August 24, 2021

1 Introduction to Functions
CONTENT
By the end of this course, you will be able to:
Solve problems about functions. 1. Cartesian product
Graph functions.
2. Domain and range of a relation
Interpret the graph of functions.

Be able to give examples of linear functions from daily life. 3. Graph of a function
Solve problems using the graph and table notations of the functions.
4. Domain and range of a function

5. Kinds of functions

1. Cartesian Product 2. Relation

!"#$%$&'($)$*"$#+,$-"#-.$/0"$1&2#"-3&'$ %'C$-5*-"#$,7$%$$$)$3-$&$2"9&#3,'$72,D$
42,(56#$,7$%$&'($)8$%$$$)8$3-$#0"$-"#$,7$&99$ %$#,$).
,2("2"($4&32-$:&8*;$-560$#0&#$&$$$$%$&'(
*$$$$). %$$$)<=:&8*;>$&$$$%$&'($*$$$)? /0"$-"#$,7$732-#$6,D4,'"'#-$3'$#0"$
,2("2"($4&32-$3-$6&99"($#0"$domain of
Ex 1: %<=&8*?$&'($)<=@8A8B? the relation.
%$$$$)$<
/0"$-"#$,7$-"6,'($6,D4,'"'#-$3'$#0"$
,2("2"($4&32-$3-$6&99"($#0"$range of
)$$$$%$< the relation.
 August 24, 2021

%$$$$)$<
Ex 2:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:&8@;8$:&8A;8$:&8B;8$:*8@;8$:*8A;8$:*8B;? Ex 4: Find the domain and range of the relation

&;$E23#"$&$2"9&#3,'$72,D$%$#,$). {(1, 2), (3, 0), (2,-2), (-1, 1)}.

*;$E23#"$#0"$(,D&3'$&'($2&'F"$,7$%G).

Ex 3: H3I"'$%<=G8C8J?$&'($)<=K8B8L8M?

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$&;$E23#"$&$2"9&#3,'$72,D$%$#,$).$

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*;$E23#"$&$2"9&#3,'$72,D$)$#,$%.

3. Function

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#,$"G&6#9C$,'"$"9"D"'#$,7$)8$#0"'$
#0"$2"9&#3,'$f$$3-$6&99"($&$function.

E"$+23#"$
 August 24, 2021

Ex 5: Determine whether the following relations Ex 6: Determine whether the following relations
represent a function or not: represent a function from A to B or not, if
A={a,b,c,d} and B={1,2,3,4}.

&; {(a,3), (b,1), (c,1), (d,2)}

*; {(a,5), (b,3), (d,5)}

6; {(a,1), (b,3), (c,2), (d,4), (a,2)}

Vertical Line Test

• The vertical line test is a visual way to
determine if a curve (or a scatterplot) is
a graph of a function or not.
• A function can only have one output,y, for
each unique input, x.
• If a vertical line intersects a curve (or a
scatterplot) at more than one point, then
for one value of x the curve has more than
one value of y, and so, the graph does not
represent a function.
• If all vertical lines intersect a curve exactly
once in the domain, then the curve
represents a function.
 August 24, 2021

Ex 7: Determine whether the following graphs Ex 7: Determine whether the following graphs
represent a function or not. represent a function or not.

Ex 8: Determine whether the followings are functions Function Notation

on real numbers set.
x
&;

y=f(x)

"f of x"
For each x in the domain of f,
there corresponds a unique y
in its range.
 August 24, 2021

4. Domain and Range of a Function Ex 9: Find the domain and range of the following functions
&;

*; 6;

!"#$7>%$$$$$$$$)$*"$&$75'6#3,'.

O"#$%$:-"#$,7$&99$3'45#$I&95"-;$3-$6&99"($#0"$domain of f.

O"#$)$3-$6&99"($#0"$codomain of f.

/0"$-"#$+0360$6,'-3-#-$,7$&99$#0"$,5#45#-$$:3D&F"-$,7$&99$#0"$
"9"D"'#-$3'$#0"$(,D&3';$,7$#0"$75'6#3,'$3-$6&99"($#0"$range
(or image set)$,7$#0"$75'6#3,'$&'($3#$3-$("',#"($*C>$

7:%;$<$=7:G;>$G$P%?

Ex 9: Find the domain and range of the following functions Ex 10: Answer the questions for the following function f.
(;

";
 August 24, 2021

Ex 11: Find the domain and range of the following Ex 12:

functions:
&; &; Domain:

*; Range:

6; f(1)=

(; f(3)=
*;

Ex 13: Ex 14: The graph of y=f(x)=x2-2x-3 is given.

