Softcopy Aerial Triangulation: Laboratory Manual

Softcopy Aerial Triangulation Laboratory Manual
SOFTCOPY
AERIAL
TRIANGULATION
LABORATORY MANUAL
INSTRUCTOR
DR. HOWARD TURNER P.L.S.
MAPPING SCIENCES CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA
3801 W. TEMPLE AVENUE
POMONA CA 91768
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Copyright Howard Turner 1998
Exercise 1 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROJECT MANAGER
In this exercise, you will learn how to setup a softcopy photogrammetric project for aerial
triangulation. This will include adding camera data, control data, photo and model data
to the project. You will be supplied with seven softcopy photogrammetry images of
Glendale, Arizona scanned at 15 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration
report is given in a table. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions;
♦= Create a new project for triangulation

♦= Add camera data to the project for triangulation
♦= Add photo data to the project for triangulation
♦= Add model data to the project for triangulation
♦= Add control data to the project for triangulation
GATHERING PROJECT DATA

For this lab, your instructor will provide you with the data you need. Later, when you are
working on your own jobs, you will need to enter similar data. This process will go much faster
if you begin by gathering all the project data you will need. For your future reference, this
includes the following:
•= Project information
•= Project name
•= Approximate size of the project
•= Coordinate system (geographic or cartesian), linear and angular units
•= Average flying height and average ground elevation
•= Coordinate refinement settings (atmospheric refraction on/off, earth curvature on/off)
•= Camera data (normally from a camera calibration report)
•= Name of camera
•= Focal length, principal point of best symmetry, principal point of auto collimation
•= Fiducial coordinates; reseau coordinates if applicable
•= Lens distortion data: by table of distortions or by coefficients; linear or angular
distortions; average or by quadrants.
•= Strip data (a flight map will be useful here)
•= Strip, photo and model naming schemes (much of this can be automated with ISPM)
•= Raw image file names and epipolar image file names
•= Camera name(s) and camera orientations per strip
•= Approximate EO for each strip (if available)
•= Average flying height, average ground elevation
•= Coordinates for the first photo in the strip
•= Either the coordinates for the last photo in the strip or the azimuth and percent
overlap for the strip.
•= Control point coordinates and standard deviations, preferably in an ascii data file.
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1. On the NT desktop, click Start > Programs >

ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager.
The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog

Box is opened.
Select File>New Project.
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The new project window opens.
2. Enter the Project Name as Arizona. Press TAB. Enter the Location as
C:\arizona. Press Next.
3. Select the Data Type as Aerial Photography. Select the File Type as ASCII.
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4. Set the Linear Units to Feet (ft). Set the Angular Unit to Degrees (deg). Press
Next.
5. Set the Flying Height (AMSL) to 4200 ft above mean sea level (AMSL). Set the
Ground Elevation (AMSL) to 1500 feet. Press Next.
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6. Set Acceptable IO Limits to default. Set Acceptable RO Limits to default. Set

Acceptable AO/Bundle Adjustment Limits to Default. Press Next.
ACCEPTABLE IO LIMITS Max Sigmo Max Residual

Default Values 10 10
ACCEPTABLE RO LIMITS Max Sigma Max Y-Parallax

Default Values 10 10
ACCEPTABLE AO/BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT LEVEL

X (ft) Y (ft) Z (ft)
Max RMS 0.1 0.1 0.1
Max Residual 0.1 0.1 0.1
Max Sigma 10 µm
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7. Leave the Default User Points form blank. Press Finish.
8. The New Project Wizard Form Displays. Press Yes.
The system responds with the following form.
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9. Select Camera Wizard from the Edit pulldown menu.
The Camera Wizard Form appears.
10. Enter Camera Name as arizona. Press Next.
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CAMERA DATA
Focal_Length: 152.928
Principal Point of Auto Collimation: x: 0.000 y: 0.000
Principal Point of Best Symmetry: x: -0.001 y: -0.006
Film_Format: 230 cm. X 230 cm.
fiducial: 1 -106.004 -106.012

fiducial: 2 105.991 105.98
fiducial: 3 -106.004 105.982
fiducial: 4 105.994 -106.012
fiducial: 5 -111.999 -0.015
fiducial: 6 111.99 -0.014
fiducial: 7 -0.007 111.97
fiducial: 8 -0.007 -112.004
Distortion Input_Mode: angular
Distortion_Spacing: 0 7.5 15 22.7 30 35 40

Distortions: 0 -1 -4 -4 -1 2 4
11 Enter the Focal Length as 152.928 mm. Enter the Principal Point of Best
Symmetry as –0.001 for X and –0.006 for Y. Enter the Principal Point of Auto
Collimation as 0.000 for X and 0.000 for Y. Enter Film Width as 230 mm, and Film
Length as 230 mm. Press Next.
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12. Complete the Fiducial Coordinate form using the data from the camera table
above. Enter the ID, X and Y values and then press Add. When all the data has been
entered press Next.
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13. Check off Enable Lens Distortion. Set the Distortion Value Format to Table.
Set the Distortion Value to Angular. Set the Distortion Mode to Average. Press Next.
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14. Enter the distortion values from the camera table above. Enter the Angle (deg)
value, and then the Distortion (µµm) and press Add. When the table is complete press
Finish.
15. The New Camera Wizard Form displays. Press Yes.
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16 In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Camera

and double-click.
The following window opens. Go to Camera Data and check that the entered data is
correct. Check the data associated with each of the other headings. Click OK to exit.
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17. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Photo

and double-click.
18. The following window opens. In Strip ID enter 1. In Photo ID enter 1. Turn
Composite Image off. For the Image File, enter the path C:\images\glen1-
1.cmp. For Exterior Orientation Information, set the View Geometry to
Vertical, and leave Camera Station Position and Camera Station Attitude off.
The Camera Name should be arizona, and the Camera Orientation should be
zero. Click Apply.
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The Edit Photo window appears. Click Yes.
19. The following window appears. In Strip ID enter 1. In Photo ID enter 2. Turn
Composite Image off. For the Image File, enter the path C:\images\glen1-2.cmp. For
Exterior Orientation Information, set the View Geometry to Vertical, and leave
Camera Station Position and Camera Station Attitude off. The Camera Name
should be arizona, and the Camera Orientation should be zero. Click Apply. Repeat
this task until photographs glen1-1, 1-2, 1-3 , 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 are entered in the
project. Click O.K. Also click OK on the other forms that appear.
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20. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Model

and double-click.
21. The following window appears. In Left Photo, to the right of the form, enter 1
for Strip and 1 for ID. In Right Photo, enter 1 for Strip and 2 for ID. Press
Generate Model ID from Photo Ids.
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22. The Model ID 1~1+1~2 is automatically generated. In Left Epipolar Image,

enter the path to the left image file ( for example C:\images\glen1-1.cmp). In the
Right Epipolar Image, enter the path to the right image file (for example
C:\images\cal1_2.cmp). Press Apply. Repeat this process and generate models
1~2+1~3, 1~3+1~4, 2~1+2~2, 2~2+2~3. Press O.K.
The following form appears. Press Yes. Then press O.K. on the Edit Model form to
exit.
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23. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window, select Edit>Control

