can be obtained at the aperture when the electrical path OQ‘ and
OP remains same
The above equation is also known as an equation for a hyperbola with
a greater than one. The lens is plano-convex with the convex curv ature as
hyperbolic.
Can be used as Wide band Antenna since its shape is independent of freq
uency. Provides good collimation.
Internal dissipation losse s are low, with dielectric materials having low l oss
tangent. Easily accommodate large band width required by high data rate systems .
Complicated Design
Sleeve antenna
Ground plane or sleeve typ e λ/4 long cylindrical system is called a sleeve antenna. The radiation
is in a plane normal to the axis of this ante nna.
The second variety of sleev e is similar to stub with ground plane having the fee d point at the
centre of the stub. The lower end of the stub is a cylindrical sleeve of length λ/8.
A balanced-sleeve dipole a ntenna corresponding to the sleeve stub is shown in fig. 6.18. This is
fed with a coaxial cable and balance to unba lance transformer or balun. For L ranging betwe en λ/2 to λ,
the operating frequency ranges through 2 to 1. Sl eeve antenna above ground plane is as shown in fig
6.19.
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The Antenna is similar to stub ante nna with ground plane but with a feed point moved to
approximately the center of the stub.
A basic turn stile consists of two h orizontal short dipoles placed normal to each other as shown
in fig. 6.20 and 6.21. The individual field patterns are ‗figure of eight‘ fitted by 900.
Omni-directional antennas
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Adaptive Antenna
Adaptive array is the most comprehensive and complex configuration. The system
consists of several antennas where each antenna is con nected to separate trans-receiver and
Digital Signal Processor as shown in fig. 6.25. DSP controls the signal level to each element
depending upon the requirements. Butler matrix can be adapted for the improvement of SN R
during reception. Direction of arrival finding a nd optimization algorithms are used to select
the complex weig hts for each mobile users. For frequency domain d uplexing the transmission
weights are estimated based on Dir ection of arrival information.
• Like Earth Surface Radars , the radars can be used to detect underground anomalies
both natural and Human Made.
• The anomalies include bur ied metallic or nonmetallic objects, earth abnormalities etc.,
• Pulse and its echo pulse ar e used for processing.
• Far field radar equation to b e modified as distance travelled by wave is less.
• Power required is more since ground is lossy medium.
• Mismatch at air-ground interface.
• Pulse width should be less.
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Embedded Antennas
• If dipole is embedded in a d ielectric medium of relative permitivity εr (>1), the n its length
can be reduced.
• A λ/2 dipole resonates at th e same frequency when embedded in a dielectric medium having
a length
• If εr= 4, length required is half.
• Used in Bluetooth technoloogy, interfacing RF Networks.
Fig 6.28 : Half-wave length dipole embedded in a dielectric for Bluetooth Application
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