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General Chemistry Module 18
General Chemistry Module 18
Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 18:
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Prepared by:
Rafael A. Domingo
Teacher II
Talugtog Solsona National High School
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 18: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
First Edition, 2020
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies
to Know you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to solve problems involving:
a. Partial pressure and total pressure
b. Partial pressures and mole fractions of a gas in a mixture
What I Know
This part of the module is a pre-assessment activity that allows your teacher
to determine your strengths, weaknesses, knowledge and skills about Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.
1. A container holds three gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium. The
partial pressures of the three gases are 2.00 atm, 3.00 atm, and 4.00 atm,
respectively. What is the total pressure inside the container?
a. 2.00 atm b. 4.00 atm c. 3.00 atm d. 9.00 atm
2. A mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen, and water vapor has a total pressure of 864
mmHg. The partial pressure of hydrogen is 220. mmHg and that of nitrogen
is 410. mmHg. What is the partial pressure of water vapor?
a. 234 mmHg b. 1.37 mmHg c. 2.64 mmHg d. 1490 mmHg
4. A container is filled with H2, and H2O. Calculate the partial pressure of H2
when the pressure of water is 17 mm Hg. The total pressure of the gases is
750 mm Hg.
a. 767.5 mm Hg c. 733 mm Hg
b. 42.86 mm Hg d. 633 mmHg
7. The total pressure of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is 400.0 kPa.
What is the partial pressure of nitrogen if the pressure of oxygen is 150.0
kPa?
a. 400.0 kPa b. 550.0 kPa c. 250.0 kPa d. 101.3 kPa
8. What is the volume of the dry gas if 1.55 moles of hydrogen with a volume
of 2.55 L is collected over water at 25.0ºC? The atmospheric pressure is
measured as 765.0 mm Hg.
a. 38.9 L b. 37.7 L c. 5.18 L d. 3.26 L
For Questions 9-10
Deep-sea divers must use special gas mixtures in their tanks, rather than
compressed air, to avoid serious problems, most notably a condition called “the
bends.” At depths of about 350 ft, divers are subject to a pressure of approximately
10 atm. A typical gas cylinder used for such depths contains 51.2 g of O2 and 326.4
g of He and has a volume of 10.0 L. What is the partial pressure of each gas at
20.00°C, and what is the total pressure in the cylinder at this temperature?
9. What is the number of moles of He and O2 present?
a. 81.54mol, 1.60mol b. 54.81mol, 6.10mol
c. 83.54mol, 2.60mol d. 81.54mol, 1.60mol
10. What is total pressure of the gaseous mixture?
a. 200.1 atm b. 300.1 atm
c. 350.1 atm d. 400.1 atm
Lesson Dalton’s Law of Partial
18 Pressures
In our previous lesson, we look carefully the properties of gases. We had seen
how these properties lead to various types of laws. We have considered laws that
describe the behaviour of gases. We have focused entirely on the properties of pure
gases with only a single chemical species. But what happens when two or more gases
are mixed? In this section, we describe how to determine the contribution of each
gas present to the total pressure of the mixture.
What’s In
Let us revisit some necessary skills and concepts you have mastered from
your previous lesson.
Ideal Solution
Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution on a separate
sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.
1. How many moles are in 4.0 L sample of gas at 0.79 atm and 298 K?
2. What is the pressure of .35 moles of Ar at 325 K in a 4.6 L container?
What is New
Fire Extinguishers.
What is It
Partial Pressures
The ideal gas law assumes that all gases behave identically and that their
behavior is independent of attractive and repulsive forces. If volume and temperature
are held constant, the ideal gas equation can be rearranged to show that the pressure
of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present:
Equation 1
Nothing in the equation depends on the nature of the gas—only the amount.
With this assumption, let’s suppose we have a mixture of two ideal gases that
are present in equal amounts. What is the total pressure of the mixture? Because
the pressure depends on only the total number of particles of gas present, the total
pressure of the mixture will simply be twice the pressure of either component. More
generally, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases at a given temperature
and volume is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas alone. Furthermore, if
we know the volume, the temperature, and the number of moles of each gas in a
mixture, then we can calculate the pressure exerted by each gas individually, which
is its partial pressure, the pressure the gas would exert if it were the only one present
(at the same temperature and volume).
To summarize, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of
the partial pressures of component gases. This law was first discovered by John
Dalton, the father of the atomic theory of matter. It is now known as Dalton’s law of
partial pressures. We can write it mathematically as
Ptotal=P1+P2+P3+P4… Equation 2
where Ptotal is the total pressure and the other terms are the partial pressures of the
individual gases (up to n component gases).