Points. Double-click.
24. The following window appears. Enter the control data from the table. After entry
of each line, press Add.
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ID TYPE CLASS X Y Z
5019 Control Full 515937.87 127029.16 1171.65.
5018 Control Full 515921.58 124639.16 1165.07
133 Control Full 517459.42 124866.02 1172.77
5014 Control Full 518375.02 127094.17 1177.94
5015 Control Full 518367.14 124815.55 1170.66
143 Control Full 518804.77 124827.23 1174.04
153 Control Full 520224.86 124825.29 1178.83
5012 Control Full 521027.57 125751.38 1182.45
163 Control Full 521753.38 124940.5 1182.68
5011 Control Full 522605.19 127186.3 1190.27
5009 Control Full 523109.86 124767.09 1187.12
186 Control Full 524703.64 124794.82 1194.39
196 Control Full 526264.14 124823.85 1201.71
5006 Control Full 531569.30 127037.05 1225.68
1116 Control Full 528940.98 124927.4 1207.9
5002 Control Full 528923.16 126086.03 1211.6
1126 Control Full 530346.30 124890.81 1212.19
5005 Control Full 531551.87 124835.42 1216.44
The completed table is as follows.
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25. Add all Control Points, and press O.K.
26. Exit from ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager.
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Exercise 2 MODEL SET-UP, INNER ORIENTATION
In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model.
This will include interior (inner) orientation for aerial triangulation. You have set-up a
project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been
supplied with seven softcopy photogrammetry images of the Glendale, Arizona scanned
at 15.0 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in
exercise 1. The control data is also given in a table in exercise 1.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions.
♦= View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail.

♦= Enhance images in real-time on the screen.
♦= Complete Inner Orientation for aerial triangulation.
♦= Assess the results of Inner Orientation for aerial triangulation.

ImageStation Digital Mensuration.
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The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.
2. Select File>Open Project.
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3. Select the Project Name as Arizona. Press Open.
4. Select Orientations>Interior. Double-click.
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The Select Photos form displays.
5. Select Strip 1, Photo 1. Press OK.
The following image displays on the screen.
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6. The windows arrangement may not look exactly as above. Select Window New
Arrangement to activate the New Arrangement dialog box: The following dialog box appears.
7. Select the number of levels you want displayed for each photograph. Selecting 1 level
will display only the detail windows; selecting 2 levels will display the overview and the
detail windows; selecting 3 levels will display the overview, intermediate and detail
windows. Select the Number of Levels to be 3. Press OK. All exercises in these
laboratory manuals will use the three-window arrangement.
interior orientation or intermediate

relative orientation or
absolute orientation
detail
overview
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8. Once you have an arrangement you like, you can select Window Save
Arrangement… If you don’t do this, when you leave the orientation your arrangement will be
given the unimaginative name “New.” Note that these arrangements are saved per orientation. In
other words, IO, RO, AO and Resection all have separate sets of window arrangements.
9. If you don’t like the arrangement. Select Window Restore Arrangement. The
Restore Arrangement window appears as follows.
10. Choose the one you want. You will find a number of built in window arrangements to
choose from, many of them corresponding to screen resolutions. You can review or change your
screen resolution by selecting Start Settings Control Panel Display Settings
tab Desktop Area.
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11 Select View Enhance or the icon. The following form appears. To adjust the
brightness of the image, drag the cross hairs to the appropriate position.
12 The first fiducial is located in the southwest corner of the overview. Use the cursor to
locate the first fiducial on the overview. The cursor is different in the photogrammetry software.
It appears as a diagonal cross.
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13. When the cursor is located in the vicinity of the fiducial, click on the fiducial in the
overview with the data button. The fiducial. then appears in the intermediate window and the
detail view.
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14. Click on the fiducial with the data button in the intermediate view. Then measure it
precisely on the detail window.
Measurements are taken only in the detail view (this is true of all orientations). It is not
necessary to precisely measure in the overview or intermediate view. They are used only
to center the detail view for measurement
The measurement records in the inner orientation window.
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15 The second fiducial mark is located in the northeast corner of the overview. Click in its
vicinity with the data button and the fiducial mark will appear in the intermediate and
detail views.
16 After this, the system should display the remaining fiducials accurately enough that you
will not need to use the overview or intermediate windows any more. Measure the
remaining six fiducial marks. Upon completion the interior orientation window should
look as follows.
The Ineer orientation box should look as follows.
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17 If the system cannot find the third fiducial for you, then you probably misidentified one
of the first two. If the system finds the third fiducial but it seems to be misplaced a little
bit, then check your camera orientation in ImageStation Project Manager. Your
fiducials may be rotated to the wrong positions
18. Once you have measured all fiducials, sigma should be less than 5 microns and the
system will tell you that you have a good solution. If the solution is satisfactory, move
the cursor over an image window and select Next Photo from the shortcut menu (right
mouse button). Your measurements and results will automatically be saved. If this was
the last photo selected, select Apply to apply the results to a solution, then select Close.
If the solution is not satisfactory go to step 19.
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19. If your sigma is greater than 5 microns, you will need to remeasure the points with
high residuals, or correct the blunders. First try remeasuring all the points that have a
residual greater than 5 microns, and observe if the residuals in the solution get smaller.
20. To find blunders in your IO measurements, click on the More button on the Interior
Orientation results dialog to bring up the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters
dialog box. Select Conformal, Affine and Projective from the pulldown list. Observe
the residuals from each transformation. Notice if one transformation works better than
others, and reduces the sigma below 5 microns. If one of the transformations reduces the
sigma below 5 microns, press Close, and exit the Additional Interior Orientation
Parameters dialog box. On the Interior Orientation dialog box, press Apply and then
Close. If a problem still exists go to step 21.
21 On the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box, there are Withhold,
Reinstate and Delete buttons. Find the measurement with the largest residual and
withhold it. Observe the other residuals, and the sigma. If their value drops, the
measurement you have withheld is bad. Continue withholding points until you obtain the
required accuracy. A conformal transformation requires 4 points. An Affine
transformation requires 6 points. A projective transformation requires eight points. . If
withholding points reduces the sigma below 5 microns, press Close, and exit the
Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box. On the Interior Orientation
dialog box, press Apply and then Close. If a problem still exists go to step 22
22. The residuals that you get from running IO should reflect your pointing accuracy. The
Sigma value should be less than 5 microns. If your residuals are still too high, and
everything else has failed. The problem maybe that your calibrated fiducial coordinate
are entered wrong. Check them. It is also possible that you have not accounted for
camera orientation when identifying the first two fiducials. Remember that if your
camera orientation is not 0°, your fiducial positions will appear to be rotated. The
fiducials must be measured with regard to the calibration report for the camera, no matter
how the image is displayed on the screen.
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23. When you have reduced the sigma below 5 microns, on the Interior Orientation dialog
box, press Apply and then Close. The Select Photos form appears. It shows the results obtained
from Interior Orientation on Strip_id 1, Photo_id 1.
23. Select Strip_id 1, Photo_id 2 from the Select Photos form. Press OK. Complete the
inner orientation for the second photograph. The system should automatically drive to
the fiducial marks. A result of less than 5 microns is desired. Continue measuring
fiducial marks on the following photographs
Strip Photograph
1 3
1 4
2 1
2 2
2 3
On completion, the table should look as the form above.
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Exercise 3 MODEL SET-UP, RELATIVE ORIENTATION
In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model.
This will include interior relative orientation. You have set-up a project file with camera
data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy
photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera
data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data
from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was
completed in exercise 2.
OBJECTIVES
♦= View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail.

