VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AND

ACAROLOGY

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~ ETERINARV ENTOMQILOGV AND ACAROLOGY

Term entomology~ Greek w ords ~n~P"-1JJ:-i1nsect & logas -s,t u,dy
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• Entomology - the b1ranch science/zoology - deals with the

scientirfic study of inserts

Th ouch, the lite,ral meaning ,o f entomolo,gy is die situdy of i'ns@cts,

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it deals wi1tll thie scienti1fic study 1o f all kind of arth11opads under

the phylu1m 8_rt~r99-oda.

• It is a very broa1d 1dis,cip line a,nd ha1s.many branches~

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VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AND ACAROLOGY
◄ Term entomology- Greek words entoma-insect & logos -study

c. Entomology - the branch science/zoology - deals with the

scientific study of insects

C' Though, the literal meaning of entomology is the study of insects,

it deals with the scientific study of all kind of arthropods under
the phylum Arthropoda.

, It is a very broad discipline and has many branches.

 "Ar.i cJ1nology -scientific study of; piders & related arachnids
A.ca.1·ology - scientific study of ticks and mites (order-Ac,arina)
'- P.hwt~rolo.gy is the study of flies Q2iyt~.r.a)
c Myrmecology is the study of ants.
~ ~ ~>J.,. is study of social wasps
a[(W,J~)Qgy is the study of crustacean.
... ~ A

~leopt~tQ.Jpgy is the study of beetles.

Le,pidont~rqtogy is the study of moths and bntterfl)/f .
BgniJ!t~!:9.IOgy is the study of true bugs.
• Qr!b!otu1lou is the study of the grasshopper, cricket etc
~ t.do~ study in entomology?
It deals with the structure (morphology/anatomy), classification, life
activities, diversity, global distribution in relation to time and space,
beneficial aspects, vector potential and control of arthropods.
Why do we study entomology?
Arthropods help in pollination of fruits, crop etc.
It provides useful product (honey-apiculture, silk-sericulture etc.)

Some of them like fruit flies (Drosophila) used in the lab for the
study genome
- They may serve as the parasite of human and anim~s.
Some act as the carrier of pathogen- bacteria, ,irus and fungi.
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• Based on the different field in which arthropods are used, the
entomology is designated with respective fields

Agriculture entomology

Medical entomology

Veterinary entomolog)'

Forensic entomology etc.

- The Veterinary Entomology refers the scientific study of insects

and related arthropods of veterinary importance
W}ly-do-we study Veterinary eiitomology?
Importance of Arthropods in Veterinary P.~.r.3~itQl.o.gx,:
Arthropods serve as causal agents as they produce
diseases in animals and bir ds

Arthropods serve as the intermediate host for Jwmint.Jll

and protozoan parasites of animals and birds

,; Arthropods serve as vectors for the bacteria, virus and the

other pathogens of animals and birds

Arthropods produce the venoms and other substances that

may be toxic to animals and birds
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......-r,,r.the 1890s,T. Smith and F. L. Kilborne established the fact that

the pathogens causing Texas cattle fever were transmitted by tick
species, B. gn1;1ulatus.

This was the first documentation of transmission of disease agent

by an arthropod causing disease in livestock.

William Kirb}' is ,videly considered as the father of

Entomology.

• In kingdom Animalia - nine phyla; out of them three e.g.

nemalhelminthes, ~latyb~lminthes and arthrQpoda are of

veterinary importance.
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Phylum: At_t,hroJ!.o.4~✓ ( ~Cl§..- a joint, RQPO.s.- a foot)

&tht:Q~Q9A,means the animals having jointed legs.

c. It is the biggest phylum of Kingdom - .A nim~ it! next to sub-

Kingdom protozoa.

Arthropods are the members of phylum M,g.roJ2Q~.,

(' They are bilaterally symmetrical, !r~,plo~la~..tj.£, segmented and

coelomate
.............. ,.,,., ........... ""' .. animals

AnnPlid \VOrms seem to be the closest relatlve of arthropods .

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GenenJFeatures ofArtbropoch:
-Ertefnal Morphology: :.::.a::;.;;:..:::.:..-=:::::::;~~~

A. The £hitiBQUS,exoskeleton, is secreted by underl)~ing epidennis

c Exoskeleton is none cellular & consist number layers ofcuticles

The function - provide support and protection to the living tissues

~ It is usually presentinformoft;b!!mogs. plates, s~ltot~~-

.. The dorsal, ,,entraJ and two lateral sc!mtes are known as t~

sternum and plegg:on, respectively
• These three are united by tlbe flexible @itinol!§ exoskeleton/sutures

