SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Unit IV
Unit Name: Complex Variables: Differentiation (session 26 to session 33)
Overview:
This unit includes Complex differentiation, Elementary Analytic functions, Conformal Mapping.
Complex Differentiation includes: Cauchy-Riemann equations, analytic functions and Harmonic
functions. Elementary analytic function includes: exponential, trigonometric and logarithm
functions and Conformal Mapping includes Translation, Magnification and Rotation, Inversion
and Mobius transformation.
Outcome:
After completion of this unit, students would be able to:
1. employ appropriate mathematical techniques in evaluating differentiation of functions of
complex variables.
2. apply various techniques of calculus of complex functions in solving engineering
problems.

Include
1. Prerequisite to the unit: knowledge of complex numbers
2. Definitions and formulae
 Function of a complex variable:

If for each value of the complex variable z   x  iy  in a given region R, we have one or more

values of w   u  iv  , then w is said to be a complex function of z and we write

w  u  x, y   iv  x, y   f ( z) where u and v are real functions of x and y.

For any complex function, both the independent variable and the dependent variable may be
separated into real and imaginary parts:

z = x + iy and w = f (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) where x, y ∈ ℝ and u (x, y), v (x, y) are real-valued
functions.
In other words, the components of the function f (z), u = u (x, y) and v = v (x, y) can be
interpreted as real-valued functions of the two real variables, x and y.
 Limit of a function:
 A function w  f ( z ) is said to tend to limit l as z approaches a point z0 , if for every real  , we

can find a positive real  such that f ( z)  l   for z  z0   .

 In symbols, we write lim f ( z)  l .

z z0

 Continuity of a function:
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) be a single valued function defined in a bounded and closed domain D. 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)
is said to be continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧0 ).
𝑧→𝑧0

 Derivative of a function:

Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) be a single valued function defined in a bounded and closed domain D, then the
derivative of 𝑓(𝑧) is defined as

dw f ( z   z)  f ( z)
 f '( z)  lim
dz  z 0 z

 Analytic functions:

If a single valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is defined and differentiable at each point of a domain D
then it is called Analytic or Regular or Holomorphic function of z in the domain D.

 Harmonic Functions:

Any function of 𝑥, 𝑦 which has continuous partial derivatives of the first and second order and
𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
satisfies Laplace’s equation ∇2 ∅ = 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0 is called a Harmonic Function.

 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Cartesian Coordinates:

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a continuous one valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) to be analytic in a region R are

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
i) , , , are continuous functions of 𝑥, 𝑦 in a region R and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
ii) = 𝜕𝑦 and 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑥 (i.e. 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 at each point of R.
𝜕𝑥

The conditions (ii) are known as Cauchy-Riemann Equations or briefly C-R equations.

 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar Coordinates:

Let (𝑟, 𝜃) be the polar coordinates of a point whose Cartesian coordinates are (𝑥, 𝑦).

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) then 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 and 𝜕𝜃 = −𝑟 𝜕𝑟 i. e. 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 and 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃

 Milne-Thompson’s Method:
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

This method is used to analytic function whose real or imaginary part is given

Case i) when real part 𝑢 is given then 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ ∅1 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ ∅2 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

where ∅1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢𝑥 and ∅2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢𝑦 .

Case ii) when imaginary part 𝑣 is given then 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝜑1 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝜑2 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

where 𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑥 .

Case iii) When real part (𝑢 − 𝑣) of function (1 + 𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) is given then

(1 + 𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ ∅1 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ ∅2 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

𝜕(𝑢−𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢−𝑣)
where ∅1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = and ∅2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Case iv) When imaginary part (𝑢 + 𝑣) of function (1 + 𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) is given then

(1 + 𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝜑1 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝜑2 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

𝜕(𝑢+𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢+𝑣)
where 𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = and 𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

 Conformal Mapping:

A transformation which preserves angles both in magnitude and sense between every pair of
curves through a point is said to be Conformal at the point.

Some Standard Transformations:

1) Translation:
A transformation of the type 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is a complex constant is known as
translation. This transformation is simply a translation of the axes and as such preserve
the shape and size of the region in 𝑧-plane.
2) Rotation and Magnification:
A transformation of the type 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧 where 𝑐 is a complex constant is known as Rotation
and Magnification. This transformation maps figures in the z-plane into geometrically
similar figures in the w-plane. But the figures are magnified and rotated.
3) Inversion:
1
A transformation of the type 𝑤 = 𝑧 is known as Inversion.
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

 4) Bilinear or Mobius Transformation:

𝑎𝑧+𝑏
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 are complex constant and 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠

0 is called bilinear or Mobius transformation.