♦= Enhance images in real-time on the screen.
♦= Complete Relative Orientation
♦= Learn how to measure model points.
♦= Assess the results of Relative Orientation

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The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.
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4. Select Orientations>Relative. Double-click.
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The Select Photos form displays.
5. Select Model Id 1~1+1~2. Press OK.
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The following image displays on the screen.
6. The windows arrangement may not look exactly as above. Select Window New
Arrangement to activate the New Arrangement dialog box: The following dialog box appears.
7. Select the number of levels you want displayed for each photograph. Selecting 1 level
will display only the detail windows; selecting 2 levels will display the overview and the detail
windows; selecting 3 levels will display the overview, intermediate and detail windows. Select
the Number of Levels to be 3. Press OK. All exercises in these laboratory manuals will use the
three-window arrangement.
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interior orientation or intermediate

relative orientation or
absolute orientation
detail
overview
8. Once you have an arrangement you like, you can select Window Save
Arrangement… If you don’t do this, when you leave the orientation your arrangement will be
given the unimaginative name “New.” Note that these arrangements are saved per orientation. In
other words, IO, RO, AO and Resection all have separate sets of window arrangements.
9. If you don’t like the arrangement. Select Window Restore Arrangement. The
Restore Arrangement window appears as follows.
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10. Choose the one you want. You will find a number of built in window arrangements to
choose from, many of them corresponding to screen resolutions. You can review or change your
screen resolution by selecting Start Settings Control Panel Display Settings
tab Desktop Area.
11 Select View Enhance or the icon. The following form appears. To adjust the
brightness of the image, drag the cross hairs to the appropriate position.
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12. Point distribution is critical in RO. The system will solve with six or more points. The
operator must ensure that the points measured are in the correct locations. The operator
must cover the photogrammetric model with the measured points
The following configuration should be used to measure points
3 4
1 2
5 6
By covering the model with parallax points, you also ensure that some of these points will fall in the
overlap areas between models (pass points) and in the sidelap areas between strips (where they are
referred to as tie points). Six points are minimum that you should measure. You need at least 9 points to
ensure that you have cleared y-parallax.
Y-Parallax is the separation of the left and right measuring marks in the y-direction. The
following diagram illustrates the concept of y-parallax.
y-parallax
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Point numbering is critical in aerial triangulation. The following gives a scheme that will be used
in these exercises.
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31
11 21
Strip 1
32 42
12 22
33 43 4
23
1 13
14 24 34 44
Strip 2
35 45 3
1 25
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13. The first relative orientation point is located at Position 12 shown in the diagram above.
Set the Id on the relative orientation form to be 1_12. In the left overview, select a point
with the cursor in the left overview located approximately in Position 12. . The cursor is
different in the photogrammetry software. It appears as a diagonal cross. Click with a
data point in the left overview. The location appears in the left intermediate view. Click
the middle mouse button in the left middle view and the view enters roam mode. Roam
until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of
contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the
left intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by
clicking the data button in the left detail view.
A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left column.
14. In the right overview, select a point with the cursor in the right overview located
approximately in Position 12. Click with a data point in the right overview. The location
appears in the right intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the right
intermediate view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail
point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line
marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the right intermediate view. The
point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the
right detail view.
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A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the right column as
shown below.
15. The second relative orientation point is located at Position 22 shown in the diagram above.
Set the Id on the relative orientation form to be 1_22. In the left overview, select a point
with the cursor in the left overview located approximately in Position 22. . The cursor is
different in the photogrammetry software. It appears as a diagonal cross. Click with a
data point in the left overview. The location appears in the left intermediate view. Click
the middle mouse button in the left middle view and the view enters roam mode. Roam
until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of
contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the
left intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by
clicking the data button in the left detail view.
A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left column for
point 1_22.
16. In the right overview, select a point with the cursor in the right overview located
approximately in Position 22. Click with a data point in the right overview. The location
appears in the right intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the right
intermediate view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail
point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line
marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the right intermediate view. The
point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the
right detail view.
A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the right column for
point 1_22.
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17. Repeat steps 13 and 14 until points 1 to 6 have been measured.
A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left and right columns for points 1 to 6.
When 6 points have been measure the software computes a solution. Most of the time, this solution will look
pretty good. Don’t believe it. Six points are not enough to statistically assess an RO solution. You need at
least nine points.
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A close-up of the relative orientation window is seen below
18. Measure three additional points. These points can be randomly distributed in the model.
Every relative orientation solution generates a statistics report, starting with y-parallax for every
point and an overall pointing accuracy, sigma. The system will compare these to the project
limits you previously set up in Photogrammetric Project Manager and will indicate a warning
if the solution exceeds either limit. If you have a good solution, these statistics will be small.
However, the converse is not always true: having great statistics doesn’t mean you have a good
solution. The proof is in the y-parallax observed: Drive around the model, especially the edges,
and spot-check your parallax in the stereo views wearing the stereo glasses. More statistics are
shown on the Additional Relative Orientation Parameters dialog box (available by clicking on
the More button
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20. Check that you have a good relative orientation solution, and that there is no parallax in
the model. Various problems can occur with relative orientation
♦= Bad Statistics
♦= Revisit the points you’ve measured. Sometimes a fresh look will reveal parallax or a
mismeasurement that you didn’t see before.
♦= If you have used buddy points, look at the residuals on buddy pairs. If the residuals in a
buddy pair are similar, then there are probably systematic errors affecting your solution.
Without systematic errors, the residuals will look much more random.
♦= Bad statistics but RO points look good
♦= This is a little unusual, but it can happen. First of all, measure at least nine points. The
parallax values from a weak RO solution really don’t tell you anything. But even with
plenty of measurements, a bad point may not have the largest parallax if it is at the edge
of the model. This means that the obvious strategy of remeasuring those points with the
highest parallax simply won’t work. The way to find the bad point is to withhold points,
one by one, reinstating each before withholding the next, until the solution suddenly
improves. The point you just withheld will now have a much larger parallax than the
others.
♦= After this, if all your points look good yet you still have poor statistics, there may be a
problem with your IO, fiducial coordinates, principal point coordinates or image
corrections.
♦= Good statistics but the model still has parallax
♦= If you haven’t measured at least nine points, do so. Measure extra points in the areas
where you see parallax.
21. The average operator can obtain an average parallax measurement of 5 microns. Re-
measure, withhold and delete your measurements until you have a solution with sigma
less than 5 microns with at least 9 points measured, The system will state Good Solution.
22. When satisfied with the solution, press Apply on the Relative Orientation window.
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23. Press Close on the Relative Orientation window.
The Select Model window appears with the solution of the relative orientation entered.
24. Select Model Id 1~2+1~3. Enter O.K. and return to the Relative Orientation main
window.
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25. The measurement technique used in relative orientation after the first model is different.
The points on one picture are frozen, and the conjugate point has to be measured on the second
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31
11 21
Strip 1
32 42
12 22
33 43 4
23
1 13
14 24 34 44
Strip 2
35 45 3
1 25
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image. For example points 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, and 23 were measured on the first model. In the
second model, points 21, 22, and 23 are fixed in position on the left photograph and measured
only on the right photograph. Points 31, 32 and 33 are measured on both photographs.
26. On the second model, the left picture is held fixed, and has marks on it as shown below.
All measurements are made on the right picture.
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The following view shows points 1_11, 1_12, and 1_13 as being measured on the left photograph
only. There are no conjugate points to measure in the right photo of the second model. Points
1_21, 1_22, 1_23, 1_31, 1_32, and 1_33 are measured on both photographs in the second model.
The following view shows points 1_21, 1_22, 1_23, 1_31, 1_32, 1_33 measured on the second
model
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27. Press the right mouse button to enter the short-cut menu. Select grab point and point to
the point you wish to measure. The system will position the Relative Orientation form on
the correct measurement. The Relative Orientation form will appear as below on the
second model.
27 Measure models 1~1+1~2, 1~2+1~3, and 1~3+1~4. There should be less than 5 microns
parallax in the whole strip. Exit the relative orientation process and return to the Select
Models dialog box.
28. Select Model Id 2~1+2~2. Press O.K.
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29. The second strip does not automatically tie to the first strip. Lateral tie points 1_13 and
1_23 may occur in the first model on the second strip. They have to be measured independently
in the second strip. Locate each point and measure it. In the example shown here, point 1_13
only occurs in the left photograph of the first model. Point 1_23 occurs on the left and right
photograph of the first model.
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30. Measure relative orientation points in Models 2~1+2~2, and 2~2+2~3. Make sure that
all relative orientation results are below a sigma of 5 microns. At the completion of the
aerial triangulation process, the Select Models dialog box should look similar to that
shown below.
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Exercise 5 AERIAL TRIANGULATION, ADJUSTMENT
In this exercise, you will learn how to adjust the block of photography. This will include photo
triangulation. Photo Triangulation (PhotoT) has three areas of functionality: triangularion,
densify and bulk orient. Triangulation allows you to orient a block of photos simultaneously,
using standard least-squares techniques. The triangulation software comes with tools for quality
control, editing and reporting. Densify allows you to convert triangulated pass points to control
points. This, in turn, allows you to run RO and AO on individual models. Bulk Orient performs
IO, RO, AO or resection, on all photos. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control
data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with seven softcopy photogrammetry
images of Glendale, Arizona scanned at 15 microns. The camera data from the camera
calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given
in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. The relative
orientation of the block was performed in exercise 3. The ground-control points were measured
in exercise 4.
OBJECTIVES
♦= Adjust a block of aerial photography.

