Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

10 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior
2.54 cm 10 mm 1 atm
10.1 P = 28.48 in Hg x x x = 0.952 atm
1 in 1 cm 760 mm Hg
2.54 cm 10 mm 101,325 Pa
P = 28.48 in Hg x x x = 9.64 x 104 Pa
1 in 1 cm 760 mm Hg
1 bar
P = 9.64 x 104 Pa x = 0.964 bar
105 Pa
13.6 mm H2O 1 x 10S3 m

10.2 (a) P = 760 mm Hg x x = 10.3 m H2O
1 mm Hg 1 mm
(b) A barometer filled with water would be too tall to be practical.
10.3 The pressure in the flask is less than 0.975 atm because the liquid level is higher on the
side connected to the flask. The 24.7 cm of Hg is the difference between the two pressures.
1.00 atm
Pressure difference = 24.7 cm Hg x = 0.325 atm
76.0 cm Hg
Pressure in flask = 0.975 atm S 0.325 atm = 0.650 atm
10.4 (a)
(b) (13.6 g/mL)/(0.822 g/mL) = 16.5

1 mm Hg
Pbulb = 746 mm Hg S 237 mm min oil x = 732 mm Hg
16.5 mm min oil
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 231

Chapter 10 S Gases: Their Properties and Behavior
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10.5 (a) Assume an initial volume of 1.00 L.

First consider the volume change resulting from a change in the number of moles with the
pressure and temperature constant.
Vi V V n (1.00 L)(0.225 mol)
= f ; Vf = i f = = 0.75 L
ni nf ni 0.3 mol
Now consider the volume change from 0.75 L as a result of a change in temperature with
the number of moles and the pressure constant.
Vi V V T (0.75 L)(400 K)
= f ; Vf = i f = = 1.0 L
Ti Tf Ti 300 K
There is no net change in the volume as a result of the decrease in the number of moles of
gas and a temperature increase.
(b) Assume an initial volume of 1.00 L.

First consider the volume change resulting from a change in the number of moles with the
pressure and temperature constant.
Vi V V n (1.00 L)(0.225 mol)
= f ; Vf = i f = = 0.75 L
ni nf ni 0.3 mol
Now consider the volume change from 0.75 L as a result of a change in temperature with
the number of moles and the pressure constant.
Vi V V T (0.75 L)(200 K)
= f ; Vf = i f = = 0.5 L
Ti Tf Ti 300 K
The volume would be cut in half as a result of the decrease in the number of moles of gas
and a temperature decrease.
10.6 1 atm (a) (b)
232 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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PV (1.000 atm)(1.000 x 105 L)

10.7 n= = = 4.461 x 103 mol CH4
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (273.15 K)
K @ mol
16.04 g
CH4, 16.04; mass CH4 = (4.461 x 103 mol) = 7.155 x 104 g CH4
1 mol
10.8 C3H8, 44.10; V = 350 mL = 0.350 L; T = 20 oC = 293 K

1 mol C3H8
n = 3.2 g x = 0.073 mol C3H8
44.10 g C3H8
L@ atm
(0.073 mol) 0.082 06 (293 K)
nRT K @ mol
P= = = 5.0 atm
V 0.350 L
10.9 The volume and number of moles of gas remain constant.

nR P P PT (2.37 atm)(273 K)
= i = f; Tf = f i = = 301 K = 28 oC
V Ti Tf Pi 2.15 atm
Pi Vi Pf Vf
10.10 =
Ti Tf
Pi V i Tf (745 mm Hg)(45.0 L)(225 K)
25.0 oC = 298 K; Vf = = = 142 L
Ti P f (298 K)(178 mm Hg)
10.11 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ÷ CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

CaCO3, 100.1; CO2, 44.01
1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2
mole CO2 = 33.7 g CaCO3 x x = 0.337 mol CO2
100.1 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3
44.01 g CO2
mass CO2 = 0.337 mol CO2 x = 14.8 g CO2
1 mol CO2
L@ atm
(0.337 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 7.55 L
P 1.00 atm
10.12 3 H2(g) + N2(g) ÷ 2 NH3(g)

3 mol H2
VH = 500.0 L NH3 x = 750.0 L H2
2
2 mol NH3
1 mol N2
VN = 500.0 L NH3 x = 250.0 L N2
2
2 mol NH3

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PV (1.00 atm)(1.00 L)
10.13 n = = = 0.0446 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (273 K)
K @ mol
1.52 g
molar mass = = 34.1 g/mol; molecular mass = 34.1
0.0446 mol
Na2S(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) ÷ H2S(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
The foul-smelling gas is H2S, hydrogen sulfide.
10.14 (a) CO2, 44.0

PM (1 atm)(44.0 g/mol)
d= = = 1.80 g/L
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
(b) Carbon dioxide has a higher molar mass (44.0 g/mol) than the major components of
air N2 (28.0 g/mol) and O2 (32.0 g/mol).
10.15 XO = 0.36; XN = 0.64; 25.0 oC = 298 K

2 2
(a) PO = Ptot @ XO = (50 atm)(0.36) = 18 atm

2 2
PN = Ptot @ XN = (50 atm)(0.64) = 32 atm

2 2
PV (18 atm)(10.0 L)
(b) nO = = = 7.36 mol O2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
PV (32 atm)(10.0 L)
nN = = = 13.1mol N2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
10.16 PO = Ptot @ XO
2 2
0.21 atm = (8.38 atm) @ XO

2
0.21 atm
XO = = 0.025
2
8.38 atm
rate O2 MKr 83.8 rate O2

10.17 (a) = = ; = 1.62
rate Kr MO 32.0 rate Kr
2
O2 diffuses 1.62 times faster than Kr.
rate C2H2 MN 28.0 rate C2H2

2
(b) = = ; = 1.04
rate N2 MC H 26.0 rate N2
2 2
C2H2 diffuses 1.04 times faster than N2.

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10.18 SO2, 64.06

rate1 MSO Mx 64.06
2
= 1.414 = ; Mx = = = 5.660
rate2 Mx 1.414 1.414
Mx = (5.660)2 = 32.00; The unknown gas could be O2.
110
10.19 110 ppb = XO x 109 ppb; XO = = 110 x 10S9
3 3 9
10
S5
volume % = XO x 100 = 1.10 x 10 %
3
6
ppm = XO x 10 = 0.110 ppm
3
O3 molecules = ( XO )(3.3 x 10S2 mol)(6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) = 2.2 x 1015 O3 molecules

3
95
10.20 95 ppb = XO x 109 ppb; XO = = 95 x 10S9
3 3 9
10
PO = Ptot @ XO = (0.79 atm)(95 x 10S9) = 7.5 x 10S8 atm
3 3
10.21 Nitrogen and oxygen are diatomic molecules that do not have a dipole moment. As the
bond stretches in a vibration, the molecule still does not have a dipole moment. Since no
change in dipole moment occurs, IR radiation will not be absorbed.
10.22 The water molecule has a bent geometry and thus all vibrations will result in a change in
dipole moment and the absorption of IR radiation.
10.23 The symmetric stretch does not absorb IR radiation; the asymmetric stretch absorbs IR
radiation.
10.24 1.82/0.48 = 3.8; The contribution from CO2 is 3.8 times as large as the contribution from
CH4.
10.25 Although N2O has a greater potential for warming on a per mass basis, the atmosphere
has a much higher concentration of CO2.
10.26 Water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas and when considering the greenhouse effect,
increased levels would cause warming. However, increased levels of water vapor may
also cause changes in some types of clouds that have a cooling effect.

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Conceptual Problems
10.27
P2 P1 (T2)(P1) (248 K)(760 mm Hg)

(a) = ; P2 = = = 632 mm Hg
T2 T1 T1 298 K
The column of Hg will rise to ~130 mm Hg inside the tube (drawing 1). The pressure
inside the tube (632 mm Hg) plus the pressure of 130 mm Hg equals the external
pressure, ~760 mm Hg.
(b) The column of Hg will rise to ~760 mm (drawing 2), which is equal to the external
pressure, ~760 mm Hg.
(c) The pressure inside the tube is equal to the external pressure and the Hg level inside
the tube will be the same as in the dish (drawing 3).
10.28 The gas pressure in the bulb in mm Hg is equal to the difference in the height of the Hg in
the two arms of the manometer.
10.29 A
When stopcock A is opened, the pressure in the flask will equal the
external pressure, and the level of mercury will be the same in both
arms of the manometer.
10.30 The picture on the right will be the same as that on the left, apart from random scrambling
of the He and Ar atoms.

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10.31 (a) The volume of a gas is proportional to the kelvin temperature at

constant pressure. As the temperature increases from 300 K to
450 K, the volume will increase by a factor of 1.5.
(b) The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure at

constant temperature. As the pressure increases from 1 atm to
2 atm, the volume will decrease by a factor of 2.
(c) PV = nRT; The amount of gas (n) is constant.

PV PV
Therefore nR = i i = f f .
Ti Tf
Assume Vi = 1 L and solve for Vf.
Pi V i Tf (3 atm)(1 L)(200 K)
= = Vf = 1 L
Ti P f (300 K)(2 atm)
There is no change in volume.
10.32 The sample remains a gas at 150 K. Drawing (c) represents the gas at this temperature.
The gas molecules still fill the container.
10.33 The two gases should mix randomly and homogeneously and this is best represented by
drawing (c).
10.34 nTotal = (1 black) + (3 blue) + (4 red) + (6 green) = 14

PTotal = 420 mm Hg
n
Px = PTotal x x
n Total
1 3
Pblack = (420 mm Hg) x = 30.0 mm Hg; Pblue = (420 mm Hg) x = 90.0 mm Hg
14 14
4 6
Pred = (420 mm Hg) x = 120 mm Hg; Pgreen = (420 mm Hg) x = 180 mm Hg
14 14
10.35 The two gases will be equally distributed among the three flasks.

