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Chapter 2 - How To Calculate Present Values
Chapter 2 - How To Calculate Present Values
How to Calculate
Present Values
Slides by
Matthew Will
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-2
Key terms
• Present value: Giá trị hiện tại
• Future value: Giá trị tương lai
• Discount factor: Nhân tố chiết khấu
• Annuity: Hàng năm
• Perpetuities: Vĩnh viễn
• Compound: Ghép
• Simple interest : lãi đơn
• Compound interest: lãi kép
• Rate of return: Tỷ suất sinh lời
• Cash flow: dòng tiền
• EAR (Effective Annual Rate): tỷ suất sinh lợi hiệu dụng năm.
• APR (Annual Percentage Rate): Lãi suất năm
2-3
Topics Covered
Single payment cashflow
1
Multiple payment cashflows and NPV
2
Annuity and Perpetuity
3 Growth Annuity and Growth Perpetuity
Discount Factor
4 APR and EAR
2-4
Future Value
Amount to which
an investment will
grow after earning
Present Value interest
Value today of
a future cash
flow.
Present Value & Future Value 2-5
1 year
n year
Definition
Present Value
Discount Factor = DF = PV of $1
DF = 1
(1+ r ) t
Cash flow
Definition
• The net present value formula for one period is:
• NPV = C0 + [C1/(1 + r)]
• NPV = PV required investment
• NPV rule and the rate of return rule:
• Accept a project if its NPV > 0
• Reject a project if the NPV < 0
• Accept a project if its rate of return > opportunity cost of
capital
• The opportunity cost of capital for a risky project is the expected
rate of return on a portfolio of securities of similar risks as the
project.
• The discount rate is used for calculating the NPV is determined by
the financial markets.
• The managers of a firm can maximize stockholder wealth by
taking all projects with positive NPVs
2-13
Short Cuts
Annuity - An asset that pays a fixed sum
each year for a specified number of
years.
1 1
PV of annuity = C − t
r r (1 + r )
2-15
Example
You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300 per
month. You are not required to pay any money up
front or at the end of your agreement. If your
opportunity cost of capital is 0.5% per month, what is
the cost of the lease?
2-16
Example - continued
You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300
per month. You are not required to pay any
money up front or at the end of your
agreement. If your opportunity cost of
capital is 0.5% per month, what is the cost of
the lease?
1 1
Lease Cost = 300 − 48
.005 .005(1 + .005)
Cost = $12,774.10
2-17
Example
The state lottery advertises a jackpot prize of $295.7
million, paid in 25 installments over 25 years of
$11.828 million per year, at the end of each year. If
interest rates are 5.9% what is the true value of the
lottery prize?
1 1
Lottery Value = 11.828 − 25
.059 .059(1 + .059)
Value = $152,600,000
2-18
(1 + r ) − 1
t
FV of annuity = C
r
2-19
Example
What is the future value of $20,000 paid at the end of
each of the following 5 years, assuming your
investment returns 8% per year?
(1 + .08)5 − 1
FV = 20,000
.08
= $117,332
2-20
Growing annuity
C1
PV0 =
r−g
Example
What is the present value of $1 billion paid at the end
of every year in perpetuity, assuming a rate of return
of 10% and a constant growth rate of 4%?
1
PV0 =
.10 − .04
= $16.667 billion
2-25
12
EAR = (1 + .01) - 1 = r
EAR = (1 + .01)12 - 1 = .1268 or 12.68%
Web Resources
Click to access web sites
Internet connection required
www.smartmoney.com
http://finance.yahoo.com
www.in.gov/ifa/files/TollRoadFinancialAnalysis.pdf
www.mhhe.com/bma
Review Chapter 2 2-30
PV, FV definition
Review Chapter 2
Công thức tổng quát:
Review Chapter 2
Review Chapter 2
Review Chapter 2
n – year discount factor n – year annuity discount factor
DF: nhân tố chiết khấu của dòng tiền chỉ có phát sinh C0, để tính PV
PVAF: nhân tố chiết khấu của dòng tiền annuity, để tính PV
FVAF: nhân tố chiết khấu của dòng tiền annuity, để tính FV
2-36
Review Chapter 2