♦= Densify control points.
♦= Bulk load orientation parameters for each model.
♦=
♦=

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The ImageStation Digital Mensuration Dialog Box is opened.
4. To begin the triangulation process, select Orientations Photo

Triangulation Triangulation. Double-click.
54
5. Use the Select Photos dialog box to specify which photos to process. You may wish to
begin by triangulating sub-blocks rather than the entire project. Press O.K.
The Photo Triangulation Results dialog box opens.
55
6. Select Options (lower left corner). The Photo Triangulation Options form appears.
Select the following items:
Adjustment Mode: It is good practice to run in relative mode first, to search for blunders in your
pass and tie points, before running in absolute mode. If you have enough control for the
photos you can then set the adjustment mode to Absolute. Set the Adjustment Mode to
Relative.
Enable Given EO: If you have good approximate EO parameters, turn Enable Given EO on. If
you suspect that your given EO parameters are causing the solution to fail, turn it off.
Set Enable Given EO to on.
Enable Error Detection: This tells the system whether to automatically search for blunders while
it solves. This is normally left on, unless it seems to be eliminating good points. Points
that are removed from the adjustment are labeled “Blunder” in the Status column and
are treated as withheld points. Set Enable Error Detection to on.
Enable Matrix Inversion: To save time if you are processing large blocks, you may turn Enable
Matrix Inversion off to prevent the system from computing standard deviations until you
have a decent solution. Later, when you need them, you can turn it back on. Set Enable
Matrix Inversion to on.
Enable Compute On Edit: This determines whether a new solution is computed whenever you
make an edit. Whether you turn this on or off is a matter of convenience. Set Enable
Compute On Edit to on.
Enable 3d Approximations: This determines whether a approximations are used for the ground
control points. Set Enable 3d Approximations to on.
Threshholds for Display: These act as filters for the results screens and reports. With these
turned on, you will only see points with residuals that exceed these thresholds. Set
Thresholds for Display to off.
56
Decimal Precision Reporting: These values control the number of places displayed to the right of
the decimal place in dialog boxes and reports. Set Image Point Statistics to 1. Set
Object Point Statistics to 3.
7. Press O.K. The Photo Triangulation Results form reappears.
8. Select Compute to compute a new solution.
The Solution Progress dialog box will appear:
57
9. Read the last line of processing results to confirm that the system was able to
compute the solution. If a solution was computed, then the Photo Triangulation
Results dialog box will show the new results. If no solution was computed, then all the
results will represent old solutions or approximations. In this case, read the notes in the
Solution Progress dialog box to find out why the solution failed. You can then make
corrections and try again.
10. After you have successfully computed a solution, select Summary Statistics on the
Photo Triangulation Results dialog box to review the statistics and parameters. Most of
these pages are self-explanatory. The Summary Statistics page is the first place to look,
to see if the solution might be acceptable: In addition to checking the statistics (sigma,
RMS values, etc.), be sure to look at Photos Used and Photos Not Used. If one or more
photos has not been used, scan through the Solution Progress dialog box to see what
photos and points were eliminated. The RMS values should be less than 0.1 foot.
58
11. Select the Photo Statistics tab. The Photo Statistics page shows all the points measured
on a given photo along with the statistics related to the image measurements:
12. Select Headings to control what columns are displayed. You can control the widths of these
columns in the following ways:
• By grabbing the dividers between column headings (with the data button or left mouse button)
and dragging left or right.
• Size a column automatically to fit the largest entry by double clicking on the right-hand
column heading divider.
• Sort all rows according the entries in an individual column by clicking on that column’s
header.
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14. From the Photo Statistics, Object Statistics and Point Statistics pages you can select groups of
points and then Withhold, Reinstate and Delete to edit points.
15. Select the Object Statistics tab. The Object Statistics page shows all the object points and the
associated statistics: If you withhold a control point on the Object Statistics page of the Photo
Triangulation Results dialog box, only the control coordinates are withheld from the solution.
This has the same effect as converting it to a parallax point, so that its photo measurements are
still used in the solution.
60
16. Select the Point Statistics tab. The Point Statistics page shows all the points (not just
those measured on a given photo) and the associated statistics.
61
17. Select the Exterior Orientation tab. The Exterior Orientation page shows the EO parameters
for all photos:
18. Select Apply from the Photo Triangulation Results dialog box to save the results. This
writes the computed EO parameters to the data files and writes the tie points to a special
file called “triang” that can be used later for densification. To reset your results back to
when you last saved, select Reset. Select Reports to save results in a printable form.
(Note that the settings in Options Thresholds for Display apply to the reports as well.)
19. Refine the adjustment process until you have a good solution. The RMS value set in the
project setup was 0.1 foot. The system will tell you when you have a satisfactory
solution.
20. When the solution is successful, select Reports. The following form will display.
20. Select all the statistics to be on. Press Display.
62
The following form displays.
21. Select Save to store the report to file, or Print to output to a printer.
63
FOOTNOTES
♦= Densify
Densification converts all triangulated pass points and tie points to control points:
If you wish to replace your Given EO parameters with the computed EO parameters, select
Overwrite Given EO. (Note: this does not affect the computed EO parameters, which were
already written to the data files when you selected Apply.)
In addition to converting pass points and tie points to control points, you can overwrite existing
control point coordinates with the adjusted coordinates from your last block adjustment. To do
this, select Overwrite Control Points. You should consider the following:
•= Before you overwrite your control points, be sure that you have the original coordinates
stored elsewhere.
•= By overwriting your control point coordinates with the adjusted values, you will have a more
consistent data set for further work.
By selecting the appropriate buttons, you can use computed or keyed-in standard deviations for
the control points that are written to the data files. In general, it is better to use the computed
standard deviations.
♦= Bulk Orient
This facility allows you to perform IO and Resection on all selected photos, and RO and AO on
all selected models. The workflow is simpler than the reasons for doing these things, so that’s
what we’ll discuss first.
Select Orientations Photo Triangulation Bulk Orient. Select the orientations to run. If
you need to review the results, you can do so through IO, RO, AO or Resection.
64
There are various reasons for running bulk orientations.