References of the entire unit

TB1: Chapter 3: Complex Numbers and functions and Complex Differentiation
TB3: Chapter 20: Calculus of Complex functions
TB4: Chapter 3: Analytic Functions

Session 26

Problems to be covered in session

1. Determine whether the following functions are analytic and if so find their
derivatives:
(i) f ( z)  z3 Ans. Analytic, f ( z )  3z 2

(ii) f ( z )  e z Ans. Analytic, f ( z)   e z

(iii) f ( z)  z  z Ans. Not Analytic

Session 27
(iv) f ( z )  sinh z Ans. Analytic, f ( z )  cosh z

(v) f ( z)  z n , z  rei Ans. Analytic, f ( z )  n z n1

2. Find the constant a,b,c,d,e if

f ( z)  (ax 4  bx 2 y 2  cy 4  dx 2  2 y 2 )  i(4x 3 y  exy3  4xy) is analytic.

Ans. a  1, b  6, c  1, d  2, e  4

x3 1  i   y 3 1  i 
3. Prove that the function f ( z )   z  0 , f (0)  0
x2  y 2
is not analytic at the origin although C-R equations are satisfied.

 x2 y5 ( x  iy)
 4 10 , z  0
4. Prove that the function f ( z )   x  y
 0, z0

is not analytic at the origin although C-R equations are satisfied.
Session 28
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

5. Find p such that the function f ( z ) expressed in polar coordinates as

f ( z)  r 2 cos 2  ir 2 sin p is analytic.

Ans. p  2
6. If u ( x, y ) is a harmonic function then prove that f ( z )  ux  iu y is an analytic

function.

y
7. Prove that u  x 2  y 2 , v  both u and v satisfy Laplace’s equation but
x  y2
2

u  iv is not analytic function of z.

8. Determine the analytic function whose real part is e2 x  x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y  .

Ans. f ( z)  ze2 z  c

Session 29

9. If w    i represents the complex potential for an electric field and

  3x2 y  y3 , find  .
Ans.   3xy 2  x3  c .

10. Determine the analytic function w  u  iv if v  log  x 2  y 2   x  2 y .

Ans. w  i  2 z  2i log z  c

11.  
If f ( z )  u  iv is analytic and u  v   x  y  x 2  4 xy  y 2 find f(z) in terms of z.

Ans. f ( z)  iz 3  c

Session 30

12. If f ( z )  u  iv is analytic and u  v  e x (cos y  sin y) find f(z) in terms of z.

Ans. f ( z )  e z  c

13. Find analytic function f ( z )  u  iv such that v  r 2 cos 2  r cos   2 , also find u .

Ans. f ( z )  i  z 2  z   c ' , u  r 2 sin 2  r sin   c

Session 31
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

14. Find the image of the rectangular region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2 under

the transformation w = z + (2 – i).
Ans. rectangular region bounded by u  2, u  3, v  1, v  1
15. Determine the region in the w-plane corresponding to the triangular region bounded
i 4
by the lines x  0, y  0, x  y  1 in the z-plane under the transformation w  e z.
1
Ans. triangular region bounded by u  v, u  v, v 
2

Session 32
1
16. Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  .
z
1
Ans. line v  
4

1 1 1
17. Find the image of the infinite strip  y  under the transformation w  .
4 2 z
Also show the regions graphically.

Ans. region between two circles u 2   v  2   4, u 2   v  1  1

2 2

18. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z  , i,0 into the points
w  0, i,  .
1
Ans. w  
z
Session 33
19. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z1  i, z2  0, z3  i into the

points w1  1, w2  i, w3  1 respectively. Into which curve the y  axis is

transformed by this transformation?
iz  i
Ans. w  , circle u 2  v 2  1
z 1
20. Find the fixed points of the following bilinear transformation:
z4
(i) w  Ans. z  1, 2
2z  5
 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

3z  5
(ii) w  Ans. z  1  2i
z 1