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10.36 (a) The temperature has increased by about 10% (from 300 K to 325 K) while the
amount and the pressure are unchanged. Thus, the volume should increase by about 10%.
(b) The temperature has increased by a factor of 1.5 (from 300 K to 450 K) and the
pressure has increased by a factor of 3 (from 0.9 atm to 2.7 atm) while the amount is
unchanged. Thus, the volume should decrease by half (1.5/3 = 0.5).
(c) Both the amount and the pressure have increased by a factor of 3 (from 0.075 mol to
0.22 mol and from 0.9 atm to 2.7 atm) while the temperature is unchanged. Thus, the
volume is unchanged.
10.37 (a) Because there are more yellow gas molecules than there are blue, the yellow gas
molecules have the higher average speed.
(b) Each rate is proportional to the number of effused gas molecules of each type.
Myellow = 25
rateblue Myellow 5 25 5 2
25 25
= ; = ; = ; Mblue = = 36
rateyellow Mblue 6 Mblue 6 Mblue 2
5
6
Section Problems
Gases and Gas Pressure (Section 10.1)
10.38 10.00 atm = 14.7 x 10 psi = 147 psi

1 psi
= 0.145 psi
6.89 kPa
10.39 1.00 atmosphere pressure can support a column of Hg 0.760 m high. Because the density
of H2O is 1.00 g/mL and that of Hg is 13.6 g/mL, 1.00 atmosphere pressure can support a
column of H2O 13.6 times higher than that of Hg. The column of H2O supported by 1.00
atmosphere will be (0.760 m)(13.6) = 10.3 m.
10.40 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles.

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10.41 Gases are much more compressible than solids or liquids because there is a large amount
of empty space between individual gas molecules.
1.00 atm 101,325 Pa

10.42 P = 480 mm Hg x = 0.632 atm; P = 480 mm Hg x = 6.40 x 104 Pa
760 mm Hg 760 mm Hg
101330 Pa 1 kPa
10.43 P = 52 bar x x = 5.2 x 103 kPa
1.0133 bar 1000 Pa
P = 60 atm x 760 mm Hg = 4.56 x 104 mm Hg
1.00 atm
101,325 Pa
P = 0.0764 mm Hg x x 1 kPa/1000 Pa = 0.0102 kPa
760 mm Hg
10.44 Pflask > 776.9 mm Hg; Pflask = 776.9 mm Hg + 150 mm Hg = 927 mm Hg
10.45 Pflask < 1.021 atm (see Figure 10.5)

1.00 atm
Pdifference = 28.3 cm Hg x = 0.372 atm
76.0 cm Hg
Pflask = 1.021 atm S Pdifference = 1.021 atm S 0.372 atm = 0.649 atm
10.46 Pflask > 752.3 mm Hg (see Figure 10.5); If the pressure in the flask can support a column
of ethyl alcohol (d = 0.7893 g/mL) 55.1 cm high, then it can only support a column of Hg
that is much shorter because of the higher density of Hg.
0.7893 g/mL
55.1 cm x = 3.21 cm Hg = 32.1 mm Hg
13.546 g/mL
Pflask = 752.3 mm Hg + 32.1 mm Hg = 784.4 mm Hg
101,325 Pa
Pflask = 784.4 mm Hg x = 1.046 x 105 Pa
760 mm Hg
10.47 Compute the height of a column of CHCl3 that 1.00 atm can support.
13.546 g/mL
760 mm Hg x = 6941 mm CHCl3; therefore 1.00 atm = 6941 mm CHCl3
1.4832 g/mL
The pressure in the flask is less than atmospheric pressure.
Patm S Pflask = 0.849 atm S 0.788 atm = 0.061 atm
6941 mm CHCl3
0.061 atm x = 423 mm CHCl3
1.00 atm
The chloroform will be 423 mm higher in the manometer arm connected to the flask.
10.48 % Volume
N2 78.08
O2 20.95
Ar 0.93
CO2 0.037

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The % volume for a particular gas is proportional to the number of molecules of that gas
in a mixture of gases.
Average molecular mass of air
= (0.7808)(mol. mass N2) + (0.2095)(mol. mass O2)
+ (0.0093)(at. mass Ar) + (0.000 37)(mol. mass CO2)
= (0.7808)(28.01) + (0.2095)(32.00)
+ (0.0093)(39.95) + (0.000 37)(44.01) = 28.96
10.49 The % volume for a particular gas is proportional to the number of molecules of that gas
in a mixture of gases.
Average molecular weight of a diving-gas
= (0.020)(molecular weight O2) + (0.980)(atomic weight He)
= (0.020)(32.00) + (0.980)(4.00) = 4.56
The Gas Laws (Sections 10.2 and 10.3)
nR P P Pi Tf
10.50 (a) = i = f; = Pf
V Ti Tf Ti
Let Pi = 1 atm, Ti = 100 K, Tf = 50 K
PT (1 atm)(50 K)
Pf = i f = = 0.50 atm
Ti (100 K)
The pressure would be halved.
Pi Vi
(b) nRT = PiVi = PfVf ; = Pf
Vf
Let Pi = 1 atm, Vi = 1 L, Vf = 2 L
PiVi (1 atm)(1 L) 1
Pf = = = atm
Vf (2 L) 2
The pressure would be halved.
Pi Vi
(c) nRT = PiVi = PfVf; = Pf
Vf
Let Pi = 1 atm, Vi = 1 L, Vf = 1 + 0.5 L = 1.5 L
PV (1 atm)(1 L)
Pf = i i = = 0.67 atm
Vf (1.5 L)
The pressure would increase by 0.67 times.
Pi Vi Pf Vf Pi V i Tf
(d) nR = = ; = Pf
Ti Tf Ti V f
Let Pi = 1 atm, Vi = 1 L, Ti = 200 K, Vf = 2 L, Tf = 100 K

______________________________________________________________________________
Pi Vi Tf (1 atm)(1 L)(100 K)
=
Pf = = 0.25 atm = 1/4 atm
Ti Vf (200 K)(2 L)
The pressure would be 1/4 the initial pressure.
nR V V V iT f
10.51 (a) = i = f; = Vf
P Ti Tf Ti
Let Vi = 1 L, Ti = 200 K, Tf = 400 K
VT (1 L)(400 K)
Vf = i f = =2L
Ti (200 K)
The volume would be doubled.
Pi Vi
(b) nRT = PiVi = PfVf ; = Vf
Pf
Let Vi = 1 L, Pi = 2 atm, Pf = 1 atm
PiVi (1 L)(2 atm)
Vf = = = 2L
Pf (1 atm)
The pressure would be doubled.

V V Vi Tf
(c) nR/P = i = f ; = Vf
Ti Tf Ti
Let Vi = 1 L, Ti = 100 K, Tf = 100 + 10 = 110 K
ViTf (110 K)(1 L) 1.10 L
Vf = = =
Ti (100 K)
The pressure would be 10%.
Pi Vi Pf Vf Pi V i Tf
(d) nR = = ; = Vf
Ti Tf Pf Ti
Let Vi = 1 L, Ti = 200 K, Tf = 400 K, Pi = 1 atm, Pf = 0.5 atm
PiViTf (1 atm)(1 L)(400 K)
Vf = P T = (0.5 atm)(200 K) = 4 L
f i
The volume would increase by 4 times.

10.52 They all contain the same number of gas molecules.
10.53 For O2, T = 25 oC = 298 K.

750 mm Hg x 1.00 atm
(3 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 0.121 mol air
RT L @ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol

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For CO2, T = S10 oC = 263 K

1.00 atm
760 mm Hg x (2.00 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 0.0927 mol CO2
RT L @ atm
0.082 06 (263 K)
K@ mol
Because the number of moles of O2 is larger than the number of moles of CO2, the O2
sample contains more molecules.
10.54 n and T are constant; therefore nRT = PiVi = PfVf

Pi Vi (124 atm)(40.0 L)
Vf = = = 4550 L
Pf (1.09 atm)
nR V V
n and P are constant; therefore = i = f
P Ti Tf
Vi T f (40 L)(310.5 K)
Vf = = = 42.5 L
Ti (292.5 K)
Pi Vi Pf Vf
10.55 Ti = 20 oC = 293 K; nR = =
Ti Tf
Pi V i Tf (140 atm)(8.0 L)(273 K)
Vf = = = 1.0 x 103 L
Ti P f (293 K)(1.00 atm)
1 mol O2
10.56 64.0 g O2 x = 2 mol O2
32.0 g O2
L@ atm
(2 mol) 0.082 06 (400 K)
nRT K @ mol
P= = = 131.296 atm
V (0.50 L)
760 mm Hg
131.296 atm x = 9.98 x 104 mm Hg
1 atm
1 mol CO2
10.57 2.0 g CO2 x = 0.04545 mol CO2
44.0 g CO2
PV (4.0 atm)(0.20 L)
T= = = 214.45 K
nR L@ atm
(0.04545 mol) 0.082 06
K @ mol
1 H atom 1 mol H 1000 cm 3

10.58 x x = 1.7 x 10S21 mol H/L
cm 3 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1L

______________________________________________________________________________
L@ atm
(1.7 x 10S21 mol) 0.082 06 (100 K)
nRT K @ mol
P= = = 1.4 x 10S20 atm
V (1 L)
760 mm Hg
P = 1.4 x 10S20 atm x = 1 x 10S17 mm Hg
1.0 atm
10.59 CH4, 16.04; 5.36 kg = 5.36 x 103 g; T = 20 oC = 293 K

1 mol L @ atm
5.36 x 103 g x 0.082 06 (293 K)
nRT 16.04 g K @ mol
P= = = 176.6 atm
V (44.5 L)
101,325 Pa 1 k Pa
P = 176.6 atm x x = 1.8 x 104 kPa
1 atm 1000 Pa
1000 Pa 1 atm
17,690 kPa x x (43.8 L)
PV 1 k Pa 101,325 Pa
10.60 n = = = 312.7 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298K)
K @ mol
39.948 g
mass Ar = 312.7 mol x = 12492 g = 1.25 x 104 g
1 mol
1000 Pa 1 atm
10.61 P = 13,600 kPa x x = 134.2 atm
1 kPa 101,325 Pa
n and T are constant; therefore nRT = PiVi = PfVf
PV (134.2 atm)(2.50 L)
Vf = i i = = 277.6 L
Pf (1.21 atm)
1 balloon
277.3 L x = 138 balloons
2.0 L
Gas Stoichiometry (Section 10.4)
10.62 For steam, T = 127.0 oC = 400 K

PV (0.90 atm)(12.0 L)
n= = = 0.329 mol steam
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (400 K)
K@ mol
For ice, H2O, 18.02; n = 12.5 g x 1 mol = 0.665 mol ice
18.02 g
Because the number of moles of ice is larger than the number of moles of steam, the ice
contains more H2O molecules.

