Engineering Physics

Laboratory
Course Code: PHY119
Dr. Subhojyoti Sinha

https://www.vlab.co.in/
 First five experiments completed
1 To find the value of Planck's constant and photoelectric work function of
the material of the cathode using a photoelectric cell.

To study the variation of magnetic field with the distance along the axis
2 of circular coil carrying current by plotting a graph and also to find the
radius of the circular coil.

3 To find out the energy band gap of semiconductor using four probes
method.

4 To find the wavelength of sodium light by measuring the diameter of

Newton rings.

5 To determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves using ultrasonic

interferometer and to find the compressibility of the given liquid.
2
@Dr. Subhojyoti Sinha
Syllabus has already been shared in LPU live !

Total 10 experiments
Five experiments you already have completed

Practical book references: 1. B.SC. PRACTICAL PHYSICS by HARNAM SINGH, DR P.S. HEMNE, S Chand Publishing
2. B.SC. PRACTICAL PHYSICS by C.L. ARORA, S. CHAND & COMPANY
 Engineering Physics Laboratory
(Course Code : PHY119)
Experiment :6

AIM: To determine Hall voltage and Hall

coefficient using Hall effect and also find carrier
concentration of the crystal used.

4
 Learning Objectives
1. To understand new phenomenon called Hall effect.

2. Variation of Hall voltage with magnetic field

keeping current through specimen fixed and vice-
versa.

5
 Equipment Requirement

Equipment Requirement: -Hall probe, Gauss probe, Gauss meter, electromagnet, constant current, power supply,
digital voltmeter.

Direct link: http://mpv-au.vlabs.ac.in/modern-physics/Hall_Effect_Experiment/experiment.html

Basic Understandings

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When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current carrying
conductor (or semiconductor),a voltage is developed in a specimen in a
direction perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This
phenomenon is called the Hall Effect. The voltage is so produced is called
Hall voltage.

d
Lorentz Force Law
 Hall Effect animation
Animation link

https://nationalmaglab.org/educat
ion/magnet-academy/watch-
play/interactive/hall-effect
 You tube video link :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Scpi91e1JKc
 Note the directions
Hall voltage and Hall coefficient
(Derivation next page)
I : is the current passing through the Hall element
b : is the width of the specimen (Hall element)
d : is the thickness of the specimen
B : applied magnetic field
VH : is the Hall voltage produced
q :electronic charge
n : charge carrier concentration

𝑰𝑩 𝑹𝑯 𝑰𝑩
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝑯 = = 𝑽𝑯 α I
𝒏𝒒𝒅 𝒅
𝑽𝑯 α B
𝑽𝑯 α 1/d

𝟏 𝑽𝑯 𝒅
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑹𝑯 = =
𝒏𝒒 𝑰𝑩 We can verify from the
simulator
 𝐼
Where J is the current density defined as current per unit area J=𝐴
𝑰𝑩 𝑰𝑩
𝑬𝑯 = = Eq. 7 (where area A=bd)
𝑨𝒏𝒒 𝒃𝒅𝒏𝒒

Again in terms of voltage the Hall electric field can be written as

𝑽𝑯
𝑬𝑯 = Eq. 8 𝑉𝐻 is called the Hall voltage.
𝒃
Comparing equation 7 and 8 we get,
𝟏 𝑽𝑯 𝒅
𝑰𝑩 𝑽𝑯 𝑰𝑩 and = = 𝑹𝑯 is called the Hall coefficient
= or 𝑽𝑯 = 𝒏𝒒 𝑰𝑩
𝒃𝒅𝒏𝒒 𝒃 𝒏𝒒𝒅 𝑰𝑩 𝑹𝑯 𝑰𝑩
---Eq.9
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝑯 = =
𝒏𝒒𝒅 𝒅
Eq.10
Hall sensor in Laptops !
Hall effect is a very useful phenomenon and helps to

✔Determine the Type of Semiconductor

By knowing the direction of the Hall Voltage, one can determine that the given sample is whether n-type
semiconductor or p-type semiconductor. This is because Hall coefficient is negative for n-type semiconductor while
the same is positive in the case of p-type semiconductor.