Figure 1. Dalton’s Law. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual gases.
For a mixture of two ideal gases, A and B , we can write an expression for
the total pressure: Equation 3
Equation 4
Equation 6
Table 1
Sample Problem 1
Given the following data, solve the following. Show your complete solution.
Given: PH2= 23 torr P02= 736 torr
Find: Ptotal
Sample Problem 2
To find the amount of H2(g) produced, we need to correct the total pressure for
the amount of water vapor present. We know that Ptotal= PH2 + PH2O. In practice, we
measure pressure by adjusting the height of the tube or so that the levels of water
inside and outside the tube are equal. This means that the total pressure inside the
tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure (measured by a barometer).
Ptotal = P + P H2 H2O
P = Ptotal – P
H2 H2O
Sample Problem 3
Calculate the total pressure of a mixture that contains 2.5 g of He and 5.0 g of
Ar in a 7.00 L container at 20 OC.
Given: g He= 2.5 VL= 7.00 L
g Ar= 5.0 T= 20 OC
2.5g He x 1 mol He
= 0.625 mol He
4 g He
5.0 g Ar x 1 mol Ar
= 0.125 mol Ar
40 Ar
Change temperature to K
20 OC + 273 = 293 K
Compute: nRT
PV=nRT or P=
V
nRT
PHe=
V
nRT
PAr=
V
Equation 7
To see how mole fractions can help us understand the properties of gas
mixtures, let’s evaluate the ratio of the pressure of a gas A to the total pressure of a
gas mixture that contains A. We can use the ideal gas law to describe the pressures
of both gas A and the mixture: PA=(nA)RT/V and Ptotal=ntRT/V . The ratio of the two
is;
Equation 8
PA=ΧAPtotal Equation 9
That is, the partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is the total pressure
multiplied by the mole fraction of that gas. This conclusion is a direct result of the
ideal gas law, which assumes that all gas particles behave ideally. Consequently, the
pressure of a gas in a mixture depends on only the percentage of particles in the
mixture that are of that type, not their specific physical or chemical properties. By
volume, Earth’s atmosphere is about 78% N 2, 21% O2, and 0.9% Ar, with trace
amounts of gases such as CO2, H2O, and others. This means that 78% of the particles
present in the atmosphere are N2; hence the mole fraction of N2 is 78%/100% = 0.78.
Similarly, the mole fractions of O2 and Ar are 0.21 and 0.009, respectively. Using
Equation 9, we therefore know that the partial pressure of N 2 is 0.78 atm (assuming
an atmospheric pressure of exactly 760 mmHg) and, similarly, the partial pressures
of O2 and Ar are 0.21 and 0.009 atm, respectively.
Sample Problem 4
We have just calculated the partial pressures of the major gases in the air we
inhale. Experiments that measure the composition of the air we exhale yield different
results, however. The following table gives the measured pressures of the major gases
in both inhaled and exhaled air. Calculate the mole fractions of the gases in exhaled
air.
Given: pressures of gases in inhaled and exhaled air
Solution:
The mole fraction of any gas A is given by
PA
XA =
= Ptotal
where PA is the partial pressure of A and Ptotal is the total pressure. For example,
the mole fraction of CO2 is given as:
48 mmHg
XCO2= = 0.063
767 mmHg
The following table gives the values of X for the gases in the exhaled air.
Sample Problem 5
At a temperature of 300 K, 30 liters of gas A kept under pressure of 1 atm
and 15 liters of Gas B kept under pressure of 2 atm. Is transferred into an empty
10 L container. Calculate the total pressure inside the container and the partial
pressures of Gas A and Gas B (Assume that A and B are ideal gases).
Given: Gas A T= 300 K V= 30 L P =1 atm.
Gas B T= 300 K V= 15 L P =2 atm.
Calculate the total pressure inside the 10 L container = ?
Partial Pressure of A = ? Partial Pressure of B = ?