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10.63 T = 90.0 oC = 363 K

1.00 atm
1200 mm H g x (6 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
nHe = = = 0.2886 mol He
RT L @ atm
0.082 06 (363 K)
K @ mol
1 mol Cl2
Cl2, 70.91; nCl = 17.5 g Cl2 x = 0.246 mol Cl2
2
70.91 g Cl2
6 L of He at 90oC has greater number of molecules than 17.5 g of Cl2.
10.64 The containers are identical. Both containers contain the same number of gas molecules.
Weigh the containers. Because the molecular mass for O2 is greater than the molecular
mass for H2, the heavier container contains O2.
10.65 Assuming that you can see through the flask, Cl2 gas is greenish and Ar is colorless.
1L
10.66 room volume = 4.0 m x 5.0 m x 3.0 m x = 6.0 x 104 L
S3 3
10 m
4
PV (1.0 atm)(6.0 x 10 L)
ntotal = = = 2.67 x 103 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (273 K)
K @ mol
nO = (0.25)ntotal = (0.25)(2.67 x 103 mol) = 667.5 mol O2
2
32.0 g
mass O2 = 667.5 mol x = 2.1 x 104 g O2
1 mol
1 mol O2
10.67 0.28 g O2 x = 8.6 x 10S3 mol O2
32.0 g O2
L@ atm
(8.6 x 10S3 mol) 0.082 06 (310 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 0.219 L = 0.220 L = 220 mL O2
P 1.0 atm
16.04 g
10.68 (a) CH4, 16.04; d= = 0.716 g/L
22.4 L
44.01 g
(b) CO2, 44.01; d= = 1.96 g/L
22.4 L
32.00 g
(c) O2, 32.00; d= = 1.43 g/L
22.4 L
10.69 Average molar mass = (0.300)(molar mass F2) + (0.700)(molar mass He)
= (0.300)(38.00 g/mol) + (0.700)(4.003 g/mol) = 14.20 g/mol
Assume 1.00 mole of the gas mixture. T = 25 oC = 298 K

______________________________________________________________________________
L@ atm
(1.00 mol) 0.082 06 (298 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 25.4 L
P 1.00 atm
730 mm H g x
760 mm Hg
14.20 g
d= = 0.559 g/L
25.4 L
1.00 atm
356 mm Hg x (1.500 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
10.70 n = = = 0.0290 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (295.5 K)
K@ mol
0.8689 g
molar mass = = 29.0 g/mol; molecular weight = 30.0
0.0290 mol
10.71 (a) Assume 1.000 L gas sample

PV (1.00 atm)(1.000 L)
n= = = 0.0446 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (273 K)
K@ mol
1.708 g
0.0446 mol
(b) Assume 1.000 L gas sample
1.00 atm
730 mmHg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 0.0386 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (303 K)
K@ mol
1.053 g
0.0386 mol
10.72 2 HgO(s) ÷ 2 Hg(l) + O2(g); HgO, 216.59

1 mol HgO 1 mol O2
10.57 g HgO x x = 0.024 40 mol O2
216.59 g HgO 2 mol HgO
L@ atm
(0.024 40 mol) 0.082 06 (273.15 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 0.5469 L
P 1.000 atm
10.73 2 HgO(s) ÷ 2 Hg(l) + O2(g); HgO, 216.59

2 mol HgO 216.59 g HgO
mass HgO = 0.0186 mol O2 x x = 8.06 g HgO
1 mol O2 1 mol HgO

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10.74 Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ÷ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1 mol Zn 1 mol H2
(a) 30.0 g Zn x x = 0.458 mol H2
65.39 g Zn 1 mol Zn
L@ atm
(0.458 mol) 0.082 06 (293 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 11.08 L
P 1.00 atm
755 mm H g x
760 mm Hg
1.00 atm
365 mm H g x (7.00 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(b) n = = = 0.13301 mol H2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (308 K)
K @ mol
1 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn
0.13301 mol H2 x x = 8.69 g Zn
1 mol H2 1 mol Zn
10.75 2 NH4NO3(s) ÷ 2 N2(g) + 4 H2O(g) + O2(g); NH4NO3, 80.04

1 mol NH4NO3 7 mol gas
Total moles of gas = 450 g NH4NO3 x x = 19.68 mol
80.04 g NH4NO3 2 mol NH4NO3
T = 450 oC = 723 K
L@ atm
(19.68 mol) 0.082 06 (723 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 1.17 x 103 L
P (1.00 atm)
10.76 (a) V24h = (5.00 L/min)(60 min/h)(24 h/day) = 7200 L

VCO = (0.034)V24h = (0.034)(7200 L) = 244.8 L
2
1.00 atm
722 mm Hg x (244.8 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 9.20 mol CO2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (308 K)
K @ mol
44.01 g CO2
9.20 mol CO2 x = 404.9 g = 405 g CO2
1 mol CO2
(b) 2 Na2O2(s) + 2 CO2(g) ÷ 2 Na2CO3(s) + O2(g); Na2O2, 77.98

3.25 kg = 3250 g
1 mol Na2O2 2 mol CO2 1 day
3250 g Na2O2 x x x = 4.5 days
77.98 g Na2O2 2 mol Na2O2 9.20 mol CO2

______________________________________________________________________________
10.77 2 TiCl4(g) + H2(g) ÷ 2 TiCl3(s) + 2 HCl(g); TiCl4, 189.69

(a) T = 475 oC = 748 K
1.00 atm
874 mm Hg x (160 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
nH = = = 2.99 mol H2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (748 K)
K @ mol
2 mol TiCl4 189.69 g TiCl4
2.99 mol H2 x x = 1134.2 g = 1134 g TiCl4
1 mol H2 1 mol TiCl4
2 mol HCl
(b) nHCl = 2.99 mol H2 x = 5.98 mol HCl
1 mol H2
L@ atm
(5.98 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nHClRT K @ mol
V= = = 134 L HCl
P (1.00 atm)
10.78 He, 4.00; 495 mL = 0.495 L; 31 oC = 304 K

PV (8.5 atm)(0.495 L)
nHe = = = 0.169 mol He
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (304 K)
K @ mol
4.00 g He
mass He = 0.169 mol He x = 0.675 g He
1 mol He
10.79 C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ÷ 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

PV (4.5 atm)(20.0 L)
nSURSDQH = = = 3.69 mol C3H8
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (297 K)
K @ mol
3 mol CO2
3.69 mol C3H8 x = 1.38 mol CO2
6 mol C3H8
L@ atm
(1.38 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
V= = = 41 L = 41 L
P 1.00 atm
Dalton's Law and Mole Fraction (Section 10.5)
10.80 Because of Avogadro's Law (V % n), the % volumes are also % moles.
% mole
N2 78.08
O2 20.95
Ar 0.93
CO2 0.038 In decimal form, % mole = mole fraction.

______________________________________________________________________________
PN = XN @ Ptotal = (0.7808)(1.000 atm) = 0.7808 atm

2 2
PO = XO @ Ptotal = (0.2095)(1.000 atm) = 0.2095 atm

2 2
PAr = XAr@ Ptotal = (0.0093)(1.000 atm) = 0.0093 atm

PCO = XCO @ Ptotal = (0.000 38)(1.000 atm) = 0.000 38 atm
2 2
Pressures of the rest are negligible.
94 mol
10.81 XCH = = 0.94; PCH = XCH @ Ptotal = (0.94)(1.48 atm) = 1.4 atm
4
100 mol 4 4
4 mol
XC H = = 0.040; PC H = XC H @ Ptotal = (0.040)(1.48 atm) = 0.059 atm
2 6
100 mol 2 6 2 6
1.5 mol
3 8
100 mol 3 8 3 8
0.5 mol
4 10
100 mol 4 10 4 10
10.82 Assume a 100.0 g sample. g CO2 = 1.00 g and g O2 = 99.0 g

1 mol CO2
mol CO2 = 1.00 g CO2 x = 0.0227 mol CO2
44.01 g CO2
1 mol O2
mol O2 = 99.0 g O2 x = 3.094 mol O2
32.00 g O2
ntotal = 3.094 mol + 0.0227 mol = 3.117 mol
3.094 mol 0.0227 mol
XO = = 0.993; XCO = = 0.007 28
2
3.117 mol 2
3.117 mol
PO = XO @ Ptotal = (0.993)(0.916 atm) = 0.909 atm
2 2
PCO = XCO @ Ptotal = (0.007 28)(0.916 atm) = 0.00667 atm

2 2
10.83 From Problem 10.84: XHCI = 0.026, XH = 0.094, XNe = 0.88

2
PHCI = XHCl @ Ptotal = (0.026)(13,700 kPa) = 3.5 x 102 kPa

PH = XH 2@ Ptotal = (0.094)(13,700 kPa) = 1.3 x 103 kPa
2
PNe = XNe @ Ptotal = (0.88)(13,700 kPa) = 1.2 x 104 kPa
10.84 Assume a 100.0 g sample.

