TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 1 Course Module Module 2:

TOUR OPERATIONS Course Learning Outcomes: 1. Enumerate the functions &

characteristics of TMC/TA 2. Understand the organization of TMC/TA 3. Learn the
phonetic alphabet, international and local city and airport codes and airline codes
Functions of a Travel Agency / TMC 1. Provide information and expertise. 2.
Recommend destinations, products and services best suited to the needs of the client 3.
Provide assistance in securing travel documents 4. Process travel arrangements 5.
Assist in cases of refunds and cancellations Sales and Revenues of Travel Agency /
TMC 1. Professional or handling fee (TMC – cost plus) 2. Fixed commission on regular
fares (rate minus) or a reasonable mark-up on net fares (net plus) 3. Ancillary services
4. Incentives and rebates Characteristics of Travel Agent / TMC 1. Retailer 2. Acts as a
counselor to the end-user and an agent for the supplier 3. Derives revenues from a pre-
determined fixed commission or professional fee 4. Charges fees for ancillary services
Organizational Structure, Departmental Functions and Job Descriptions A.
Administration 1. General Administration – legal aspects of the organization, purchase
and maintenance, insurance, formulation of company policies & SOPS 2. Personnel
Section – hiring policies and compensation schemes 3. Accounting Section – handles
all records including permits, licenses and responsible for the custody of accountable
forms 4. Finance Section – acts as a custodian of all money collected and disbursed
TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 2 Course Module B.
Operations – the Core of the TA / TMC business 1. Counter-counseling 2. Reservations
3. Fare Calculation 4. Ticketing 5. Documentation C. Marketing & Sales – generate
targeted maximum sales for the organization in order to meet the targeted figures.
Setting up a Travel Agency / TMC A. Identify the type of ownership 1. Sole / Single
Proprietorship – owned by a single individual 2. Partnership – owned by at least 2
individuals 3. Corporation – it requires a minimum of 5 investors B. Secure all the
requirements needed 1. Sole Proprietorship 1.1. DTI Trade Registration for Trade Name
Registration, TIN of owner, Bank Certificate for company’s capitalization 1.2. LGU – DTI
Certificate, Application form, Resume of Owner, List of employees, All clearances and
permits 2. Partnership 2.1. SEC – Articles of Partnership, Bank Certificate 2.2. DTI
Registration - Articles of Partnership, Bank Certificate 2.3. LGU – SEC approved
partnership document, -same as SP- 3. Corporation 3.1. SEC – Articles of
Incorporation, By-laws, Bank Certificate, Incorporators’ resumes 3.2. DTI Registration –
same as SEC 3.3. LGU - same **DOT Accreditation for TMCs/TAs is optional while an
LGU license is a must – DOT Accreditation is a certificate issued by the DOT that the
holder has complied with the DOT’s minimum standards in the operation of the
establishment concerned, which shall ensure the comfort and convenience of the
tourist. Phonetic Alphabet Different names for the same spelling alphabet. The
International Civil Aviation Organization's alphabet is the widely used alphabet of code
words by pilots, air traffic controllers and airline customer service agents in the airline
industry. TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 3 Course Module In
the world of aviation, there is a different way of learning your ABC's. The ICAO Alphabet
is not only used by the military, but also by airline employees. It is a great way to make