Solution: From the ideal gas law equation PV=nRT, we can calculate the number of
moles of A and B
Number of moles of Gas A
𝑃𝑉 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (30 𝐿)
nA = = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.22 mol
𝑅𝑇 (0.08205 𝐿−𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(300𝐾)
Number of moles of Gas B
2 𝑎𝑡𝑚(15 𝐿)
NB = = 1.22 mol
0.08205 𝐿−𝑎𝑡𝑚/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(300 𝐾)
SCUBA Diving
Dalton's law refers to the effects of which partial pressure might have on scuba
divers. While the total gas pressure increases as a diver increases their descent, the
partial pressure of each gas involved increases as well which might cause harm to
the diver’s body if proper actions are not carried out. For example, air is a mixture of
gases which contain about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen; although small amounts
of other gases are present as well. According to Dalton's law, the partial pressure
exerted by the nitrogen oxygen which make up the air will be equal to the total
pressure of the air; and will increase simultaneously. Nitrogen in this case is the
number one thing to keep an eye out for, due to the fact that if proper precautions
and diving guidelines aren’t followed, then adverse effects can take place. Whenever
there is an increase in the partial pressure of nitrogen, this will cause a higher
concentration of nitrogen to be dissolved in the blood of the diver, which can cause
nitrogen narcosis, a common side effect. The effects of which a gas acts on a diver
are based on the pressures of which such gasses exert on their body. This is why
Dalton's law is so important for divers and why they need to understand it. Pressure
related problems can affect the human body in several ways, such as ear canal
damage and the cardiovascular poisoning known as nitrogen narcosis.
Distillation of Mixtures
What’s More
This part of the module will strengthen your understanding and skills of the topic.
Solve the following problems and write your complete solution on a separate sheet of
paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.
A. Calculate the total pressure of a mixture that contains 1.25 mole He and 0.125 mole Ar
in a 7.00 L container at 20 o C.
1. What is the partial Pressure of He?
Dalton’s Law, simply stated, is that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of
gases (real or ideal) in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of each gases partial
pressure. Recall that the partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by that
gas on its container __________ of any other gas. Because each gas in a mixture is at
the same _________ and is contained in the same volume Dalton’s law states that
their individual partial _________ can be simply added to find the ______ pressure in
a container.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery. Choose the letter of
the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper and submit a copy
of it to your subject teacher.
1. The expression which represents the pressure exerted by a gas is
a. nVRT b. nRT/V c. V/nRT d. nRT
4. The gas constant of the mixture is the ____ of the gas constants of the
components.
a. average b. weighted mean
c. sum d. difference of the highest and the lowest
5. A container with two gases, helium and argon, is 30.0% by volume helium.
What is the partial pressure of helium and argon if the total pressure inside
the container is 4.00 atm?
a. 2.80 atm b. 8.2 atm c. 3.80 atm d. 8.30 atm
6. A gas mixture contains hydrogen, helium, neon and argon. The total pressure
of the mixture is 93.6 kPa. The partial pressures of helium, neon and argon
are 15.4 kPa, 25.7 kPa, and 35.6 kPa, respectively. What is the pressure
extended by the hydrogen?
a. 15.9 kPa b. 14.9 kPa c. 16.9 kPa d. 12.9 kPa
7. Calculate the partial pressure of H2 at 20oC when the vapor pressure of
water is 17.5torr. The total pressure of the gases is 750torr.
a. 767.5torr b. 732torr
c. 42.86torr d. 44 torr
8. One-third of a gaseous mixture is nitrogen and 2/3 of the gas is helium. The
total pressure in the container is 3 atmospheres. What is the partial
pressure of the nitrogen?
a. 1 atm b. 0.5 atm c. 3 atm d. 2 atm
10. If the total air pressure is 99.5 kPa, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
is 5.7 kPa, and the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide is 2.1 kPa, what is
the partial pressure of the remaining air?
a. 91.7 kPa c. 107.3 kPa
b. 95.9 kPa d. 119.8 kPa
Additional Activities
ELEVATE ME!
Directions: Solve the following problems and answer questions briefly. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.
A flask equipped with a valve contains 3.0 mol of O2 gas. You introduce 3 mol of He gas into
the flask via the valve and then seal the flask.
1. What happens to pressure of the O2 gas in the flask after the introduction of the He? If it
changes, by what factor does it do so?
2. How do the pressures of the He and the O2 in the flask compare?
References
Books
Ebbing, & Gammon. (2017). General Chemistry. Boston, USA: Cegage Learning.
Government Publication
• Science and Technology Worktext for Grade 10, K to 12 Edition.
Online
• https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/125791/imageedit_22_978950
3339.jpg?revision=1
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.6%3A_Gas_Mixtures_and_
Partial_Pressures
• https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KvZT3etZIsw/maxresdefault.jpg
• www.chem.wisc.edu/courses/342/Fall2004/Distillation.pdf
• https://www.openanesthesia.org/aba_daltons_law_-_applied/
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