1 mol HCl
g HCl = (0.0500)(100.0 g) = 5.00 g; 5.00 g HCl x = 0.137 mol HCl
36.5 g HCl
1 mol H2
g H2 = (0.0100)(100.0 g) = 1.00 g; 1.00 g H2 x = 0.496 mol H2
2.016 g H2
1 mol Ne
g Ne = (0.94)(100.0 g) = 94 g; 94 g Ne x = 4.66 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne

______________________________________________________________________________
ntotal = 0.137 + 0.496 + 4.66 = 5.3 mol

0.137 mol 0.496 mol 4.66 mol
XHCl = = 0.026; XH = = 0.094; XNe = = 0.88
5.3 mol 2
5.3 mol 5.3 mol
10.85 Assume a 1.000 L gas sample.

PV (1.000 atm)(1.000 L)
n= = = 0.044 61 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (273.15 K)
K @ mol
1.488 g
average molar mass = = 33.36 g/mol
0.044 61 mol
33.36 = x @ MAr + (1 S x) @ MN2
33.36 = (x)(39.948) + (1 S x)(28.013)
Solve for x: x = 0.4480, 1 S x = 0.5519
The mixture contains 44.80% Ar and 55.20% N2.
Assume 100 moles of gas.
44.80 mol 55.20 mol
XAr = = 0.4480; XN = = 0.5520
100 mol 2
100 mol
10.86 (a) O, 31.99

1 mol L @ atm
49.8 g x 0.082 06 (260 K)
nRT 31.99 g K @ mol
P= = = 0.221 atm
V (150.0 L)
1 mol L @ atm
36.7 g x 0.082 06 (260 K)
nRT 39.95 g K @ mol
(b) P = = = 0.131 atm
V (150.0 L)
1 mol L @ atm
0.776 g x 0.082 06 (300 K)
nRT 4.003 g K @ mol
10.87 (a) P = = = 0.238 atm
V (20.0 L)
760 mm Hg
0.238 atm x = 181 mm Hg
1 atm
(b) CO2, 44.01
1 mol L @ atm
3.61 g x 0.082 06 (300 K)
nRT 44.01 g K @ mol
P= = = 0.101 atm
V (20.0 L)
760 mm Hg
0.101 atm x = 76.8 mm Hg
1 atm

______________________________________________________________________________
10.88 Ptotal = PH + PH O ; PH = Ptotal S PH O = 747 mm Hg S 23.8 mm Hg = 723 mm Hg

2 2 2 2
1.00 atm
723 mm Hg x (3.557 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 0.1384 mol H2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
1 mol Mg 24.3 g Mg
0.1384 mol H2 x x = 3.36 g Mg
1 mol H2 1 mol Mg
10.89 Ptotal = PCl + PH O = 755 mm Hg

2 2
PCl = Ptotal S PH O = 755 mm Hg S 28.7 mm Hg = 726.3 mm Hg

2 2
PCl 726.3 mm Hg
2
(a) XCl = = = 0.962
2
Ptotal 755 mm Hg
(b) NaCl, 58.44
1.00 atm
726.3 mm Hg x (0.597 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
nCl = = = 0.0232 mol Cl2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (300 K)
K @ mol
2 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl
0.0232 mol Cl2 x x = 2.71 g NaCl
1 mol Cl2 1 mol NaCl
Kinetic–Molecular Theory and Graham's Law (Sections 10.6 and 10.7)
10.90 The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following assumptions:

1. A gas consists of tiny particles, either atoms or molecules, moving about at random.
2. The volume of the particles themselves is negligible compared with the total volume
of the gas; most of the volume of a gas is empty space.
3. The gas particles act independently; there are no attractive or repulsive forces between
particles.
4. Collisions of the gas particles, either with other particles or with the walls of the
container, are elastic; that is, the total kinetic energy of the gas particles is constant at
constant T.
5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional to the Kelvin
temperature of the sample.
10.91 Diffusion – The mixing of different gases by random molecular motion and with frequent
collisions.
Effusion – The process in which gas molecules escape through a tiny hole in a membrane
without collisions.
10.92 Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another as the result of a temperature
difference between them. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of molecular
motion.

______________________________________________________________________________
10.93 The atomic mass of He is much less than the molecular mass of the major components of
air (N2 and O2). The rate of effusion of He through the balloon skin is much faster.
3 RT 3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 220 K

10.94 u = = = 443 m/s
M 28.0 x 10S3 kg / mol
3RT
10.95 u = , M = molar mass, R = 8.314 J/(K @ mol), 1 J = 1 kg @ m2/s2
M
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 310 K

at 37 oC = 310 K, u = = 525 m/s
28.01 x 10S3 kg / mol
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 248 K

at S25 oC = 248 K, u = = 470 m/s
28.01 x 10S3 kg / mol
3RT 3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 313 K

10.96 For Br2: u = = = 221 m/s
M 159.8 x 10S3 kg / mol
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T

For Xe: u = 214 m/s =
131.3 x 10S3 kg/mol
Square both sides of the equation and solve for T.
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T
48841 m2/s2 =
131.3 x 10S3 kg/mol
T = 257 K = S15 oC
3RT
10.97 u = , M = molar mass, R = 8.314 J/(K @ mol), 1 J = 1 kg @ m2/s2
M
O2, 32.00, 32.00 x 10S3 kg/mol
1.6093 km 1000 m 1 hr 1 min
u = 580 mi/h x x x x = 268 m/s
1 mi 1 km 60 min 60 s
3RT 3RT
u = ; u2 =
M M
u M (259 m/s)2 (32.00 x 10S3 kg/mol)
2
T= = = 92.29 K
3R (3)(8.314 kg @ m 2/s 2 @ K @ mol)
T = 92.29 S 273.15 = S180.7 oC

______________________________________________________________________________
3 RT 3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 200 K

10.98 For H2, u = = = 1571 m/s
M 2.02 x 10S3 kg/mol
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 423 K

For He, u = = 1624 m/s
4.00 x 10S3 kg/mol
He at 150 oC has the higher average speed.
10.99 UF6, 352.02; T = 150 oC = 423 K

3 RT 3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x 423 K
u = = = 173 m/s
M 352.02 x 10S3 kg/mol
Ferrari
mi 1.6093 km 1000 m 1 hr
150 x x x = 67.05 m/s
hr 1 mi 1 km 3600 s
The UF6 molecule has the higher average speed.
rateH MX 3.98 MX
10.100 2
= ; ; = 3.98 2.02 = MX
rateX MH 2.02 1
2
MX = (3.98 2.02 )2 = 32.0 g/mol; molecular weight = 32.0
rate Xe MZ 1 MZ 131.29 131.29

10.101 = ; = ; = MZ ; = MZ
rate Z MXe 1.86
131.29 1.86 (1.86)2
MZ = 37.9 g/mol; molecular weight = 37.9; The gas could be F2.
10.102 He, 4.002; HF, 20.01; Cl2, 70.9

rate He MCl 2 70.9 rate HF MCl 2 70.9
= = = 4.20; = = = 1.88
rate Cl2 MHe 4.002 rate Cl2 MHF 20.01
The relative rates of diffusion are He(4.20) > HF(1.88) > Cl2(1.00).
10.103 Because CO and N2 have the same mass, they will have the same diffusion rates.
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T

10.104 u = 65 m/s =
20.17 x 10S3 kg/mol
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T
4225 m 2/s 2 =
4.00 x 10S3 kg/mol
T = 3.41 K = S269.74 oC (near absolute zero)

______________________________________________________________________________
1000 m 1h
10.105 230 km/h x x = 63.9 m/s
1 km 3600 s
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T

u = 63.9 m/s =
14.0 x 10S3 kg/mol
3 x 8.314 kg m 2/(s 2 K mol) x T
4083 m2/s2 =
14.0 x 10S3 kg/mol
T = 2.29 K = 2.29 K S 273.15 = S270.85 oC
Real Gases (Section 10.8)
10.106 (a) high (b) larger
10.107 (a) high (b) smaller
L@ atm
(0.250 mol) 0.082 06 (320 K)
nRT K @ mol
10.108 P = = = 8.75 atm
V (0.750 L)
nRT an 2
P= S
V S nb V2
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(0.250 mol) 0.082 06 (320 K) 1.35 (0.250 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S = 12.67 atm
[(0.750 L) S (0.250 mol)(0.0387 L/mol)] (0.750 L)2
L@ atm
(15.00 mol) 0.082 06 (300 K)
nRT K @ mol
10.109 P = = = 615.5 atm
V (0.600 L)
nRT an 2
P= S
V S nb V2
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(15.00 mol) 0.082 06 (300 K) 1.35 (15.00 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S = 18,090 atm
[(0.600 L) S (15.00 mol)(0.0387 L/mol)] (0.600 L)2
The Earth’s Atmosphere and Pollution (Section 10.9)
10.110 Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Temperature changes are

used to distinguish between different regions of the atmosphere.
1000 g 1 mol air

10.111 nair = 5.20 x 1015 kg air x x = 1.81 x 1017 mol air
1 kg 28.8 g air

______________________________________________________________________________
L@ atm
(1.81 x 1017 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
Vair = = = 4.05 x 1018 L
P 1.00 atm
10.112 The force of gravity is strongest at the earth’s surface and becomes weaker at higher
altitude. Because of this, the troposphere contains about 75% of the mass of the entire
atmosphere.
10.113 (a) XO = 0.2095

2
(b) PO = Ptot @ XO = (1.0 atm)(0.2095) = 0.21 atm

2 2
(c) PO = Ptot @ XO = (0.20 atm)(0.2095) = 0.042 atm

2 2
10.114 The more toxic pollutant is the one with the lower exposure limit, in this case PM2.5.
10.115 The more toxic pollutant is the one with the lower exposure limit, in this case SO2.
0.93
10.116 % Ar = 0.93% = XAr x 100; = XCO = 0.93 x 10S4
100 2
Ar ppm = XAr x 10 = (4.93 x 10 )(10 ) = 9300 ppm

