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Chapter 1 Statics 31
Chapter 1 Statics 31
Chapter 1 Statics 31
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1 STATICS
1. INTRODUCTION
Engineering mechanics is the branch of science that considers the motion of bodies and the
effects of forces on that motion. It may be divided into two parts
∙ Statics: Statics deals with the special case of a body at rest or a body that moves with a
constant velocity.
∙ Dynamics: Dynamics is further divided into Kinematics and Kinetics. Kinematics is
concerned with rates of change of geometrical quantities in a moving system; it does not
involve the concept of force. Kinetics treats the causes and the nature of motion that results
from specified forces.
1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS
∙ A particle has a mass, but a size that can be neglected. For example, the size of the
earth is insignificant compared to the size of its orbit and thereafter the earth can be
modelled as a particle when studying its orbital motion.
∙ A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in which
particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying a
load.
2. FORCE
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Fig:1
Fig :2
In ORS
2 2
R2 = ( OP + PS ) + (RS )
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R2 = (P + Q cos ) + Q2 sin2
2
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos
( )
12
R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos
In ORS
RS Q sin
tan = =
OP + PS P + Q cos
Q sin
tan =
P + Q cos
EXAMPLE 1
Two forces of 100 N and 150 N are acting simultaneously at a point. What is the resultant
of these two forces, if the angle between them is 45°?
Sol.
First force (F1) = 100 N
Second force (F2) = 150 N
Angle between F1 and F2 (θ) = 45°.
We know that the resultant force,
= 232 N
3.2. ANALYTICAL METHOD
• Resolve all forces horizontally, then determine ©H = algebraic sum of all horizontal
component.
• Resolve all forces vertically, then determine ©V = algebraic sum of all vertical
component.
• R = {(©H)2 + (©V)2}1/2
• tan =©V/©H
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Fig:3
F = FH2 + FV2 ,
FV
tan =
FH
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the resultant of a system of four coplanar concurrent forces as shown in fig.
by composition of forces of resolution.
Fig:4
Solution.
The x and y components of each force are determined by trigonometry as shown in the
table. The x-components act to the right and y-components act upward and are
represented by positive numbers.
Angle with x-components y-components
Force Magnitude(kN)
(x-axis) (F cos θ) (F sin θ)
F1 20 30 17.32 10
F4 60 300 30 -51.96
ΣFy =
ΣFx = 4.04kN
– 44.26kN
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R = 44.44 kN.
The direction of the resultant
= tan−1
F y 44.26
= tan−1 −
F x 4.04
= −84.78
EXAMPLE 3
A system of forces are acting at the corners of a rectangular block as shown in Figure.
Fig:5
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Sol.
Given
System of forces
Magnitude of the resultant force
Resolving forces horizontally,
ΣH = 25 – 20 = 5 kN
and now resolving the forces vertically
ΣV = (–50) + (–35) = – 85 kN
Magnitude of the resultant force
V − 85
tan = =
H 5 = – 17 or θ = - 86.6°
Since ΣH is positive and ΣV is negative, therefore resultant lies between 270° and 360°.
Thus actual angle of the resultant force
= 360° – 86.6° = 273.4°
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EXAMPLE 4
The following forces act at a point
(i) 20 N inclined at 30° towards North of East,
(ii) 25 N towards North,
(iii) 30 N towards North West, and
(iv) 35 N inclined at 40° towards South of West.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Sol.
The system of given forces is shown in Fig.
Fig:6
Magnitude of the resultant force
Resolving all the forces horizontally i.e., along East-West line,
ΣH = 20 cos 30° + 25 cos 90° + 30 cos 135° + 35 cos 220° N
= (20 × 0.866) + (25 × 0) + 30(– 0.707) + 35(– 0.766)N
= – 30.7 N ...(i)
and now resolving all the forces vertically i.e., along North-South line,
ΣV = 20 sin 30° + 25 sin 90° + 30 sin 135° + 35 sin 220° N
= (20 × 0.5) + (25 × 1.0) + (30 × 0.707) + 35 (– 0.6428) N
= 33.7 N ...(ii)
We know that magnitude of the resultant force,
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V 33.7
tan = =
H − 30.7 = – 1.098 or θ = 47.7°
Since ΣH is negative and ΣV is positive, therefore resultant lies between 90° and 180°.
Thus actual angle of the resultant = 180° – 47.7° = 132.3°
3.3. TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES
∙ If two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and
direction by two sides of a triangle in order ,then the third side will represent the
resultant of the two forces in the direction and magnitude taken in opposite order.