&; Is (1,-3) on the graph?

*; Find all values of x such that

(x,5) is on the graph of f.

&; 7:K;< 6; 7:B;<

6; Find all x-intercepts.
*; 7:A;< (; 7:QB;<

(; Find y-intercept.
 August 24, 2021

Ex 15: f={(1,1), (2,8), (-3,-27), (5,125), (-1,-1)} is given. Ex 16: Given f(x)=3x+2, calculate
a) Find the domain. a) f(1)

b) f(0)+f(-1) - f( )
b) Find the range.

c) Write a rule for this function.

c) f(m+2)

Ex 17: Given f(x)=3x - 5 and f(2a)+f(-4)= 2 - f(5), Ex 18: Given f(x)=x2 - 2x + a - 1 where a R , and

find the value of a. f(a)=f(a+1), find f(3).

 August 24, 2021

Ex 19: Given f(5x-2)=3x+7 , find Ex 20: Given find

a) f(3) &; f(-3)

*; f(2)
b) f(0)
6; f(5)

(; f(f(-5))

c) f(a)

Ex 21: f(x2-3x+2)=2x2-6x+3 is given. Find f(17). Ex 22: Find the domain of the following functions.

&;

*;

ready to solve WS 1 6;
 August 24, 2021

Ex 23: Find the domain of the following functions. Ex 24: Which one of the following is a function from N to N?
• a) f(x) = x-1
(;

• b) f(x) = 1/x

• c) f(x) = 2x+1
";
• d) f(x) = 5-x

• e) f(x) =

7;

5. Kinds of Functions
a) Surjective (ONTO) Function
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(ONTO)$37$&'($,'9C$37$7,2$"I"2C$*$$$$)$#0"2"$3-$
&'$"9"D"'#$&$$$$%$-560$#0&#$7:&;$<$*.

R&60$,'"$,7$#0"$"9"D"'#-$,7$-"#$%$must$*"$
5-"($#,$D&4$"&60$,'"$,7$#0"$"9"D"'#-$,7$-"#$
).

O"#$%$completely covers$-"#$)8$-,$#0&#$&99$,7$
-"#$)$3-$#0"$2&'F"$,7$#0"$75'6#3,'.
N'$,#0"2$+,2(-8 f(A)= B
 August 24, 2021

Ex 24: Determine whether the following functions are 5. Kinds of Functions

onto or not.
b) Injective (ONE-TO-ONE) Function
%$75'6#3,'$7$72,D$%$#,$)$3-$6&99"($Injective
&;
(ONE-TO-ONE)$37$&'($,'9C$37$7:G;<7:C;$3D493"-$

*; G<C$7,2$"I"2C$G8C$$$$$%.
R&60$,'"$,7$#0"$"9"D"'#-$,7$-"#$%$must$*"$

6; 5-"($#,$D&4$"G&6#9C$,'"$"9"D"'#$,7$#0"$-"#$).

(;

5. Kinds of Functions Test for 1-1 functions

1) Algebraically

If f(a) = f(b) implies that a = b, then f is 1:1 .

Is g(x) = 3x – 2 one-to-one?

Proof:
 August 24, 2021

Test for 1-1 functions Test for 1-1 functions

2) Geometrically: HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
N7$&$0,23J,'#&9$93'"$3'#"2-"6#-$&$75'6#3,'S-$
F2&40$&#$"G&6#9C$,'"$4,3'#8$#0"'$#0"$75'6#3,'$3-$
,'"Q#,Q,'".

/03-$D"&'-$#0&#8$7,2$"I"2C$CQI&95"$3'$#0"$
75'6#3,'8$#0"2"$3-$only one unique x-value.