6 S4 6
1.5 x 10S5
10.117 % N2O = 1.5 x 10S5% = XN O x 100; = XN O = 1.5 x 10S7
2
100 2
6 S7 6
N2O ppm = XN O x 10 = (1.5 x 10 )(10 ) = 0.15 ppm
2
N2O ppb = XN O x 109 = (1.5 x 10S7)(109 ) = 1500 ppb

2
10.118 SO2, 64.1

1 mol SO2 6.022 x 1023 SO2 molecules
S6
0.20 x 10 g SO2 x x = 1.88 x 1015 SO2 molecules/L
64.1 g SO2 1 mol SO2
PV (1.00 atm)(1.00 L)
mol air/L = n = = = 0.0409 mol air/L
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
6.022 x 1023 air molecules
0.0409 mol air/L x = 2.46 x 1022 air molecules/L
1 mol air
1.88 x 10 SO2 molecules
15
SO2 ppb = x 109 = 76 ppb
22
2.46 x 10 air molecules
This exceeds the 1-hour limit of 75 ppb.
10.119 From problem 10.118, 1 L of air at 1.00 atm and 25 oC contains 2.46 x 1022 air
molecules.
NO2 concentration = 140 ppb

______________________________________________________________________________
Let z = the number of NO2 molecules in 1.00 L of air.

z 140
=
22
2.46 x 10 air molecules 1 x 109
z = (2.46 x 1022 molecules)(140)/(1 x 109) = 3.44 x 1015 NO2 molecules/L
(3.44 x 1015 NO2 molecules/L)(15,000 L/day) = 5.16 x 1019 NO2 molecules/day
NO2, 46.0
1 mol NO2
mass NO2 = 5.16 x 1019 NO2 molecules x
6.022 x 1023 NO2 molecules
46.0 g NO2
x = 0.0039 g NO2
1 mol NO2
10.120 S, 32.1
1000 g
mass S = 12.4 kg x x 0.028 = 67.2 g S
1 kg
1 mol S 2.09 mol S = 2.09 mol SO
mol S = 67.2 gS x = 2
32.1 g S
L@ atm
(2.09 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
VSO = = = 47 L
2
P 1.0 atm
10.121 (a) PbSO3(s) ÷ PbO(s) + SO2(g)

(b) PbSO3, 287.3; mol SO2 = mol PbSO3; 300 oC = 573 K
1 mol PbSO3
mol PbSO3 = 329 g PbSO3 x = 1.145 mol PbSO3 = 1.145 mol SO2
287.3 g PbSO3
L@ atm
(1.145 mol) 0.082 06 (573 K)
nRT K @ mol
VSO = = = 53.9 L
2
P 1.00 atm
10.122 (a) CO and NO2 (b) CO, NO2, and SO2
10.123 Primary pollutants are those that enter the environment directly from a source such as
vehicles or industrial emissions. Primary pollutants are CO, Pb, particulate matter, and
SO2.
10.124 Secondary pollutants are formed by the chemical reaction of a primary pollutant and are
not directly emitted from a source. Secondary pollutants are NO2, O3, and photochemical
smog.
10.125 NO2 and VOCs

______________________________________________________________________________
10.126 200 nm = 200 x 10S9 m

hc 3.00 x 108 m / s 1 kJ
E = = (6.626 x 10S34 J@ s) (6.022 x 1023 / mol)
λ 200 x 10S9 m 1000 J
E = 599 kJ/mol
The O–O bond energy is 599 kJ/mol.
10.127 NO, NO2, then O3

NO peaks during the morning rush hour. NO2 forms as NO reacts with O2. O3 forms as
sunlight breaks the N–O bond in NO2 and O reacts with O2.
10.128 The drastic difference in air quality as measured by PM2.5 and O3 could be from a
dramatic change in the weather. June 17 could have been a cool, cloudy, late Spring day
with little or no photochemical smog whereas June 28 could have been a clear, bright,
hot sunny Summer day that produced a significant amount of photochemical smog.
10.129 O3 is more prevalent in the Summer (August 8) as a result of photochemical smog

compared to late Fall (December 5) and Winter.
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change (Sections 10.10 and 10.11)
10.130 (a) visible and UV (b) UV (c) infrared (d) infrared
10.131 (a) the Sun; 483 nm = 483 x 10S9 m

hc 3.00 x 108 m / s 1 kJ
E = = (6.626 x 10S34 J@ s) (6.022 x 1023 / mol)
λ S9 1000 J
483 x 10 m
E = 248 kJ / mol
(b) the Earth; 10,000 nm = 10,000 x 10S9 m
hc 3.00 x 108 m / s 1 kJ
E = = (6.626 x 10S34 J@ s) (6.022 x 1023 / mol)
λ S9
10,000 x 10 m 1000 J
E = 12.0 kJ / mol
(c) The Sun emits the higher energy radiation.
10.132 Because of nuclear fusion, the Sun emits all forms of electromagnetic radiation. The
Earth absorbs visible radiation, warms up, and radiates infrared radiation back to space.
10.133 O O
O O O O
Ozone is a bent molecule like water. All stretches and bends absorb IR radiation. Ozone
is a greenhouse gas.
10.134 CO2, N2O, and CH4

______________________________________________________________________________
10.135 CO2 and CH4 concentrations have been steadily increasing over the past 150 years.
Over the prior several hundred thousand years, CO2 and CH4 concentrations remained
relatively constant.
10.136 The Earth’s average temperature has risen about 1 oC since 1900.
10.137 Some climate change indicators are sea and land ice changes, sea level changes,
biodiversity, and ocean acidity.
Chapter Problems
10.138 (b), (d), and (e) affect air quality; (a) and (c) affect climate
35 37
rate Cl2 M Cl2 74.0
10.139 = = = 1.03
37 35 70.0
rate Cl2 M Cl2
rate 35
Cl 37Cl M 37Cl2 74.0
= = = 1.01
37
rate Cl2 M 35Cl 37Cl 72.0
35
The relative rates of diffusion are Cl2(1.03) > 35Cl 37Cl(1.01) > 37Cl2(1.00) .
10.140 Average molecular mass of air = 28.96; CO2, 44.01

44.01 g/mol
P = 760 mm Hg x = 1155 mm Hg
28.96 g/mol
L@ atm
(1.00 mol) 0.082 06 (1050 K)
nRT K @ mol
10.141 V = = = 1.1 L
P (75 atm)
1.00 in. 2 453.59 g

14.70 lb
10.142 1 atm = = 1033.5 g/cm2
2 2.54 cm 1 lb
in.
column height = (1033.5 g/cm )(1 cm3/0.89g) = 1161 cm = 1200 cm = 12 m
2
10.143 UF6, 352.0; 70 oC = 70 + 273 = 343 K

1 mol L @ atm
512.9 g x 0.082 06 (343 K)
nRT 352.0 g K @ mol
(a) P = = = 1.79 atm
V (22.9 L)
nRT an 2
(b) P = S
V S nb V2
1 mol UF6
n = 512.9 g x = 1.457 mol UF6
352.0 g UF6

______________________________________________________________________________
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(1.457 mol) 0.082 06 (343 K) 15.80 (1.457 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S = 1.74 atm
[(22.9 L) S (1.457 mol)(0.1128 L/mol)] (22.9 L)2
3.7854 L
10.144 15.0 gal x = 56.8 L; 25 oC = 25 + 273 = 298 K
1 gal
1.00 atm
747 mm H g x (56.8 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
n= = = 2.28 mol gasoline
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K@ mol
103 g gasoline
2.28 mol gasoline x = 235 g gasoline
1 mol gasoline
1 mL 1 L 1 gal 20.0 mi
235 g x x x x = 1.66 mi
0.75 g 1000 mL 3.7854 L 1 gal
10.145 Both tanks contain the same number of gas particles (atoms or molecules) at the same
temperature with the same average kinetic energy. Because N2 is lighter than Kr, the
average N2 velocity is greater than the average Kr velocity.
(a) Kr < N2 (b) Kr < N2 (c) N2 < Kr (d) Both are the same.
10.146 Both tanks contain the same mass of gas at the same temperature. There are more Ne
atoms than O2 molecules. Because Ne is lighter than O2, the average Ne velocity is
greater than the average O2 velocity.
(a) O2 < Ne (b) O2 < Ne (c) O2 < Ne (d) Both are the same.
12 in 2.54 cm 1 m
10.147 (a) 16,400 ft x x x = 5000 m
1 ft 1 in 100 cm
P = eSh / 7000 = eS(5000 / 7000) = 0.490 atm
760 mm Hg
0.490 atm x = 372 mm Hg
1 atm
12 in 2.54 cm 1 m
(b) 28,251 ft x x x = 8611 m
1 ft 1 in 100 cm
P = eSh / 7000 = eS(8611 / 7000) = 0.292 atm
760 mm Hg
0.292 atm x = 222 mm Hg
1 atm
(c) PO = XO @ P = (0.2095)(222 mm Hg) = 46.5 mm Hg
2 2
10.148 I2, 253.8; Calculate the I2 pressure before any I2 dissociation.

