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Biology Note For Grade 7: Types of Bones - Bones Are Living Organs. They Are Made Up of Living Cells. These Are Cells
Biology Note For Grade 7: Types of Bones - Bones Are Living Organs. They Are Made Up of Living Cells. These Are Cells
Types of bones
_ Bones are living organs. They are made up of living cells. These are cells
surrounded by hard and dead mineral substances with an outer most layer of thin
membrane.
Long bones
_ are compact bones with hallows or cavities filled with yellow bone marrow.
_ their ends contain spongy bones covered with cartilage for cushion.
Short bones
_ are short and compact bones with partitions. Shaped some what like cubes , but with out
marrow. They facilitate flexibility of the joints found in the bones.
Flat bones
* bone marrow is soft structure in the bones where blood cells are make
* clavicle are the most commonly broken bone in the body
* bones are continue to grow until people are 18 _25 years old
*femur is the largest while stapes(ear bones) are the smallest bones
Types of Joints
_ The place where two bones meet (join) together is called joint
*they keep the bones in a place ,so they move and rotate
* movable joints
Immovable joints
_ are joints in which the bones are fixed in a place and don't move at all
Movable joints
_ are joints in which bones are able to move freely
_ there are four types of movable joints: hinge joint, ball and socket joints, gliding joints, and
pivot joint.
Hinge joints
_are joints where a convex surface of a bone fix in to the concave surface of another bone
_ are formed where rounded head of one bone fits in to the hallow,cup _shaped( socket) of
another bone
Gliding Joints
_ are formed bitween flat surface bones slide over one another
Pivot joint
Ligament
_ bones are held together at the joints by stretchy bandy tissue called ligament. In
between the bones of a joint there is a firm rubbery tissue called cartilage. Cartila}s support and
cushions the bones, acting like the body's natural shock absorber. They also give shape for
boneless parts of our body like ears and nose.
Types of muscles
_ There are three types of muscles in human body. These are skeletal muscles, cardiac
muscles, and smooth muscles.
Skeletal muscles
Smooth Muscles
_ are muscles found in the walls of internal organs such as intestine, stomach, blood
vessels, urinary and reproductive organs
Cardiac muscles
Human Dentition
_ Dentition is the development and arrangement of teeth in the upper and lower naws of
mammals.
_each tooth consists of two major sections called longitudinal sections and transverse
sections.
Longitudinal sections
*crown_ is the part above the gum. It is the white part of teeth
Transverse sections
*Pulp cavity_ is the most inner layer. It consists of blood vessels and nerve cells.
Types of teeth
_ based on the age they grow human teeth are classified as milk teeth and permanent
teeth.
_Permanent teeth_ are the second set of teeth that replace milk teeth after the age of 6
years.
_are 28 in number
_ When a person is around 20_25 years of age, four additional back teeth grow called
wisdom teeth.
_ based on their shape and functions human teeth are classified in to four
_are 4 in number
_are 8 in numbers
_Molars_ are far back side teeth with wider and stronger ridges having depressions
_ are 12 in numbers
Dental Formula
_ is a short way of indicating or representing the number of teeth ,type and arrangement
_ It shows the number and type of teeth in one half of the upper and lower jaws.
_ In dental formula each type of tooth is symbolized by the first letter of its name
= 2+1+2+3 = 8, 8×2 = 16
2+1+2+3= 8, 8×2 = 16