sure you are understood (since a B, P, T, and V sound hauntingly similar when spoken),
and an appropriate introduction to airline lingo.  A - Alpha  B - Bravo  C - Charlie  D
- Delta  E - Echo  F - Foxtrot  G - Golf  H - Hotel  I - India  J - Juliet  K - Kilo  L -
Lima  M - Mike  N - November  O - Oscar  P - Papa  Q - Quebec  R - Romeo  S -
Sierra  T - Tango  U - Uniform  V - Victor  W - Whiskey  X - X-ray  Y - Yankee  Z
- Zulu International Air Transport Associations (IATA) IATA - The International Air
Transport Association - was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945. It is the prime
vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical
air services - for the benefit of the world's consumers. The international scheduled air
transport industry is now more than 100 times larger than it was in 1945. Few industries
can match the dynamism of that growth, which would have been much less spectacular
without the standards, practices and procedures developed within IATA. At its founding,
IATA had 57 Members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it
has over 270 Members from more than 140 nations in every part of the globe. The
modern IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association founded in The
Hague in 1919 - the year of the world’s first international scheduled services. TPC-6253
Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 4 Course Module This was reflected in
the 1945 Articles of Association and a much more precise definition of IATA's aims than
had existed before 1939.  To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for
the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce, and to study the
problems connected therewith;  To provide means for collaboration among the air
transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in international air transport service;
 To cooperate with the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO -
the specialized United Nations agency for civil aviation) and other international
organizations. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) TRAFFIC
CONFERENCE AREA This IATA Traffic Conference Area was conceptualized to easily
divide the world into only 3 areas. This is used mainly for airline purposes especially in
determining the RATE or PRICE of a ticket. Price of a ticket in the same TC area is
usually related to each other. AIRLINE /CITY /AIRPORT CODES AREA 1 – NORTH /
CENTRAL / SOUTH AMERICA Country State / Capital City Airport Code Canada
Ottawa Charlottetown Edmonton Halifax Montreal Ontario Quebec Toronto Vancouver
Winnipeg YOW YYG YEG YHZ YMQ ONT YQB YYZ YVR YWG Greenland Nuuk GOH
TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 5 Course Module Country
State / Capital City Airport Code United States of America Washington DC Washington
Dulles Apt Alabama – Montgomery Alaska – Juneau Arizona – Phoenix Arkansas –
Little Rock California – Sacramento Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco Colorado –
Denver Florida – Miami Tampa Orlando Orlando International Airport Georgia – Atlanta
Hawaii – Honolulu Idaho – Boise Illinois – Springfield Chicago Chicago O’ Hare Int’l.
Apt. Indiana – Indianapolis Iowa – Des Moines Kansas – Topeka Louisiana – Baton
Rouge New Orleans Maine – Augusta Massachusetts – Boston WAS IAD MGM JNU
PHX LIT SMF LAX SAN SFO DEN MIA TPA ORL MCO ATL HNL BOI SPI CHI ORD
IND DSM TOP BTR MSY AUG BOS TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour
Operations 6 Course Module Michigan – Lansing Minnesota – Minneapolis St. Paul
Mississippi – Jackson Missouri – Kansas City Int’l. Apt. St. Louis Montana – Helena
Nebraska – Lincoln New Mexico – Sta. Fe New York – New York City Newark Int’l. Apt.
Alba LAN MSP JAN MCI STL HLN LNK SAF NYC EWR ALB Country State / Capital
City Airport Code United States of America North Carolina – Raleigh North Dakota –
Bismarck Ohio – Columbus Cincinnati Oregon – Portland Pennsylvania – Harrisburg
Pittsburg Philadelphia Rhode Island – Providence South Carolina – Columbia South
Dakota – Pierre Tennessee – Nashville Memphis Texas – Austin Dallas Forth Worth
Houston RDU BIS CMH CVG PDX HAR PIT PHL PVD CAE PIR BNA MEM AUS DFW
HOU TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 7 Course Module Utah
–Salt Lake City Virginia – Richmond Washington State – Seattle West Virginia –
Charleston Wisconsin – Madison Wyoming – Cheyenne SLC RIC SEA CRW MSN CYS
Argentina Buenos Aires BUE Brazil Brasilia Sao Paolo Rio de Janeiro BSB SAO GIG
Bolivia La Paz LPB Chile Santiago Concepcion SCL CCP Columbia Bogota BOG
Ecuador Quito UIO French Guiana Cayenne CAU Guyana Georgetown GEO Mexico
Mexico City MEX Nicaragua Managua MGA Paraguay Asuncion ASU Peru Lima LIM
QCountry State / Capital City Airport Code Uruguay Montevideo MVD Venezuela
Caracas CCS Antigua & Barbuda St. Johns ANU Barbados Bridgetown BGI TPC-6253
Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 8 Course Module AREA 2 – EUROPE /
MIDDLE EAST/ AFRICA Belize Belize City BZE Costa Rica San Jose SJO Cuba
Havana HAV Dominica Roseau DCF Dominican Republic Sto. Domingo SDQ El
Salvador San Salvador SAL Grenada Georgetown GND Guatemala Guatemala City
GUA Haiti Port-au-prince PAP Honduras Tegucigalpa TGU Jamaica Kingston KIN
Nicaragua Managua MGA Panama Panama City PTY St. Kitts & Nevis Basseterre SKB
Trinidad & Tobago Port of Spain NOS The Bahamas Nassau NAS Country State /
Capital City Airport Code EUROPE Albania Tirana TIA Andorra Andorra la Vella ALV
Armenia Yerevan EVN Austria Vienna Graz Linz VIE GRZ LNZ Belarus Minsk MSQ
TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 9 Course Module Belgium
Brussels Antwerp BRU ANR Boznia-Herzegovina Sarajevo SJJ Bulgaria Sofia SOF
Croatia Zagreb ZAG Czech Republic Prague PRG Denmark Copenhagen CPH England
London LON Estonia Tallinn TLL Finland Helsinki HEL France Paris Charles de Gaulle
Int’l. Apt. Lyon Marseille Nice Monte Carlo PAR CDG LYS MRS NCE MCM Georgia
Tbilisi TBS Germany Berlin Cologne Frankfurt Hamburg Munich BER CGN FRA HAM
MUC Gibraltar Gibraltar GIB Greece Athens ATH Hungary Budapest BUD Iceland
Reykjavik REK Ireland Dublin DUB Italy Rome Leonardo da Vinci – Fiumicino Apt. Milan
ROM FCO MXP TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 10 Course
Module Naples Venice NAP VCE Latvia Riga RIX Lithuania Vilnius VNO Luxemburg
Luxemburg LUX Macedonia Skopje SKP Netherlands Amsterdam Rotterdam AMS RTM
Northern Ireland Belfast BFS Norway Oslo OSL Poland Warsaw WAW Portugal Lisbon
LIS Romania Bucharest BUH Russia Moscow MOW Scotland Edinburgh EDI Slovakia
Bratislava BTS Slovenia Ljubljana LJU Spain Madrid Barcelona Seville Valencia MAD
BCN SVQ VAL Sweden Stockholm STO Switzerland Zurich Berne Geneva ZRH BRN
GVA Turkey Istanbul IST United Kingdom London London Heathrow Int’l. Apt. London
Gatwick Int’l. Apt. Manchester LON LHR LGW MAN TPC-6253 Tour and Travel
Management Tour Operations 11 Course Module Glasgow GLA Ukraine Kiev IEV
Wales Cardiff CWL Yugoslavia Belgrade BEG MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Bahrain Int’l. Apt.