1 mol L @ atm
42.189 g x 0.082 06 (1173 K)
nRT 253.8 g K @ mol
P= = = 1.600 atm
V (10.00 L)

______________________________________________________________________________
I2(g) ÷ 2 I(g)
before reaction (atm) 1.600 0
change (atm) Sx +2x
after reaction (atm) 1.600 S x 2x
1.733 = 1.600 S x + 2x
1.733 = 1.600 + x
x = 1.733 S 1.600 = 0.133 atm
PI = 1.600 S x = 1.600 S 0.133 = 1.467 atm
2
PI = 2x = 2(0.133) = 0.266 atm

1.467 atm 0.266 atm
XI = = 0.8465 and XI = = 0.153
2
1.733 atm 1.733 atm
PV (2.95 atm)(6.95 L)
10.149 n = = = 0.569 mol Ar
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (290 K)
K @ mol
39.948 g Ar
0.569 mol Ar x = 22.75 g Ar
1 mol Ar
mtotal = 492.4 g + 22.75 g = 515.1 g
10.150 This is initially a Boyle's Law problem, because only P and V are changing while n and
T remain fixed. The initial volume for each gas is the volume of their individual bulbs.
The final volume for each gas is the total volume of the three bulbs.
nRT = PiVi = PfVf; Vf = 1.50 + 1.00 + 2.00 = 4.50 L
PV (2.13 atm)(1.50 L)
For CO2: Pf = i i = = 0.710 atm
Vf (4.50 L)
P i Vi (0.861 atm)(1.00 L)
For H2: Pf = = = 0.191 atm
Vf (4.50 L)
P i Vi (1.15 atm)(2.00 L)
For Ar: Pf = = = 0.511 atm
Vf (4.50 L)
From Dalton's Law, Ptotal = PCO + PH + PAr
2 2
Ptotal = 0.710 atm + 0.191 atm + 0.511 atm = 1.412 atm
10.151 (a) Bulb A contains CO2(g) and N2(g); Bulb B contains CO2(g), N2(g), and H2O(s).
1.00 atm
564 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(b) Initial moles of gas = n = =
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
Initial moles of gas = 0.030 35 mol

______________________________________________________________________________
1.00 atm
219 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
mol gas in Bulb A = n = = = 0.011 78 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
1.00 atm
219 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
mol gas in Bulb B = n = = = 0.017 30 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (203 K)
K @ mol
nH O = ninitial S nA S nB = 0.030 35 S 0.011 78 S 0.017 30 = 0.001 27 mol = 0.0013 mol H2O
2
(c) Bulb A contains N2(g).

Bulb B contains N2(g) and H2O(s).
Bulb C contains N2(g) and CO2(s).
1.00 atm
33.5 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(d) nA = = = 0.001 803 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
1.00 atm
33.5 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
nB = = = 0.002 646 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (203 K)
K @ mol
1.00 atm
33.5 mm Hg x (1.000 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
nC = = = 0.006 472 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (83 K)
K @ mol
nN = nA + nB + nC = 0.001 803 + 0.002 646 + 0.006 472 = 0.010 92 mol N2
2
(e) nCO = ninitial S nH O S nN = 0.030 35 S 0.0013 S 0.010 92 = 0.0181 mol CO2

2 2 2
10.152 C3H5N3O9, 227.1

1 mol
(a) moles C3H5N3O9 = 1.85 g x = 0.00815 mol
227.1 g
PV (1.00 atm)(0.642 L)
nair = = = 0.0267 mol air
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (293 K)
K @ mol
29 mol gas
(b) moles gas from C3H5N3O9 = 0.00815 mol x
4 mol nitro
moles gas from C3H5N3O9 = 0.0591 mol gas from C3H5N3O9
ntotal = 0.0591 mol + 0.0267 mol = 0.0858 mol

______________________________________________________________________________
L@ atm
(0.0858 mol) 0.082 06 (698 K)
nRT K @ mol
(c) P = = = 7.65 atm
V (0.642 L)
1 mol
10.153 NH3, 17.03; mol NH3 = 35.5 g x = 2.08 mol
17.03 g
nRT nRT an 2
P = or P = S
V (V S nb) V2
(a) At T = 0 oC = 273 K
L@ atm
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
K @ mol
P= = 31.7 atm
(1.470 L)
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K) 4.17 (2.08 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S
[(1.470 L) S (2.08 mol)(0.0371 L/mol)] (1.470 L)2
P = 33.51 atm S 8.35 atm = 25.16 atm
(b) At T = 50 oC = 323 K
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 L@ atm (323 K)
K @ mol
P= = 37.6 atm
(1.470 L)
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 (323 K) 4.17 (2.08 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S
[(1.470 L) S (2.08 mol)(0.0371 L/mol)] (1.470 L)2
P = 39.66 atm S 8.35 atm = 31.3 atm
(c) At T = 100 oC = 373 K

L@ atm
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 (373 K)
K @ mol
P= = 43.4 atm
(1.470 L)
L@ atm L 2@ atm
(2.08 mol) 0.082 06 (373 K) 4.17 (2.08 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S
[(1.470 L) S (2.08 mol)(0.0371 L/mol)] (1.000 L)2
P = 45.8 atm S 8.35 atm = 37.4 atm
At the three temperatures, the van der Waals equation predicts a much lower pressure
than does the ideal gas law. This is likely due to the fact that NH3 can hydrogen bond
leading to strong intermolecular forces.

______________________________________________________________________________
1.00 atm
254 mm Hg x (0.500 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
10.154 (a) ntotal = = = 0.006 95 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (293 K)
K @ mol
1 atm
339 mm Hg x (0.250 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(b) nB = = = 0.004 63 moles
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (293 K)
K @ mol
0.218 g
(c) d= = 0.853 g/L
0.250 L
0.213 g
(d) molar mass = = 46.0 g/mol, NO2; molecular weight = 46.0
0.004 63 mol
(e) Hg2CO3(s) + 6 HNO3(aq) ÷ 2 Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 3 H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2 NO2(g)
10.155 CO2, 44.01

1 mol CO2
mol CO2 = 456.0 g CO2 x = 10.36 mol CO2
44.01 g CO2
PV = nRT
L@ atm
(10.36 mol) 0.082 06 (953 K)
nRT K @ mol
P = = = 988 atm
V (0.820 L)
10.156 (a) Let x = mol CnH2n + 2 in the reaction mixture.

n%1 3n % 1
Combustion of CnH2n + 2 ÷ nCO2 + (n +1)H2O needs n + = mol O2
2 2
3n % 1
Balanced equation is: CnH2n + 2(g) + O2(g) ÷ nCO2(g) + (n + 1)H2O(g)
2
In going from reactants to products, the increase in the number of moles is
3n % 1 n S 1
[n + (n + 1)] S 1 + = per mol of CnH2n + 2 reacted.
2 2
PV (2.000 atm)(0.4000 L)
Before reaction: total mol = = = 0.032 70 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298.15 K)
K @ mol
PV (2.983 atm)(0.4000 L)
After reaction: total mol = = = 0.036 52 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (398.15 K)
K @ mol
Difference = 0.032 70 mol S 0.036 52 mol = 0.003 82 mol

______________________________________________________________________________
n S 1 2(0.003 82)
Increase in number of mol = x = 0.003 82 mol; x =
2 n S 1
g CnH2n % 2 0.148 g
Also x = =
molar mass [12.01n % 1.008(2n % 2)] g/mol
2(0.003 82) 0.148
So = ; 0.148 n S 0.148 = 0.107 n + 0.0154
n S 1 14.026 n % 2.016
0.163
0.041 n = 0.163; n = = 4.0
0.041
CnH2n + 2 is C4H10 (butane); molar mass = (4)(12.01) + (10)(1.008) = 58.12 g/mol
1 mol C4H10
(b) 0.148 g C4H10 x = 0.002 55 mol C4H10
58.12 g C4H10
mol O2 initially = total mol S mol C4H10 = 0.032 70 mol S 0.002 55 mol = 0.030 15 mol O2
nC H 0.002 55 mol
4 10
PC H = Pinitial = (2.000 atm) = 0.156 atm
4 10
n total 0.032 70 mol
nO 0.030 15 mol
2
PO = P initial = (2.000 atm) = 1.844 atm
2
13
(c) C4H10(g) + O2 ÷ 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)
2
4 mol CO2
0.002 55 mol C4H10 x = 0.0102 mol CO2
1 mol C4H10
5 mol H2O
0.002 55 mol C4H10 x = 0.012 75 mol H2O
1 mol C4H10
mol O2 unreacted = total mol after reaction S mol CO2 S mol H2O
= 0.03652 mol S 0.0102 mol S 0.01275 = 0.01357 mol O2
nCO 0.0102 mol

2
PCO = P final = (2.983 atm) = 0.833 atm
2
nH O 0.012 75 mol
2
PH O = P final = (2.983 atm) = 1.041 atm
2
nO 0.013 57 mol
2
PO = P final = (2.983 atm) = 1.108 atm
2

______________________________________________________________________________
10.157 (a) average molecular mass for natural gas

= (0.915)(16.04) + (0.085)(30.07) = 17.2
1 mol gas
total moles of gas = 15.85 g x = 0.921 mol gas
17.2 g gas
L@ atm
(0.921 mol) 0.082 06 (297.5 K)
K @ mol
(b) P = = 1.85 atm
(12.15 L)
(c) PCH = XCH @ Ptotal = (1.85 atm)(0.915) = 1.69 atm
4 4
PC H = XC H @ Ptotal = (1.85 atm)(0.085) = 1.57 atm

2 6 2 6
(d) ΔHcombustion(CH4) = S890.3 kJ/mol and ΔHcombustion(C2H6) = S1427.7 kJ/mol

Heat liberated = (0.915)(0.921 mol)(S890.3 kJ/mol)
+ (0.085)(0.921)(S1427.7 kJ/mol) = S787 kJ
10.158 PV = nRT
PV (3.20 atm)(10.0 L)
ntotal(initial) = = = 1.045 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (373.1 K)
K@ mol
PV (2.50 atm)(10.0 L)
ntotal(final) = = = 0.816 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (373.1 K)
K @ mol
CS2(g) + 3 O2(g) ÷ CO2(g) + 2 SO2(g)

before reaction (mol) y 1.045 S y 0 0
change (mol) Sx S3x +x +2x
after reaction (mol) y S x = 0 1.045 S y S 3x x 2x
ntotal(final) = (y S x) + (1.045 S y S 3x) + x + 2x = 0.816 mol
1.045 mol S 4x + 3x = 0.816 mol
x = 1.045 mol S 0.816 mol = 0.229 mol
mol CO2 = x = 0.229 mol
L @ atm
(0.229 mol) 0.082 06 (373.1 K)
nRT K @ mol
PCO2 = = = 0.701 atm
V (10.0 L)
mol SO2 = 2x = 2(0.229 mol) = 0.458 mol
L @ atm
(0.458 mol) 0.082 06 (373.1 K)
nRT
PSO = = = 1.40 atm
2
V (10.0 L)
mol O2 = 1.045 mol S y S 3x = 1.045 mol S x S 3x = 1.045 S 4(0.229 mol) = 0.129 mol
PO = 0.400 atm
2