IO: If you discover an error that affects the interior orientations of a number of photographs, such
as an incorrect fiducial coordinate, you can correct the problem using the Bulk Orient facility.
First, however, select Tools Options…Interior Existing Photo Measurements Hold at
Pixel Position to allow the system to move photo coordinates when it reruns IO. Next, select
Orientations Photo Triangulations Bulk Orient Interior Orientation. If you want to
run other orientations, using the existing PhotoT settings, select them as well. Select OK to run
the selected orientations.
RO and AO: After running photo triangulation, each photo will have orientation parameters that
match the rest of the block. However, these parameters might not give you the best model setups.
To minimize the y parallax in each model, you can run RO and then AO for all models by
selecting Orientations Photo Triangulations Bulk Orient and then selecting Relative
Orientation and Absolute Orientation. You should normally do bulk RO and AO together,
since one without the other may produce spurious results.
You should note that by re-solving each model like this, you are reducing the internal consistency
in the whole block. There is no universally accepted answer to the question of whether you
should run RO and AO after a block adjustment; it depends on the quality of the project data and
whether the models will be viewed again in stereo for feature or DTM collection.
Resection: This is not commonly needed, but there is at least one occasion when it is important:
When you plan to produce orthophotos from small-scale (i.e. high-altitude) imagery and you are
applying the earth curvature correction. Due to the different effects of the earth curvature
correction on a block and a single photo, there will be subtle shifts in the orientation angles. By
running bulk resection after a block adjustment, you will be using the best local EO parameters
for each photo.
♦= Evaluating Triangulation results

Examine the residuals, standardized residuals, sum of redundancy, RMS values, and sigma to
determine the accuracy of the solution. If each of the values falls within the ranges specified by
your manager, save the solution by selecting the Apply or OK button. If the results are poor, see
Analyzing a Block Adjustment, below.
♦= Analyzing a Block Adjustment

To analyze a block adjustment, you will systematically eliminate possible sources of errors. You
will begin the process by systematically eliminating the most probable source of errors until all
the errors have been identified. This section contains an overview of the process followed by a
step-by-step description.
To eliminate errors in the following operating sequence, begin by using blunder detection and
performing conventional editing. This should include studying the Solution Progress dialog box
and the Photo Triangulation Results dialog box. If the results are satisfactory, save the
adjustment. If not, recompute the block by running a relative adjustment to prove control point
errors. If the results of the relative adjustment are satisfactory, then the error must be in the
control so you must find and correct any control errors. If the results of the relative adjustment
65
are not satisfactory, search for errors in the pass/tie points, using conventional editing and
analysis.
Next, if the pass/tie data is still erroneous, subdivide the block into sub-blocks, strips, or groups
of connected photos to isolate the errors. Within the smaller blocks of data, you continue to apply
blunder detection, conventional editing, and analysis to isolate errors. Finally, if the data is still
not satisfactory, search for errors in the lens distortion parameters, reseau measurements, earth
radius, and so forth. After finding errors and producing a satisfactory results, you will retrace
your steps by rebuilding your block and then running an absolute adjustment.
All of the recommendations given here depend on your having plenty of measurements. If you
have not measured enough points to withhold or delete points as recommended, you may have to
simply go back to RO and measure some more. The degrees of freedom (DOF), reported on the
Summary Statistics dialog box, indicates roughly how many extra measurements you have per
photo. As a rule of thumb, you should have at least three (3) degrees of freedom per photo in a
block adjustment.
Note: Even though you can use residuals on measured points to help identify bad points, you
should not eliminate any measured point simply because it has high residuals. Instead, if you
suspect that a point is bad, withhold it from the solution and then look at its residuals. If its
residuals (as a withheld point) are much higher, and especially if the quality of the remaining
solution improves noticeably, then it is not consistent with the rest of your data, and you should
consider removing it. (This applies only if the remaining solution has one or more degrees of
freedom.)
Another factor to consider is the effect that removing a point, or a group of points, will have on
the rest of the solution. For example, you should avoid removing all the points on one side of a
model or photo, or all the points near the top or bottom. If you encounter a situation where all the
points in such an area are bad, you should go back to RO and measure new points to replace the
bad ones, then return to PhotoT.
♦= Blunder Detection
On the Photo Triangulation Results form, select Options… Enable Error Detection.
Select Compute to run the block adjustment. On the Point Statistics page of the Photo
Triangulation Results dialog box, sort on the Status column to group the blunders, select them
all and withhold them. For each blunder, note both the point ID and the photos on which it is
measured. Go back to RO or AO and remeasure these points on these photos. Return to
PhotoT and recompute. If the solution is still unsatisfactory, go to the next step.
♦= Relative Block Adjustment

On the Options dialog box, select Adjustment Relative and deselect Enable Error
Detection to run a relative block adjustment without blunder detection. Select OK on the
Options dialog box, then Compute on the Photo Triangulation Results dialog box. If the
solution is now satisfactory, go to “Find and Correct Errors in Control Points,” below. If the
solution is still unsatisfactory, go to “Edit Pass and Tie Points,” below.
♦= Find and Correct Errors in Control Points