3.4. POLYGON LAW OF FORCES
∙ When the forces acting on a body are more than two, the triangle law can be extended
to polygon law.
∙ Polygon Law states that if a number of coplanar concurrent forces acting
simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of
a polygon ,taken in order ,then their resultant can be represented by closing side of
the polygon in magnitude and direction in the opposite order.
Consider the forces F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 are acting at a point O as shown in Fig. . Starting
from the point O, the vector OA represents the force F1 in magnitude (using suitable
scales) and direction. From the tip A, draw vector AB representing the force F2 . Similarly,
vector BC represents the force F3 and vector and vector CD represents force F4 . Join the
starting point O to the end point D giving a vector OD in opposite order. Vector OD
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Fig:7
R1 = F1 + F2 ,
R 2 = R1 + F3 = (F1 + F2 ) + F3 ,
R = R 2 + R 4 = (F1 + F2 + F3 ) + F4
R = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
EXAMPLE 5
A particle is acted upon by three forces equal to 50 N, 100 N and 130 N, along the three
sides of an equilateral triangle, taken in order Find graphically the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.
Sol.
The system of given forces is shown in Fig
∙ First of all, name the forces according to Bow’s notations as shown in Fig.The 50 N
force is named as ab, 100 N force as bc and 130 N force as cd.
Fig:8
∙ Now draw the vector diagram for the given system of forces as shown in Fig and as
discussed below:
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∙ Select some suitable point a and draw ab equal to 50 N to some suitable scale and
parallel to the 50 N force of the space diagram.
∙ Through b, draw be equal to 100 N to the scale and parallel to the 100 N force of the
space diagram.
∙ Similarly through c, draw cd equal to 130 N to the scale and parallel to the 130 N force
of the space diagram.
∙ Join ad, which gives the magnitude as well as direction of the resultant force.
∙ By measurement, we find the magnitude of the resultant force is equal to 70 N and
acting at an angle of 200° with ab.
NOTE: All above methods are different forms of addition of vectors as force is a vector.
x , y
as shown in Fig. The direction of force F is defined by three angles , and 2 . Let
Fx ,Fy
, and Fz be the components of force F in x,y,andzdirections, respectively. From the
triangle OAB
OB Fx
cos x = =
OA F ,
Fig:9
OC Fy
cos y = =
OA F ,
Fy = F cos x
component of F along y-direction
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OC Fz
cos x = =
OA F ,
x , y
The cosines of and z are known as the direction cosine of the force F. The angles
2 2 2
x , y and z are not independent, they are related as cos x + cos y + cos z = 1 . We
F = Fxi + Fy j + Fxk
Fx ,Fy
When the components and Fz of the force F are given, the magnitude of force F is
F Fy −1 Fz
x = cos−1 x −1
, y = cos , and z = cos
F F
F
5. MOMENT
F = Fxi + Fy j + Fzk
r = xi + yj + zk
Thus,
i j k
Mo = r F = x y z
Fx Fy Fz
( ) ( )
Mo = i yFz − zFy − ( xFz − zFx ) j + xFy − yFx k
In case of problems involving only two dimensions, the force F may be assumed to lie in the
(
Mo = xFy − yFx k )
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Just as force has a tendency to translate the body, moment has a tendency to rotate the
body about the point.
5.1. DIRECTIONS OF MOMENTS
Clockwise Moment whose effect is to turn or rotate the body, in the same direction in
which the hands of clock move.
Anticlockwise Moment whose effect is to turn or rotate the body, in the opposite
direction in which the hands of clock move.
5.1.1. DETERMINATION OF DIRECTIONS
Assume perpendicular distance as hand of clock.
Keep the point (one end of perpendicular distance), about which the moment is to be
determined, hinged like hinged end of hands of a clock.
Move the other end of perpendicular distance in the direction of action of force.
Fig:10
1. Anticlockwise
2. Clockwise
3. Clockwise
5.2. VARIGNON’S THEOREM
∙ Moment of a force about any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of
the components of that force about the same point.
Fig:11
Mo = F cos R 2 − F sin R1
5.3. Couples
∙ The moment produced by two equal, opposite and non-collinear forces is called couple.
It does not produce any translation but produces only rotation. The resultant force of
a couple is zero.
∙ The moment of a couple is the product of the magnitude of one of the forces and the
perpendicular distance between their lines of action Fig.