Exoskeleton not only covers the external body parts of arthropods but
also passes through the mouth into the anterior alimentary canal., the
!!9modaenm though the anus into the posterior alimentary canal, the
pi:9ctod!_eµm and through spiracles into the tracheae.
.-During--developmentar.-arthropod-s cast- off the old cbitjnoy§
exo,skeleton periodically and forn1 a new exoskeleton. Each casting
of tlhe exoskeleton is called as ~cd,_'t~is or mouJting
B. Body of arthropods are metameci.~~ljy_ segmented
The segments are called! as m~tameres.
Tendency of segmentation/ITlE~t~rn.~.ci?.s!Jgn varies greatly among
the different arthropods and almost disappeared in mites
Usually a pair of jointed appendages present on each segment .
The anterior segments fuse to form the head & appendages on
these segments get moolified to form sensory & feeding organs
The sensory organs on head include one or two pair of antennae,
eye:setc.

Antennae are the organ of touch, smell and other senses like
hearing etc.
__rhe-eyes are of two types, simple an-d compound .

• Compound eyes al'e peculiar to arthropods only

Feeding organs include the paired appendages modified for feeding

i.e. mouth puts depends upon feeding habits of different
arthropods

• The segments behind the head are differentiated into either thorax
and abdomen or cephalothorax ,vith variable appendages

C. Adult insect has three pairs of leg, one in each thorasic segment

• Ticks and mite possess three pairs of legs in larval stage and four
pairs in the nymphal and adult stages
 fNTERNAL A N A T O M Y : - -
Circu la to ry Syst em:

A rt h ro p o d s d o n o t have
tr u e ~~lqm.
T h e ge n e ra l b o d y c a vit y
c a ll e d a ~ !~ .2 S P ~ t~ is
fill e d w it h
b lo o d , c a ll e d b a e _m.p jy n ,Q
h.
All in te rn a l o rg a n s k e e p
b a th in g in th e h a e_m o \y
mg_h.
T h e circula to rv sy st e m is
o f o p e n ty p e a n d c o m p
ri s e s
e nlarged dors al b lo o d ve
s se l i. e . th e h e a r t, a o r ta
a nd
haemocoale .
j3esJ3~ratory S"y'stem-: ;:~~==-==
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• Arthropods have variety respiratory organs-

Trachea/book lungs/ gills

• Arthropods (insects and ticks) breathe with the help of elastic

tubes having chitioous linings i.e. the tracheae opens on the body
surface as series of exterior valve like openings i.e. spiracles
(insects) or stigmata (ticks and mites)

• After entering through spiracles, air passes to a longitudin~I

tracheal trunk, finer tracheal tube and finally rich to finest tube
i.e. :tJ:acbeol~§ which provide a very t hin moist surface for gaseous
exchange
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Larvae, nymph and adults of aquatic 1
species of
arthro,pods lbr-eathe with the, help of gillls1

Spi,d ers and scorpion,s halv e boo k lungs a1nd baa'k gills,
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resp ectively' for br,e athing

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Some oth,e r smaU a1rthfiopads like parasl'tlc, mites ha·v e

thin e.x oskeleton breathe through the cuticles (oxyge"r

and carbon d ioxide d iffuse a1cross1th1,e cuticle).
Sjqrn..Qdaeum. /fore gut - th e mouth cavity, sucki ng pharynx,
oesophagus, ru:..q.,nutr1911H.~. (crop) and gizzard
Function of s!.QJJl.qsjgeym is to th e ingesti o n a nd storage of fo od
M ~s.e ntt1on / mid gut
Mid gut i1s mainly concern ed with digesti o n and a bsorpt ion of food
f roctod~eum /h ind gut i.e. anterior ileum, colon, dilated rectum
and anus.
The hind gut is respons ible o f wate r and formation of fa eces
Th e mal_gigtuari tulg~ open at the junction of th e mid gut and
h ind gut, which responsible for elimination of nitrogenous waste
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~txc ret o ry System:
4' In the class ln.§ect9, it comprises ma[Riehii:IO tubules which
are arranged in a ring around the alimentary cana l and

open into the anterior end of proctodaeum

• In the class ara~boida apart from malgigh ian tubu les there
are ~oxal glands w hich open on the coxije of the legs are

the excretory organs

In the class cru~t 9 s;ea there are pa ir of nephridia w h ich

open at the bases of the second antennae.

~ er~ous SysteSrrrrt1:::::=====~~~
~ Nervous system of arthropods consists of cerebral ganglion

in the head, united by _c;ir~um.o,e~o.9hag~c11l,c;9m "li.~~u.c.e.~ to a

ventral double nerve cord

' Eyes (compound/sim ple), antennae & other sense organs

are also associated with the nervous system

Reproductive System:

Arthropods a re mostly unisexual (gi~s:ious) 1• .e. have

separate sexes. Fertilization is usually internal. They are
mostly oviparous. Development may be direct or indirect.