______________________________________________________________________________
10.159 (a) T = 5 oC = 278 K; PV = nRT

PV (0.240 atm)(0.07500 L)
nQ = = = 7.89 x 10S4 mol Q
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (278 K)
K @ mol
0.152 g Q
Q molar mass = = 192.6 g/mol
7.89 x 10S4 mol Q
Xe molar mass = 131.3 g/mol
On molar mass = 192.6 g/mol S 131.3 g/mol = 61.3 g/mol; 61.36/16 . 4
So, n = 4 and XeO4 is the likely formula for Q.
(b) The decomposition reaction is XeO4(g) ÷ Xe(g) + 2 O2(g).
After decomposition nXe = nXeO = 7.89 x 10S4 mol and nO = 2 x nXeO = 1.57 x 10S3 mol
4 2 4
T = 120 oC = 393 K
L @ atm
(7.89 x 10S4 mol) 0.082 06 (393 K)
nRT K @ mol
PXe = = = 0.339 atm
V (0.07500 L)
PO = 2 x PXe = 2 x 0.339 atm = 0.67 atm
2
Ptotal = PXe + P O = 0.339 atm + 0.678 atm = 1.01 atm

2
10.160 Ca(ClO3)2, 206.98; Ca(ClO)2, 142.98

(a) Ca(ClO3)2(s) ÷ CaCl2(s) + 3 O2(g)
Ca(ClO)2(s) ÷ CaCl2(s) + O2(g)
(b) T = 700 oC = 700 + 273 = 973 K
PV = nRT
PV (1.03 atm)(10.9 L)
nO = = = 0.128 mol O2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (973 K)
K @ mol
Let X = mol Ca(ClO3)2 and let Y = mol Ca(ClO)2
X(206.98 g/mol) + Y(142.98 g/mol) = 10.9 g
3X + Y = 0.128 mol, so Y = 0.128 mol S 3X (substitute for Y and solve for X)
X(206.98 g/mol) + (0.128 mol S 3X)(142.98 g/mol) = 10.9 g
X(206.98 g/mol) + 18.44 g S X(428.94 g/mol) = 10.9 g
X(206.98 g/mol) S X(428.94 g/mol) = 10.9 g S 18.44 g = S7.54 g
X(S221.96 g/mol) = S7.54 g
X = (S7.54 g)/(S221.96 g/mol) = 0.0340 mol Ca(ClO3)2
Y = 0.141 mol S 3X; Y = 0.141 mol S 3(0.0340 mol) = 0.0153 mol Ca(ClO)2
206.98 g Ca(ClO3)2
mass Ca(ClO3)2 = 0.0340 mol Ca(ClO3)2 x = 7.04 g Ca(ClO3)2
1 mol Ca(ClO3)2
mass Ca(ClO)2 = 10.9 g S 7.04 g = 3.86 g Ca(ClO)2
10.161 PCl3, 137.3; O2, 32.00; POCl3, 153.3

2 PCl3(g) + O2(g) ÷ 2 POCl3(g)

______________________________________________________________________________
1 mol PCl3
mol PCl3 = 20.0 g x = 0.145 mol PCl3
137.3 g PCl3
1 mol O2
mol O2 = 2.50 g x = 0.0781 mol O2
32.00 g O2
Check for limiting reactant.
1 mol O2
mol O2 needed = 0.145 mol PCl3 x = 0.0725 mol O2 needed
2 mol PCl3
There is a slight excess of O2. PCl3 is the limiting reactant.
2 mol POCl3
mol POCl3 = 0.145 mol PCl3 x = 0.145 mol POCl3
2 mol PCl3
mol O2 left over = 0.0781 mol S 0.0725 mol = 0.0056 mol O2 left over
T = 200.0 oC = 200.0 + 273.15 = 473.1 K; PV = nRT
L@ atm
(0.145 mol + 0.0056 mol) 0.082 06 (483.0 K)
nRT K @ mol
P = = = 1.32 atm
V (4.50 L)
10.162 (a) T = 250 oC = 250 + 273 = 523 K

L@ atm
(2.00 mol) 0.082 06 (523 K)
nRT K @ mol
PV = nRT PoNOCl = = = 0.17 atm
V (500.0 L)
2 NOCl(g) ÷ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)

before reaction (atm) 0.17 0 0
change (atm) S2x +2x +x
after reaction (atm) 0.204 S 2x 2x x
Ptotal (after rxn) = (0.17 atm S 2x) + 2x + x = 0.246 atm x

= 0.246 atm S 0.204 atm = 0.042 atm
PNO = 2x = 2(0.042) = 0.084 atm; PCl = x = 0.042 atm
2
PNOCl = 0.204 S 2x = 0.204 S 2(0.042) = 0.120 atm
2x 0.084 atm
(b) % NOCl decomposed = x 100 % = x 100 % = 41%
o 0.204 atm
P NOCl
10.163 O2, 32.00; O3, 48.00

3 O2(g) ÷ 2 O3(g)
initial (atm) 33.90 0
change (atm) S3x +2x
after rxn (atm) 33.90 S 3x 2x
PTotal = P O + PO = 28.10 atm = 33.90 atm S 3x + 2x = 33.90 atm S x

2 3
x = 33.90 atm S 28.10 atm = 5.8 atm

______________________________________________________________________________
PO = 33.90 S 3x = 33.90 S 3(5.8 atm) = 16.5 atm

2
PO = 2x = 2(5.8 atm) = 11.6 atm

3
T = 25 oC = 25 + 273 = 298 K; PV = nRT

PV (16.5 atm)(10.00 L)
nO2 = = = 6.75 mol O3
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
PV (11.6 atm)(10.00 L)
nO = = = 4.74 mol O3
3
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
32.00 g O2
mass O2 = 6.75 mol O2 x = 216 g O2
1 mol O2
48.00 g O3
mass O3 = 4.74 mol O3 x = 227.5 g O3
1 mol O3
total mass = 216 g + 227.5 g = 443.5 g
mass O3 227.5 g
mass % O3 = = x 100% = 51.3%
total mass 443.5 g
10.164 CaCO3, 100.09; CaO, 56.08

1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO or CO2
mol CaO (or CO2) = 45.0 g CaCO3 x x = 0.449 mol
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3
56.08 g CaO
mass CaO = 0.449 mol CaO x = 25.21 g CaO
1 mol CaO
(a) 750.0 mL = 0.7500 L
PV = nRT; nCO = 0.449 mol
2
L@ atm
(0.449 mol) 0.082 06 (1750 K)
nRT K @ mol
PCO = = = 86 atm
2
V (0.7500 L)
(b) VCaO = (25.21 g)/(3.34 g/mL) = 7.547 mL

V = 750.0 mL S 7.547 mL = 742.45 mL = 0.74245 L
nRT an 2
P= S
V S nb V2
L@ atm L 2 @ atm
(0.449 mol) 0.082 06 (1750 K) 3.59 (0.449 mol)2
2
K @ mol mol
P= S = 86.94 atm
[(0.74245 L) S (0.449 mol)(0.0427 L/mol)] (0.74245 L)2

______________________________________________________________________________
10.165 NO2, 46.01

Calculate the NO2 pressure before any NO2 dimerization.
1 mol L @ atm
9.66 g x 0.082 06 (298 K)
nRT 46.01 g K @ mol
P= = = 0.789 atm
V (6.51 L)
2 NO2(g) ÷ N2O4(g)
before reaction (atm) 0.789 0
change (atm) S2x +x
after reaction (atm) 0.789 S 2x x
0.487 = 0.789 S 2x + x
0.487 = 0.789 S x
x = 0.789 S 0.487 = 0.302 atm
PNO = 0.789 S 2x = 0.789 S 2(0.302) = 0.185 atm
2
PN O = x = = 0.302 atm
2 4
0.185 atm 0.302 atm

XNO = = 0.380 and XN O = = 0.620
2
0.487 atm 2 4
0.487 atm
10.166 Assume a container volume of 1.00 L with 3.309 g of gas.

25 oC = 25 + 273 = 298 K
PV (1.00 atm)(1.00 L)
n= = = 0.0409 mol
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
3.309 g
molar mass = = 80.9 g/mol
0.0409 mol
The gas could be H2Se, 81.0.
Multiconcept Problems
10.167 CO2, 44.01

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ÷ CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) ΔHo = S802 kJ
(a) 1.45 atm of CH4 only requires 2.90 atm O2, therefore O2 is in excess.
T = 300 oC = 300 + 273 = 573 K; PV = nRT
PV (1.45 atm)(3.90 L)
nCH = = = 0.1202 mol CH4
4
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (573 K)
K@ mol
PV (5.80 atm)(3.90 L)
nO = = = 0.481 mol O2
2
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (573 K)
K @ mol
1 mol CO2 44.01 g CO2
mass CO2 = 0.1202 mol CH4 x x = 5.29 g CO2
1 mol CH4 1 mol CO2