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Fig:12
M = F ( a + d) − Fa
M = Fd
∙ The magnitude of the moment of a couple is the same for all points in the plane of the
couple. A couple may be moved anywhere in its plane or a parallel plane without
changing its external effect. The magnitude of a couple is independent of the reference
point, and its tendency to create a rotation will remain constant.
∙ Consider the couple consisting of forces +F and −F acting at points A and B as shown
in Fig Denoting by rA and rB , respectively, the position vectors of the points A and B,
we find that the sum of the moments of the two forces about O is
Fig:13
M = rA F + rB ( −F ) = (rA − rB ) F
Let r = rA + rB ,
Moment of couple M = r F
Direction of couple M is perpendicular to the plane containing the two forces.
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M = Fd ,
6. FORCE-COUPLE SYSTEM
Fig:14
∙ Similarly, any number of forces F1 ,F2 ,F3 , that act on a body may be transferred to a
common point, provided that the couple r1 F1 ,F2 F2 ,r3 F3 , are introduced Fig. The
vector respectively. The forces F1 ,F2 ,F3 , are now concurrent at point O, and their
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Fig:15
6.2. REDUCTION OF FORCE-COUPLE SYSTEM TO SINGLE FORCE
∙ The fore-couple system of O may be replaced by a single force R acting along a new
force system.
Fig:16
7. CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
∙ The term equilibrium implies that either the body is at rest or it moves with a constant
velocity. A body is said to be in static equilibrium when the resultant force in it must be zero
and the body must have no tendency to rotate.
• The resultant force causing motion should be zero. i.e. ©F = 0. It means that ©H = 0 And
©V = 0.
• The resultant moment causing rotation should be zero. i. e. ©M = 0 about any point.
7.1. FREE BODY DIAGRAM
∙ One of the most useful aids for soling a statics problem is the free body diagram (FBD).
∙ A free body diagram is a sketch of the body that shows the body (by itself, free of the
other par of the system) and all the forces applied to it, that is, all forces acting on the
body.
∙ Fig shows free body diagrams.
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Fig:17
EXAMPLE 6
Two like parallel forces of 50 N and 100 N act at the ends of a rod 360 mm length. Fluid
the magnitude of the resultant force and the point where it acts.
Sol.
Given
The system of given forces is shown in Fig.
Fig:18
Magnitude of the resultant force
Since the given forces are like and parallel, therefore magnitude of the resultant force,
R = 50+ 100 = 150 N Ans.
Point where the resultant force acts
Let x = Distance between the line of action of the resultant force (R) and A (i.e. AC) in
mm.
Now taking clockwise and anticlockwise moments of the forces about C and equating
the same,
50 × x = 100 (360 – x) = 36 000 – 100 x
or 150x = 36 000
36 000
x=
150 = 240 mm Ans.
EXAMPLE 7
A thin ring of weight 100N and radius 300mm is held against a smooth wall by a 200mm
long string AB Fig. Determine
(a) the tension in the string and (b) the reaction at C.
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Fig:19
Sol.
A free body diagram of ring is drawn as shown in Fig. The forces acting on the ring are
its weight mg, reaction Rc, and tension T of string. For the equilibrium, these three forces
should pass through a common point O.
Summing forces vertically, we have,
Fig:20
F y = 0 T sin − 100 = 0
T sin θ = 100
100 100
T= =
sin 400 / 500
F
x = 0 T cos − R c = 0
Rc = T cos θ
300
R c = 125
500
Rc = 75 N
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EXAMPLE 8
Determine the force P required to begin rolling a uniform cylinder of mass m over the
obstruction of height h as shown in fig.
Fig:21
Sol.
A free body diagram of cylinder, when the cylinder is about to turn over the corner of the
obstruction, is shown in Fig. Cylinder is in equilibrium under the action of the following
three forces:
Fig:22
1.weight mg acting vertically downward
2.reaction RA of the point A. The direction of RA is unknown
3.horizontal force P.
For the equilibrium, these three forces should pass through a common point, hence
reaction RA must pass through the point O.
Resolving forces horizontally, we get
F x = 0 P − R A cos = 0
OD r − h 2rh − h2
sin = = , cos = 1 − sin2 =
OA r r
(i)
2rh − h2
P = RA
r
Resolving forces vertically, we have
F y = 0 R A sin − mg + R = 0
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r − h
RA
mg = r
P 2rh − h2
=
mg r −h
2rh − h2
P = mg
r −h
Method of Moments
This problem can also be solved by taking moments of all the three forces about point A.