✔Calculate the Carrier Concentration

The expressions for the carrier concentrations of electrons (n) and holes (p) in terms of Hall coefficient are given by

✔ Determine the Mobility (Hall Mobility)

Mobility expression for the electrons (μn) and the holes (μp), expressed in terms of Hall coefficient is given by,

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 Questions on
Q
basic understandings

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 PROCEDURE
Follow the slides below or click on the direct link

Direct link: http://mpv-au.vlabs.ac.in/modern physics/Hall_Effect_Experiment/experiment.html

 Worksheet of the student
Registration number: Date of Performance:

Aim:

❑ Table : 1 : Current versus magnetic field

Current (A) Magnetic field (T)

1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
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 Table : 1 : Current versus magnetic field
(Sample data)

Current (A) Magnetic field (T)

1 0.1482
1.5 Do it yourself
2 0.2964
2.5 Do it yourself
3 0.4447
3.5 Do it yourself
4 0.5929
4.5 Do it yourself
5 0.7411
 Registration number:
❑ Table 2: Measurement of Hall voltage and calculation of Hall coefficient for varying Hall current
Material :
Sample thickness (d) :
Constant magnetic field (B):

Current passing through Hall voltage Hall co-efficient

the specimen (𝑽𝑯 ) 𝑽𝑯 𝒅
𝑹𝑯 = 𝑰𝑩
(Give proper unit)
(Give proper unit)
(Give proper unit)

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 Registration number:

❑ Table 3: Measurement of Hall voltage and calculation of Hall coefficient for varying magnetic field

Hall current passing through the specimen (I) :

Applied Magnetic field Hall voltage Hall co-efficient

(Give proper unit) (𝑽𝑯 ) 𝑽𝑯 𝒅
𝑹𝑯 = 𝑰𝑩
(Give proper unit)
(Give proper unit)

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 Registration number:
❑ Calculations from graph: ( Mention registration number on the graph paper also)
Plots & Parameters:
Plot a graph between Hall voltage (along y- axis ) versus Hall current I (along x -axis), keeping B constant. Then find the
slope.

Hall coefficient from the graph between VH and I keeping B Fixed

RH = Slope × (d / B) =

Compare with the result obtained from tables:

𝟏
❑ Calculation of carrier concentration: use the formula 𝑹𝑯 = 𝒏𝒒

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 Registration number:

❑ Result and discussions

❑ Learning outcomes

Signature of the student

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Type this link on the address bar or Click on this link : https://www.vlab.co.in/

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This page will open. Scroll down the page end click on Physical sciences

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Scroll down the page end click on Physical sciences

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Then click on - Solid state Physics Virtual Lab

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Then click on – Hall effect experiment:- Determination of charge carrier density

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Details of the experiment will be available to you . You may login also.

⮚Read the theory

⮚Procedure

⮚Complete the self

evaluation to check
your understanding

⮚Then click on the

simulator

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Click on the simulator

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Selection of variables in simulation

Under Select procedure

Select Magnetic field Vs

Current

Click insert probe

Click wooden block to place

probe into the magnetic field

Vary the current and note

down the value of magnetic
filed in the Gauss meter.

Make a table of current Vs.

magnetic field.

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 Under Select procedure
Now let us measure the Hall voltage, do the following.
Select Hall effect setup

Click insert Hall probe

Click wooden block to place probe into the

magnetic field

Select current through electromagnet at

any desired value.

Select material as Germanium and

thickness as 0.0005m or 0.5 mm

Vary the Hall current and note down the

value of Hall voltage in the meter.

Make a table of Hall current Vs. Hall

voltage.
You can also make a table for applied
magnetic field versus Hall voltage

Calculate Hall coefficient and36other

parameters from the data.
 A Activity Based Questions
while you perform the experiment in virtual lab

** 5 questions
each carrying 2
marks: you have
to answer all the
questions

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