(Manama) BAH Egypt Cairo Alexandria CAI ALY Iran Tehran THR Iraq Baghdad BGW
Israel Tel Aviv TLV Jordan Amman AMM Kuwait Kuwait City KWI Lebanon Beirut BEY
Oman Muscat MCT Qatar Doha DOH Saudi Arabia Jeddah Riyadh JED RUH UAE Abu
Dhabi Dubai AUH DXB Yemen Sanaa SAH AFRICA Ethiopia Addis Ababa ADD Kenya
Nairobi NBO Libya Tripoli TIP Angola Luanda LAD Nigeria Lagos LOS Sudan Khartoum
KRT TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 12 Course Module
AREA 3 – ASIA / AUSTRALIA Zambia Lusaka LUN South Africa Cape Town CPT
Country State / Capital City Airport Code ASIA Afghanistan Kabul KBL Bangladesh
Dhaka DAC Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BWN Myanmar Napyidaw NYT China Beijing
Int’l. Apt. Guangzhou Shanghai Hong Kong Macau PEK CAN SHA HKG MFM India
New Delhi Bombay Calcutta DEL BOM CCU Indonesia Jakarta JKT Japan Tokyo Tokyo
– Narita Int’l. Apt. Tokyo – Haneda Int’l. Apt. Osaka TYO NRT HND OSA Cambodia
Phnom Penh PNH North Korea Pyongyang FNJ South Korea Seoul SEL Laos Vientiane
VTE Malaysia Kuala Lumpur KUL TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour
Operations 13 Course Module Mongolia Ulan Bator ULN Nepal Kathmandu KTM
Pakistan Karachi Lahore KHI LHE Philippines Manila Cebu Davao Kalibo Puerto
Princesa Tagbilran MNL CEB DVO KLO PPS TAG Singapore Singapore City SIN Sri
Lanka Colombo CMB Taiwan Taipei TPE Vietnam Hanoi Ho Chi Minh HAN SGN
AUSTRALIA Australia Canberra Brisbane Melbourne Perth Sydney CBR BNE MEL
PER SYD Guam Agana GUM New Caledonia Noumea NOU New Zealand Auckland
Christchurch AKL CHC TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 14
Course Module AIRLINE CODES The airline codes, however, is a two (2) letter code to
specify the airline. It is also useful in ticketing and in airline operations. International
Airlines TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 15 Course Module
American Airlines - AA Portugalia - NI Air Canada - AC Northwest Airlines - NW Air
France - AF Air Macau - NX Air India - AI Air New Zealand - NZ Finnair - AY Air Nauru -
ON Alitalia - AZ African Intercontinental - OY British Airways - BA Asiana Airlines - OZ
Royal Brunei - BI Air Fiji - PC EVA Airways - BR Pakistan International - PK China
Airlines - CI Philippine Airlines - PR Continental - CO Air Nuigini - PX Continental
Micronesia - CS Quantas Airways - QF Cathay Pacific - CX Air Malawi - QM Delta
Airlines - DL Qatar Airways - Q7 Emirates - EK VARIG - RG Garuda Indonesia - GA
Royal Jordanian - RJ Gulf Air - GF South African Airways -SA Hawaiian Airlines - HA
Swissair- SR Iran Air - IR Singapore Airlines - SQ IBERIA - IB Saudi Arabian Airlines -
SV Istanbul Airlines - IL Thai International Airways - TG Air Greece - JG Turkish Airlines
- TK Japan Airlines - JL United Airlines - UA Brasil Central - JJ Air UK - UK Dragonair -
KA Air Zimbabwe - UM Korean Air - KE Bahamasair - UP KLM Royal Dutch - KL
Vietnam Airlines - VN Air Malta - KM Air Tahiti - VT Kuwait Airways - KU Nigeria
Airways - WT LAN Chile - LA Oman Air - WY Lufthansa - LH EL Al Israel Airlines - LY
TPC-6253 Tour and Travel Management Tour Operations 16 Course Module Malaysia
Airlines - MH MI - Silk Air MK - Air Mauritius MS - Egyptair PACO - Pacific Air MX -
Mexicana Jetstar Airways – JQ Tiger Airways – TR Domestic 2P – Pal Express 5J -
Cebu Pacific Z2 - Zest Air DG – Seair References and Supplementary Materials Book 1.
Bienvenido G. Claravall (2013). Travel and Tour Operations in the Philippines (3rd ed.).
Accumicro I.T. Solutions. Manila 2. Deanna Esmeralda M. Saguid & Judiren B. Torres
(2017). Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) Home Economics Specialization:
Travel Services. Trinitas Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. Online Supplementary Reading
Materials 1. Tour Operators; https://tourismnotes.com/tour-operators/ Online
Instructional Videos 1. Seven Continent Songs; https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=K6DSMZ8b3LE