Method I, faster but less effective:
Choose three well-distributed full (XYZ) control points for the block or sub-block you are
solving. On the Object Statistics page of the Photo Triangulation Results dialog box,
withhold all but these three control points. (This temporarily converts all the withheld control
points into pass points.) Set the adjustment mode to Absolute on the Photo Triangulation
Options dialog box and recompute the block adjustment. If the results are satisfactory, then
these three control points are good. If the results are not good, choose a different set of
66
control points. Once you have a good set of control points, add two or three more to the
solution, maintaining a good distribution. Recompute the block adjustment. If the results are
worse, then there is a problem with one of your control points. Withhold each of these five or
siz points one at a time (reinstating before withholding the next) to see which point degrades
the solution, and leave that point withheld. Assuming that you now have satisfactory results,
i.e. a set of good control points, reinstate the withheld control points two or three at a time.
Any time the solution deteriorates suddenly, withhold the recently-reinstated points one at a
time and, as described above, remove any that are degrading the solution. As you proceed,
you may be able to isolate the worst control points. If so, leave them out of your solution. If
not (i.e., if the solution is still unsatisfactory), go to Correct Erroneous Parameters, below.
Method II, slower but more effective:
Exit the PhotoT environment by selecting OK (or Cancel) on the Photo Triangulation Results
dialog box. Select Edit Control Points and use the Edit Control Points dialog box to
convert all control points to check points. Select three well-distributed full (XYZ) points and
convert them back to control points. Exit this dialog box, return to triangulation, and set the
adjustment mode to Absolute on the Photo Triangulation Options dialog box. Recompute the
block adjustment. If the results are satisfactory, then these three control points are good. If
the results are not good, choose a different set of control points. Assuming that the results are
now satisfactory, scan the object points to see which check points are good and which ones
may have problems. (Hint: set your thresholds to filter out the good points, leaving only the
questionable points visible.) Choose a small number of well-distributed check points,
preferably with small residuals, reinstate them as control points, and recompute the block
adjustment. You will do this repeatedly, each time doing the following: assess the overall
adjustment to make sure that the control points are good, then assess the check points to see
which ones might be bad, then choose a few more good check points to add to the solution.
As you proceed, you may be able to isolate the worst control points. If so, leave them out of
your solution. If not (i.e., if the solution is still unsatisfactory), go to Correct Erroneous
Parameters, below.
Comparison of methods I and II:
The reason why method II is more effective than method I is that you get more information
about the points you have just removed (i.e. withheld or converted to check points). As check
points, they will have object space residuals, and you can use these to more intelligently add
them back into the solution. When you withhold them, you then have to simply experiment
and watch the quality of the solution.
♦= Edit Pass and Tie Points

On the Options dialog box, select the adjustment mode to Relative and set error (blunder)
detection to Off. Sort the results for points with high residuals (setting your thresholds to
view only points with high residuals). Check these points by withholding them. If the
residuals on a point jump and the remaining solution improves (see Note, above), remove the
point.
If the solution is still unsatisfactory after you have done this, go to the next step.
♦= Subdivide to Isolate Bad Points

Divide and conquer: split your block in half and solve each sub-block. At least one of them
will still have a poor solution, so split it again. Continue this until you have isolated the
problem into manageable sub-blocks. Use the techniques already described to identify and
remove the errors. Unless you have dense control, you may have to run most of the sub-
blocks in relative mode.
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This technique will not isolate mismatched points between sub-blocks. For this reason, when
you rebuild your original block you should add only a few sub-blocks at a time, watching
your results as you go. If the solution is now satisfactory, go to Find and Correct Errors in
Control Points, above. If the solution is still unsatisfactory, go to the next step.
♦= Correct Erroneous Parameters

If the preceding steps have not eliminated the errors, check your project and camera
parameters, such as lens distortions or coefficients, earth radius, given EO parameters, etc. for
spurious values. If, after doing this, the solution is still unsatisfactory, start over with Blunder
Detection, above. If the solution is now satisfactory, go to Find and Correct Errors in Control
Points, above.
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Aerial Triangulation Training Manual – Laboratory
APPENDIX I
Photo-T Parameters and Results for Project arizona
Parameters
Parameter X Y Z XY
RMS Control 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001
RMS Check 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
RMS Limits 0.100 0.100 0.100
Mean Std Dev 0.000 0.000 0.000
Max Residual 0.001 0.004 0.001
Residual Limits 0.100 0.100 0.100
RMS Image 3.9 4.6
Key Statistics
Sigma: 8.1
Number of iterations: 3
Degrees of Freedom: 38
Solution Successful.
Current Count
Control Points: 6
Check Points: 0
Photos Used: 7
Photos Not Used: 0
Observations: 70
Cameras used: (1).
Camera Id Lens Distortion