5. Kinds of Functions 5. Kinds of Functions

c) Bijective Function d) Into Function
%$75'6#3,'$7$72,D$%$#,$)$3-$6&99"($Bijective $37$7$ %$75'6#3,'$7$72,D$%$#,$)$3-$6&99"($Into$37$7$3-$',#$
3-$*,#0$,'"Q#,Q,'"$&'($,'#,. ,'#,.

f(A) T B
 August 24, 2021

Ex 25: Determine whether the following function is into 5. Kinds of Functions

or not. e) Linear Function y=mx+n

A={-1,0,1}, B={0,1,2} and f:A→B , f(x)=x2+1

Ex 26: f is a linear function. If f(1)=4 and f(-2)=2, then 5. Kinds of Functions

find f(x). f) Constant Function
!"#$7$*"$&$75'6#3,'$72,D$%$#,$).$N7$7:%;$3-$&$-3'F9"$
$$"9"D"'#$,7$)8$#0"'$+"$-&C$#0&#$7$3-$&$6,'-#&'#$ $$$
$$75'6#3,'.$

Ex 27: f is a linear function. If f(1)=3 and f(2)= - 1 , then

find f(20).
 August 24, 2021

Ex 28: If f(x)=(a-4)x+5 is a constant function, then find a. Ex 30: is a constant function.

Find the value of f(8).

Ex 29: If f(x)=(a-2)x2+(b+3)x+7 is a constant function,

then find a-b+f(3).

Ex 31: is a constant function. Find a. Ex 32: are given.

What type of function is g?
 August 24, 2021

5. Kinds of Functions
g) Identity Function
%$75'6#3,'$7$72,D$%$#,$%$+0360$&--3F'-$"I"2C$
"9"D"'#$G$#,$#0"$-&D"$"9"D"'#$G$3-$6&99"($$#0"$
3("'#3#C$75'6#3,'$,'$%.

Ex 33: is the identity function on Ex 34: is the identity function

R. Find the values of a and b. on real numbers. Find the values of a and b.
 August 24, 2021

5. Kinds of Functions 5. Kinds of Functions

h) Odd Function h) Odd Function
%$75'6#3,' 3-$6&99"($&'$,(($ /0"$F2&40$,7$&'$,(($75'6#3,'$3-$-CDD"#236$
75'6#3,'$37 7,2$"I"2C$G. +3#0$2"-4"6#$#,$#0"$,23F3'.

N7$7$3-$&$4,9C',D3&9$75'6#3,'$+0360$3-$,((8$#0"'$
A U$
#0"$6,"77363"'#-$,7$G $8$G 8$...$&2"$J"2,.$$

5. Kinds of Functions 5. Kinds of Functions

i) Even Function i) Even Function
%$75'6#3,' 3-$6&99"($&'$"I"'$ /0"$F2&40$,7$&'$"I"'$75'6#3,'$3-$-CDD"#236$+3#0$
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75'6#3,'$37 7,2$"I"2C$G.

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B$
#0"'$#0"$6,"77363"'#-$,7$G$8$G 8$...$&2"$J"2,.$$
 August 24, 2021

Ex 35: f: R R and g: R R. g(x) = -f(-x) + x and Ex 36: Graph of y = f(x) is symmetric with respect to
f(3) = 7. Given that f is an odd function, find the value of y-axis. If find f(1).
g(3).

Ex 37: Decide whether the following each function is EXERCISES

even, odd or neither 1) f(x)=32x-1 and f(2)=5k+2 then find k.

ready to solve WS 2
 August 24, 2021

EXERCISES EXERCISES
2) f(22x-1)=x3+4x then find f(8). 3) then find f(5).
$ $

EXERCISES EXERCISES
4) x x
If f(x)=2 +3 and then g(2)=? 5) f(2)=3 and f(x+1)=xf(x)-4 then find f(5).
$ $
 August 24, 2021

EXERCISES EXERCISES
6) 2
f(x+1)-f(x)=x -1 is given. Find f(4)-f(1). 7) f(x)=5+f(x-1) and f(1)=2 then find f(25).
$ $

EXERCISES EXERCISES
8) Given f(x)=2x-3, find f(x-1) in terms of f(x). 9) Given f(x)=2
4x-1
, find f(x+1) in terms of f(x).
$ $
 August 24, 2021

EXERCISES EXERCISES

10) Given f(x)= find f(2x) in terms of f(x). 11) 2f(x)=f(-x)+6x-5 is given. Find f(3).
$ $

EXERCISES AYT 2019

12) For a certain reservoir, the function gives the water level , to
the nearest whole percent of capacity, on the nth day of 2016.
Which of the $following is the best interpretation of (Put a tick on $
the correct answer)
a) The water level of the reservoir was at 37% capacity for 70 days in 2016.

b) The water level of the reservoir was at 70% capacity for 37 days in 2016.

c) On the 37th day of 2016, the water level of the reservoir was at 70% capacity.

d) On the 70th day of 2016, the water level of the reservoir was at 37% capacity.

ready to solve WS 3