______________________________________________________________________________
S 802 kJ
(b) qrxn = 0.1202 mol CH4 x = S96.40 kJ
1 mol CH4
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ÷ CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
initial (mol) 0.1202 0.481 0 0
change (mol) S0.1202 S2(0.1202) +0.1202 +2(0.1202)
after rxn (mol) 0 0.481 S 2(0.1202) 0.1202 0.240
total moles of gas = 0.481 mol S 2(0.1202) mol + 0.1202 mol + 0.240 mol = 0.601 mol gas
1000 J
qrxn = S96.40 kJ x = S 96,400 J
1 kJ
qvessel = Sqrxn = 96,400 J = (0.601 mol)(21 J/(mol · oC))(t f S 300 oC) +
1000 g
(13.295 kg) (0.449 J/(g @ oC))(t f S 300 oC)
1 kg
Solve for tf .
96,400 J = (12.621 J/oC + 5970 J/oC)( tf S 300 oC) = (5983 J/oC)(tf S 300 o C)
96,400 J
= 15 oC = (t f S 300 oC)
5983 J/ Co
tf = 300 oC + 15 oC = 315 oC
(c) T = 315 oC = 315 + 273 = 588 K
L@ atm
(0.1202 mol) 0.082 06 (588 K)
nRT K @ mol
PCO = = = 1.49 atm
2
V (3.90 L)
10.168 X + 3 O2 ÷ 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

(a) X = C2H6O
C2H6O + 3 O2 ÷ 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
(b) It is an empirical formula because it is the smallest whole number ratio of atoms. It
is also a molecular formula because any higher multiple such as C4H12O2 does not
correspond to a stable electron-dot structure.
(c) H H H H
H C O C H H C C O H
H H H H
(d) C2H6O, 46.07
1 mol C2H6O
mol C2H6O = 5.000 g C2H6O x = 0.1085 mol C2H6O
46.07 g C2H6O
S144.2 kJ
ΔHcombustion = = S1328.6 kJ/mol
0.1085 mol
ΔHcombustion = [2 ΔHof(CO2) + 3 ΔHof(H2O)] S ΔHof(C2H6O)
ΔHof(C2H6O) = [2 ΔHof(CO2) + 3 ΔHof(H2O)] S ΔHcombustion
= [(2mol)(S393.5 kJ/mol) + (3 mol)(S241.8 kJ/mol)] S (S1328.6 kJ)
= S183.8 kJ/mol

______________________________________________________________________________
10.169 (a) 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) ÷ 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

1000 mL 0.792 g
(b) 4.6 x 1010 L C8H18 x x = 3.64 x 1013 g C8H18
1L 1 mL
1 mol C8H18 16 mol CO2
3.64 x 1013 g C8H18 x x = 2.55 x 1012 mol CO2
114.2 g C8H18 2 mol C8H18
44.0 g CO2 1 kg
2.55 x 1012 mol CO2 x x = 1.1 x 1011 kg CO2
1 mol CO2 1000 g
L@ atm
(2.55 x 1012 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
(c) V = = = 5.7 x 1013 L of CO2
P (1.00 atm)
(d) 12.5 moles of O2 are needed for each mole of isooctane (from part a).
12.5 x 1.90 mol
12.5 x 1.90 mol O2 = (0.210)(nair); nair = = 113 mol air
0.210
L@ atm
(113 mol) 0.082 06 (273 K)
nRT K @ mol
V = = = 2.30 x 103 L
P (1.00 atm)
10.170 (a) Freezing point of H2O on the Rankine scale is (9/5)(273.15) = 492 oR.
PV (1.00 atm)(22.414 L) L@ atm
(b) R = = = 0.0456
nT o o
(1.00 mol)(492 R) R @ mol
L@ atm L 2 @ atm
(2.95 mol) 0.0456 (535oR) 2.253 (2.95 mol)2
o 2
R @ mol mol
(c) P = S
[(0.3560 L) S (2.95 mol)(0.04278 L/mol)] (0.3560 L)2
P = 312.9 atm S 154.7 atm = 158 atm
PV (1 atm)(1323 L)
10.171 n = = = 7.25 mol of all gases
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (2223 K)
K @ mol
7.25 mol gases
(a) 0.004 00 mol “nitro” x = 0.0290 mol hot gases
1 mol “nitro”
1.00 atm
623 mm Hg x (0.500 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(b) n = = = 0.0190 mol B + C + D
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (263 K)
K @ mol
nA = ntotal S n(B+C+D) = 0.0290 S 0.0190 = 0.0100 mol A; A = H2O

______________________________________________________________________________
1.00 atm
260 mm Hg x (0.500 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(c) n = = = 0.007 00 mol C + D
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
nB = n(B+C+D) S n(C+D) = 0.0190 S 0.007 00 = 0.0120 mol B; B = CO2
1.00 atm
223 mm Hg x (0.500 L)
PV 760 mm Hg
(d) n = = = 0.006 00 mol D
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (298 K)
K @ mol
nC = n(C+D) S nD = 0.007 00 S 0.006 00 = 0.001 00 mol C; C = O2
0.168 g
molar mass D = = 28.0 g/mol; D = N2
0.006 00 mol
(e) 0.004 C3H5N3O9(l) ÷ 0.0100 H2O(g) + 0.012 CO2(g) + 0.001 O2(g) + 0.006 N2(g)
Multiply each coefficient by 1000 to obtain integers.
4 C3H5N3O9(l) ÷ 10 H2O(g) + 12 CO2(g) + O2(g) + 6 N2(g)
10.172 CO2, 44.01; H2O, 18.02

1 mol CO2 1 mol C
(a) mol C = 0.3744 g CO2 x x = 0.008 507 mol C
44.01 g CO2 1 mol CO2
12.011 g C
mass C = 0.008 507 mol C x = 0.1022 g C
1 mol C
1 mol H2O 2 mol H
mol H = 0.1838 g H2O x x = 0.020 400 mol H
18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O
1.008 g H
mass H = 0.020 400 mol H x = 0.02056 g H
1 mol H
mass O = 0.1500 g S 0.1022 g S 0.02056 g = 0.0272 g O
1 mol O
mol O = 0.0272 g O x = 0.001 70 mol O
16.00 g O
C0.008 507H0.020 400O0.001 70; divide each subscript by the smallest, 0.001 70.
C0.008 507 / 0.001 70H0.020 400 / 0.001 70O0.001 70 / 0.001 70
The empirical formula is C5H12O.
The empirical formula mass is 88 g/mol.
(b) 1 atm = 101,325 Pa; T = 54.8 oC = 54.8 + 273.15 = 327.9 K

PV = nRT

______________________________________________________________________________
1.00 atm
100.0 kPa x (1.00 L)
PV 101.325 kPa
n= = = 0.0367 mol methyl tert-butyl ether
RT L@ atm
0.082 06 (327.9 K)
K @ mol
3.233 g
methyl tert-butyl ether molar mass = = 88.1 g/mol
0.0367 mol
The empirical formula weight and the molar mass are the same, so the molecular
formula and empirical formula are the same. C5H12O is the molecular formula and 88.15
is the molecular weight for methyl tert-butyl ether.
(c) C5H12O(l) + 15/2 O2(g) ÷ 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

(d) ΔHocombustion = [5 ΔHof (CO2) + 6 ΔHof (H2O(l))] S ΔHof (C5H12O) = S3368.7 kJ
S3368.7 kJ = [(5 mol)(S393.5 kJ/mol) + (6 mol)(S285.8 kJ/mol)] S (1 mol)ΔHof (C5H12O)
(1 mol)ΔHof (C5H12O) = [(5 mol)(S393.5 kJ/mol) + (6 mol)(S285.8 kJ/mol)] + 3368.7 kJ
ΔHof (C5H12O) = S313.6 kJ/mol

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Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

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10 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

13.6 mm H2O 1 x 10S3 m

(b) (13.6 g/mL)/(0.822 g/mL) = 16.5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 231

10.5 (a) Assume an initial volume of 1.00 L.

(b) Assume an initial volume of 1.00 L.

10.6 1 atm (a) (b)

232 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

PV (1.000 atm)(1.000 x 105 L)

10.8 C3H8, 44.10; V = 350 mL = 0.350 L; T = 20 oC = 293 K

10.9 The volume and number of moles of gas remain constant.

10.11 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ÷ CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

10.12 3 H2(g) + N2(g) ÷ 2 NH3(g)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 233

10.14 (a) CO2, 44.0

10.15 XO = 0.36; XN = 0.64; 25.0 oC = 298 K

(a) PO = Ptot @ XO = (50 atm)(0.36) = 18 atm

PN = Ptot @ XN = (50 atm)(0.64) = 32 atm

0.21 atm = (8.38 atm) @ XO

rate O2 MKr 83.8 rate O2

O2 diffuses 1.62 times faster than Kr.

rate C2H2 MN 28.0 rate C2H2

C2H2 diffuses 1.04 times faster than N2.

234 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

10.18 SO2, 64.06

Mx = (5.660)2 = 32.00; The unknown gas could be O2.

O3 molecules = ( XO )(3.3 x 10S2 mol)(6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) = 2.2 x 1015 O3 molecules

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 235

P2 P1 (T2)(P1) (248 K)(760 mm Hg)

236 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

10.31 (a) The volume of a gas is proportional to the kelvin temperature at

(b) The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure at

(c) PV = nRT; The amount of gas (n) is constant.

10.34 nTotal = (1 black) + (3 blue) + (4 red) + (6 green) = 14

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 237

10.38 10.00 atm = 14.7 x 10 psi = 147 psi

10.40 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles.

238 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

1.00 atm 101,325 Pa

10.44 Pflask > 776.9 mm Hg; Pflask = 776.9 mm Hg + 150 mm Hg = 927 mm Hg

10.45 Pflask < 1.021 atm (see Figure 10.5)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 239

The Gas Laws (Sections 10.2 and 10.3)

The pressure would be halved.

240 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

The pressure would be doubled.

The volume would increase by 4 times.

10.53 For O2, T = 25 oC = 298 K.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 241

For CO2, T = S10 oC = 263 K

10.54 n and T are constant; therefore nRT = PiVi = PfVf

1 H atom 1 mol H 1000 cm 3

242 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

10.59 CH4, 16.04; 5.36 kg = 5.36 x 103 g; T = 20 oC = 293 K

Gas Stoichiometry (Section 10.4)

10.62 For steam, T = 127.0 oC = 400 K

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 243

10.63 T = 90.0 oC = 363 K