arizona On
Project Settings
Linear Units: Feet

Angular Units: Degrees
Atm Refraction: On
Earth Curvature: On
69
Photo Statistics
Strip Id: 1 Photo Id: 1 Status: Used
Point Id Status Type Class Vx Vy V(xy) # Rays SVx SVy rx ry x-coord y-coord
1_11 Measured Pass 4.6 -0.2 4.6 2 -92.6 14.2
1_12 Measured Pass -5.9 0.2 5.9 2 1.4 -1.8
1_13 Measured Pass 4.8 5.4 7.3 3 88.1 -6.5
1_21 Measured Pass -2.9 -0.4 2.9 3 -87.3 88.1
1_22 Measured Pass -0.3 8.9 8.9 3 6.3 83.1
1_23 Measured Pass -2.3 -12.9 13.1 5 95.1 77.5
5018 Measured Control XYZ 3.4 2.1 4.0 5 99.3 72.7
5019 Measured Control XYZ -1.5 -3.1 3.4 3 -50.3 80.4
1_11 Measured Pass -4.6 0.0 4.6 2 -93.0 -72.7
1_12 Measured Pass 5.9 -0.1 5.9 2 0.9 -86.3
1_13 Measured Pass -6.1 0.4 6.1 3 87.8 -89.7
1_21 Measured Pass 3.7 0.9 3.8 3 -89.7 0.8
1_22 Measured Pass -0.7 -17.6 17.6 3 3.6 -1.9
1_23 Measured Pass 1.7 11.5 11.6 5 92.6 -5.8
1_31 Measured Pass 2.6 -0.9 2.8 3 -87.2 89.5
1_32 Measured Pass -1.8 3.9 4.3 3 -14.0 79.7
1_33 Measured Pass -3.0 1.2 3.3 3 79.5 90.5
5018 Measured Control XYZ 3.7 -6.0 7.1 5 97.0 -10.2
5019 Measured Control XYZ -1.3 6.5 6.6 3 -52.8 -5.8
1_21 Measured Pass -0.8 -0.5 0.9 3 -88.4 -86.8
1_22 Measured Pass 1.2 8.7 8.8 3 4.7 -89.0
1_23 Measured Pass 5.4 -8.7 10.2 5 94.4 -93.0
1_31 Measured Pass 0.6 1.7 1.8 3 -87.0 1.6
1_32 Measured Pass 1.9 -7.8 8.0 3 -14.0 -7.9
1_33 Measured Pass 3.6 -2.4 4.4 3 79.9 3.7
1_41 Measured Pass -2.9 0.0 2.9 2 -101.7 96.3
1_42 Measured Pass -0.4 0.0 0.4 2 -8.5 82.4
1_43 Measured Pass 0.3 0.0 0.3 2 90.4 86.0
5014 Measured Control XYZ 1.3 3.9 4.1 2 -54.5 59.0
5015 Measured Control XYZ -8.3 -0.4 8.3 4 89.6 58.2
5018 Measured Control XYZ -1.5 3.0 3.3 5 98.9 -97.1
1_31 Measured Pass -3.1 -0.8 3.2 3 -92.4 -85.2
1_32 Measured Pass 0.0 3.9 3.9 3 -18.4 -95.6
1_33 Measured Pass -0.6 1.2 1.4 3 75.1 -85.0
1_41 Measured Pass 2.8 -0.1 2.8 2 -106.2 10.6
1_42 Measured Pass 0.4 0.0 0.4 2 -12.0 -5.3
1_43 Measured Pass -0.3 0.0 0.3 2 86.0 -3.6
5014 Measured Control XYZ -2.1 -4.0 4.5 2 -58.7 -27.7
5015 Measured Control XYZ 3.0 -0.2 3.0 4 85.0 -30.9
70
1_13 Measured Pass 1.4 -6.0 6.1 3 -93.5 -53.4
1_23 Measured Pass 1.5 -0.2 1.5 5 -88.7 30.4
1_24 Measured Pass -5.0 0.1 5.0 2 -14.7 29.3
1_25 Measured Pass -3.6 0.0 3.6 2 102.8 22.7
1_33_1 Measured Pass 3.5 0.3 3.6 3 -82.5 96.9
1_34 Measured Pass -2.3 1.8 3.0 3 -10.0 99.3
1_35 Measured Pass 5.6 -3.4 6.6 3 98.9 85.9
5017 Measured Control XYZ -1.6 5.1 5.4 2 60.1 21.5
5018 Measured Control XYZ 0.5 2.3 2.3 5 -83.7 25.9
1_23 Measured Pass -6.8 10.5 12.5 5 -87.1 -60.1
1_24 Measured Pass 5.0 0.0 5.0 2 -13.6 -59.9
1_25 Measured Pass 3.5 0.0 3.5 2 105.4 -64.5
1_33_1 Measured Pass -5.4 -0.7 5.4 3 -82.2 7.1
1_34 Measured Pass -7.9 -3.5 8.6 3 -9.7 10.8
1_35 Measured Pass -5.9 6.6 8.8 3 101.3 -0.4
1_43_1 Measured Pass 4.1 0.0 4.1 2 -83.0 77.4
1_44 Measured Pass 1.9 0.0 1.9 2 -19.4 78.5
1_45 Measured Pass -0.9 0.0 0.9 2 93.1 74.6
5015 Measured Control XYZ -2.1 -1.1 2.4 4 -91.9 88.0
5016 Measured Control XYZ 8.5 -2.0 8.7 2 63.8 84.6
5017 Measured Control XYZ -2.0 -2.3 3.1 2 61.9 -66.3
5018 Measured Control XYZ 8.1 -7.5 11.0 5 -82.2 -64.2
1_33_1 Measured Pass 1.8 0.3 1.8 3 -86.5 -87.4
1_34 Measured Pass 10.1 1.6 10.3 3 -12.9 -83.7
1_35 Measured Pass 0.3 -3.3 3.3 3 98.3 -94.7
1_43_1 Measured Pass -4.0 0.1 4.0 2 -86.1 -16.1
1_44 Measured Pass -1.9 0.0 1.9 2 -22.0 -15.5
1_45 Measured Pass 0.9 0.0 0.9 2 89.8 -19.3
5016 Measured Control XYZ -6.9 -2.6 7.4 2 60.8 -9.4
Object Statistics
Point Id Status Type Class VX VY VZ V(XYZ) Std Dev X Std Dev Y Std
Dev Z # Rays Computed X Computed Y Computed Z Given X Given Y Given Z SVX SVY
SVZ RX RY RZ
1_11 Pass
2 514846.087 127655.701 1178.287
1_12 Pass
2 514663.073 126137.951 1163.902
1_13 Pass
3 514654.135 124754.915 1169.516
1_21 Pass
3 516030.225 127623.623 1182.112
1_22 Pass
3 516020.625 126125.273 1170.717
1_23 Pass
5 515990.434 124714.856 1174.266
1_24 Pass
2 516003.089 123534.180 1168.219
1_25 Pass
2 515943.722 121610.362 1154.138
1_31 Pass
71
3 517452.718 127612.289 1179.691

1_32 Pass
3 517312.896 126434.899 1178.021
1_33 Pass
3 517509.411 124957.133 1172.398
1_33_1 Pass
3 517070.110 124650.410 1167.196
1_34 Pass
3 517142.213 123483.946 1171.569
1_35 Pass
3 516979.530 121695.412 1164.412
1_41 Pass
2 518967.942 127858.326 1185.029
1_42 Pass
2 518745.361 126360.174 1179.343
1_43 Pass
2 518800.486 124809.830 1174.446
1_43_1 Pass
2 518198.257 124669.548 1172.839
1_44 Pass
2 518223.833 123648.966 1176.439
1_45 Pass
2 518187.684 121838.275 1161.906
5014 Measured Control XYZ 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001
2 518375.020 127094.170 1177.939 518375.020 127094.170 1177.940
5015 Measured Control XYZ 0.000 -0.002 0.001 0.002
4 518367.140 124815.548 1170.661 518367.140 124815.550 1170.660
5016 Measured Control XYZ 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001
2 518341.321 122312.650 1164.370 518341.320 122312.650 1164.370
5017 Measured Control XYZ -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.001
2 515907.439 122313.819 1156.050 515907.440 122313.820 1156.050
5018 Measured Control XYZ 0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.004
5 515921.581 124639.164 1165.070 515921.580 124639.160 1165.070
5019 Measured Control XYZ -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.002
3 515937.869 127029.159 1171.651 515937.870 127029.160 1171.650
Point Statistics
Point Id Strip Id Photo Id Status Type Class Vx Vy V(xy) # Rays VX

VY VZ V(XYZ) SVx SVy rx ry
1_11 1 1 Measured Pass 4.6 -0.2 4.6 2
1_11 1 2 Measured Pass -4.6 0.0 4.6 2
1_12 1 1 Measured Pass -5.9 0.2 5.9 2
1_12 1 2 Measured Pass 5.9 -0.1 5.9 2
1_13 1 1 Measured Pass 4.8 5.4 7.3 3
1_13 1 2 Measured Pass -6.1 0.4 6.1 3
1_13 2 1 Measured Pass 1.4 -6.0 6.1 3
1_21 1 1 Measured Pass -2.9 -0.4 2.9 3
1_21 1 2 Measured Pass 3.7 0.9 3.8 3
1_21 1 3 Measured Pass -0.8 -0.5 0.9 3
1_22 1 1 Measured Pass -0.3 8.9 8.9 3
1_22 1 2 Measured Pass -0.7 -17.6 17.6 3
1_22 1 3 Measured Pass 1.2 8.7 8.8 3
1_23 1 1 Measured Pass -2.3 -12.9 13.1 5
1_23 1 2 Measured Pass 1.7 11.5 11.6 5
1_23 1 3 Measured Pass 5.4 -8.7 10.2 5
1_23 2 1 Measured Pass 1.5 -0.2 1.5 5
1_23 2 2 Measured Pass -6.8 10.5 12.5 5
1_24 2 1 Measured Pass -5.0 0.1 5.0 2
1_24 2 2 Measured Pass 5.0 0.0 5.0 2
1_25 2 1 Measured Pass -3.6 0.0 3.6 2
1_25 2 2 Measured Pass 3.5 0.0 3.5 2
1_31 1 2 Measured Pass 2.6 -0.9 2.8 3
1_31 1 3 Measured Pass 0.6 1.7 1.8 3
72
1_31 1 4 Measured Pass -3.1 -0.8 3.2 3