M A = 0 P AB = mg AD
P (r − h) = mg r2 − (r − h)2
2rh − h2
P = mg
r −h
EXAMPLE 9
A uniform bar with end rollers has a mass of 50 kg and is supported by horizontal and
vertical surfaces and by the wire CD Fig. Determine the tension T in the wire and reaction
against the rollers at A and B.
Fig:23
Sol.
A free body diagram of the bar is drawn as shown in Fig. The reaction at each roller is
perpendicular to the surface. T is the tension in wire and 490.5 N is the weight of bar
which acts at the centre G. Note that there are three unknown RA, RB and T which may
be found from the three equations of equilibrium.
Summing forces horizontally, we get
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Fig:24
Summing forces vertically, we have
F y = 0 R A − 50(9.81) = 0
R A = 50 9.81 = 490.5 N
RA = 490.5 N
Now, taking moment about A
M A
= 0 950.5 AF + T DE − RB BE = 0
950.5 × (1.5 cos 60) + T × (1 sin 60) – T × (3 sin 30) = 0
367.8 + 0.866T – 1.5T = 0
From which, we get
T = 367.80/0.634 = 580.2 N
T = 580.2 N
RA = T = 580.2 N
EXAMPLE 10
Two smooth cylinders, each of weight 1000 N and radius 250 mm are connected at their
centers by a string of length 800 mm and rest upon a horizontal plane, supporting above
a third cylinder of weight 2000 N and radius 250 mm as shown in Fig. Find the tension of
string and reactions at all contact points of cylinder B.
Fig:25
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Sol.
A free body diagram of each cylinder is drawn as shown in Fig. in its relative position to
the others. We begin with cylinder A.
Fig:26
An equilibrium of vertical forces requires,
2RDsin θ = 2000
[RE = RD]
2000
RD =
sin
AH 5002 − 4002 3 4
Sin = = = cos =
AB 500 5 5
1000 5000
RD = = N
3 3
5
5000
RD = RE = N
3
Equilibrium of Cylinder B
Fig:27
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F x = 0 T − RD cos = 0
5000 4
T = RD cos =
3 5
4000
T= N
3
Equilateral of vertical forces requires
F y = 0 RG − 1000 − RD sin = 0
5000 3
R G − 1000 − =0
3 5
RG = 2000N
RG = RE = 2000N
8. LAMI’S THEOREM
∙ If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then each force is proportional
to sine of the smaller angle Between other two forces.
Fig:28
P, Q & R are the three coplanar forces
, , © are three angles
According to Lami’s theorem
P Q R
= =
sin sin sin
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EXAMPLE 11
A string ABCD, attached to fixed points A and D has two equal weights of 1000 N attached to
it at B and C. The weights rest with the portions AB and CB inclined at angles as shown in Fig
Fig:29
Find the tensions in the portions AB, BC and CD of the string, if the inclination of the portion
BC with the vertical is 120°.
Sol.
Given
Load at B = Load at C = 1000 N
For the sake of convenience, let us split up the string ABCD into two parts. The system of forces
Fig:30
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EXAMPLE 12
Resolve the force 80 kN into two components, one along OM and other along ON [see fig]
Fig:31
Sol.
The parallelogram is completed from given force 80kN, direction line OM and ON Applying the
law of sine to ΔOAC
Fig:32
OA AC 80
= =
sin(45) sin(30) sin(180 − 30 − 45)
P Q 80
= =
sin(45) sin(30) sin(105)
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sin(45)
P = 80 = 58.56
sin(105) KN
P= 58.56 kN
Component force of 80 kN in ON direction is
sin(30)
Q = 80 = 41.41
sin(105)
Q = 41.41 KN
EXAMPLE 13
A cord supported at A and B carries a load of 20kN at D and a load Of W at C as shown in
Fig., Find the value of W so that CD remains horizontal.
Fig:33
Sol.
Free body diagram of joint D is shown in Figure Three forces T1, T2 and 20 kN are acting at
point D.
Applying Lami’s theorem at D, we have
Fig:34
T1 T2 20
= =
sin90 sin(90 + 30) sin(180 − 30)
T2 20
T1 = =
cos 30 sin30
T1 = 40kN, T2 = 20 3 KN
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Fig:35
Three forces T2, T3 and W are acting at point C. Applying Lami’s theorem at C,
T2 T3 W
= =
sin(90 + 60) sin90 sin(180 − 60)
20 3 W
= T3 =
cos 60 sin60
40 3
T3 = , and W = 60 kN
cos 60
***
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