1_32 1 2 Measured Pass -1.8 3.9 4.3 3
1_32 1 3 Measured Pass 1.9 -7.8 8.0 3
1_32 1 4 Measured Pass 0.0 3.9 3.9 3
1_33 1 2 Measured Pass -3.0 1.2 3.3 3
1_33 1 3 Measured Pass 3.6 -2.4 4.4 3
1_33 1 4 Measured Pass -0.6 1.2 1.4 3
1_33_1 2 1 Measured Pass 3.5 0.3 3.6 3
1_33_1 2 2 Measured Pass -5.4 -0.7 5.4 3
1_33_1 2 3 Measured Pass 1.8 0.3 1.8 3
1_34 2 1 Measured Pass -2.3 1.8 3.0 3
1_34 2 2 Measured Pass -7.9 -3.5 8.6 3
1_34 2 3 Measured Pass 10.1 1.6 10.3 3
1_35 2 1 Measured Pass 5.6 -3.4 6.6 3
1_35 2 2 Measured Pass -5.9 6.6 8.8 3
1_35 2 3 Measured Pass 0.3 -3.3 3.3 3
1_41 1 3 Measured Pass -2.9 0.0 2.9 2
1_41 1 4 Measured Pass 2.8 -0.1 2.8 2
1_42 1 3 Measured Pass -0.4 0.0 0.4 2
1_42 1 4 Measured Pass 0.4 0.0 0.4 2
1_43 1 3 Measured Pass 0.3 0.0 0.3 2
1_43 1 4 Measured Pass -0.3 0.0 0.3 2
1_43_1 2 2 Measured Pass 4.1 0.0 4.1 2
1_43_1 2 3 Measured Pass -4.0 0.1 4.0 2
1_44 2 2 Measured Pass 1.9 0.0 1.9 2
1_44 2 3 Measured Pass -1.9 0.0 1.9 2
1_45 2 2 Measured Pass -0.9 0.0 0.9 2
1_45 2 3 Measured Pass 0.9 0.0 0.9 2
5014 1 3 Measured Control XYZ 1.3 3.9 4.1 2 0.000
0.000 -0.001 0.001
5014 1 4 Measured Control XYZ -2.1 -4.0 4.5 2 0.000
0.000 -0.001 0.001
5015 1 3 Measured Control XYZ -8.3 -0.4 8.3 4 0.000 -
0.002 0.001 0.002
5015 1 4 Measured Control XYZ 3.0 -0.2 3.0 4 0.000 -
0.002 0.001 0.002
5015 2 2 Measured Control XYZ -2.1 -1.1 2.4 4 0.000 -
0.002 0.001 0.002
5015 2 3 Measured Control XYZ -0.5 3.8 3.8 4 0.000 -
0.002 0.001 0.002
5016 2 2 Measured Control XYZ 8.5 -2.0 8.7 2 0.001
0.000 0.000 0.001
5016 2 3 Measured Control XYZ -6.9 -2.6 7.4 2 0.001
0.000 0.000 0.001
5017 2 1 Measured Control XYZ -1.6 5.1 5.4 2 -0.001 -
0.001 0.000 0.001
5017 2 2 Measured Control XYZ -2.0 -2.3 3.1 2 -0.001 -
0.001 0.000 0.001
0.004 -0.001 0.004
0.004 -0.001 0.004
5018 1 3 Measured Control XYZ -1.5 3.0 3.3 5 0.001
0.004 -0.001 0.004
0.004 -0.001 0.004
0.004 -0.001 0.004
5019 1 1 Measured Control XYZ -1.5 -3.1 3.4 3 -0.001 -
0.001 0.001 0.002
0.001 0.001 0.002
0.001 0.001 0.002
73
Exterior Orientation
Strip Id Photo Id X Y Z Omega Phi Kappa Status Given

X Given Y Given Z Given Omega Given Phi Given Kappa VX VY VZ VOmega VPhi VKappa
1 1 514697.272 126137.234 3616.618 0.563 0.166 -87.237 Used
1 2 516060.769 126150.175 3615.339 0.786 0.263 -88.736 Used
1 3 517450.727 126161.329 3605.660 1.242 0.248 -89.466 Used
1 4 518829.297 126160.810 3600.643 0.251 -0.066 -88.920 Used
2 1 515504.196 123318.547 3632.086 -0.744 -0.731 -88.766 Used
2 2 516973.814 123324.568 3627.208 0.032 0.091 -89.411 Used
2 3 518435.256 123328.027 3631.179 -0.642 -0.992 -89.088 Used
74

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MAPPING SCIENCES CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

Exercise 1 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROJECT MANAGER

♦= Create a new project for triangulation

GATHERING PROJECT DATA

1. On the NT desktop, click Start > Programs >

The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog

Select File>New Project.

The new project window opens.

6. Set Acceptable IO Limits to default. Set Acceptable RO Limits to default. Set

ACCEPTABLE IO LIMITS Max Sigmo Max Residual

ACCEPTABLE RO LIMITS Max Sigma Max Y-Parallax

ACCEPTABLE AO/BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT LEVEL

7. Leave the Default User Points form blank. Press Finish.

8. The New Project Wizard Form Displays. Press Yes.

The system responds with the following form.

9. Select Camera Wizard from the Edit pulldown menu.

The Camera Wizard Form appears.

10. Enter Camera Name as arizona. Press Next.

fiducial: 1 -106.004 -106.012

Distortion Input_Mode: angular

Distortion_Spacing: 0 7.5 15 22.7 30 35 40

15. The New Camera Wizard Form displays. Press Yes.

16 In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Camera

17. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Photo

The Edit Photo window appears. Click Yes.

20. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Model

22. The Model ID 1~1+1~2 is automatically generated. In Left Epipolar Image,

23. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window, select Edit>Control

The completed table is as follows.

25. Add all Control Points, and press O.K.

26. Exit from ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager.

Exercise 2 MODEL SET-UP, INNER ORIENTATION

♦= View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail.

1. On the NT desktop, click Start > Programs >

The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.

2. Select File>Open Project.

3. Select the Project Name as Arizona. Press Open.

4. Select Orientations>Interior. Double-click.

The Select Photos form displays.

5. Select Strip 1, Photo 1. Press OK.

The following image displays on the screen.

interior orientation or intermediate

The measurement records in the inner orientation window.

The Ineer orientation box should look as follows.

On completion, the table should look as the form above.

Exercise 3 MODEL SET-UP, RELATIVE ORIENTATION

♦= View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail.

3. On the NT desktop, click Start > Programs >

The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.

4. Select File>Open Project.

3. Select the Project Name as Arizona. Press Open.

4. Select Orientations>Relative. Double-click.

The Select Photos form displays.

5. Select Model Id 1~1+1~2. Press OK.

The following image displays on the screen.

interior orientation or intermediate

The following configuration should be used to measure points