Section – 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

S. No. Topic
1. Differential and Integral Calculus
2. Numerical Methods
3. Trigonometry
4. Differential Equations
5. Laplace Transforms
6. Linear Algebra
7. Fourier Series
8. Calculus of Complex Functions
9. Probability and Statistics
10. Progressions
11. Partial Fractions

Reference Authors:
• B. S. Grewal.
• Erwin Kreyszig.
• Class XI & XII maths textbooks.
 (80- 0) 30 + e)

Sin0
Sin C16o-):Stn0 Sin 180 +9)
Ce C180 t O) -0

Tan C18ot) lanG

lan (to-o): -tan0
18o+0) +Coto
Cott8o-0) -Cote Cot
Sec Creo -0) - sece Sec Cl8ot0)
= - Sec
(esec C180-0) Cotec0 Ceec Ci Sot0) Chec0

4 0C2a0 +0)
210 0)
Sin (210 -0) - Cas e Stn (2Ho+0) -(EsG
Ces C20-9) Sine os C2ot0) Sin
Tan 240-0) Tan & Tan C2o+0) tote
ot 270-0): ot Cot C2hot0)- - tans
Set CHo-0) -4osecO
Ceee (20-9 sec 9 CeNec cahot©) - Sec ®

amglu eq nal
the ehange
2
Sine tetine
along wHR
Tangen > Cotanqent
Secant&> Cosecant..) Lien
Chorge
PosS6pt0)
&o 0) 36o+ 0)
Sin C3Go -e) -Stn Sin C36o10) sin
Ces (360 -6) » t a (os (360+ 0) O
lon (36o-@)--tam0 Tan (36o +0) lan
ot (sGo -0): - ot 0 tot C56o+0) (ot o
sec (36o-0)= sec e Sec C360+0) : Sec 0

Cpset (36o -0) Coxe C36o +0)

3-3 Pesiodic Trigonometric Ralhos

Sinke peniode wih a pemod o 2/K
2 Cee u pemodic wth a
euod q /L]
3 Tanle baiodic wth a
peviod oq h)}
gonomatuie Tdent tes:
t&in'o +('e 1

2 Sece tan'e 1
3. Coec o-t o 1.
Sin C-9) - -

Sin
Cos C-) to
tan C-0) = - tan9
85 Sum-Product vansoma on
Stn (A+ B): Stn A CosB osA
t SUn D
2 Stn (A-B) SnA CosB- esA s
3 Cos (A+B) CexA os BSim A, sin B
Co CA+B) ton oBt StnA Sin B

Stan CA+B) tan A + tan B

- tan A tan B
Gtan CA-B). tan A - tanb
tanA tan B
Sin C+ Sin D sin
a
(CD) t ( )
StnC Stn D
2t()in C
Cas Cos C + tesD * (t()
LO Cest -losD 2 Sin CaD C
tStn 2A 2 Stn A s A 2 tan A
14tanA
2 CDA os'A Sin'n = 2 tosA -1
2 -2SinA
I-tanA
ttanA
13 tan A 2tan A
-tan'A
14 Sin A -4 StnsA
Sin 3A
ISte 3A h lesA & A
Ar 3A 4n
16 tan 3A 26am A tan A
- 2 tam'A

. Specral Roxul & ot onges

sin A -Cos2A

2 es A +Uos2A
2-

3 tan A -Les 2A
t Cos2A

als peia Arglat:

Sin
S= (os 1S V3-
212

a sls sin 1 3

3 ton S ot S 2 V3

Cot S ton 2 Va

S Sin 18 e12 Vs-

6LosI8 Stn A2 V1ot 2 Vs

Sin 26 lo-2Vs ' s 54

 2

1
(1
(1

1
1
3.9.opotkos hiangus
: Sine Rule
A
a

SinA SinB Sin b:A

2 Cosint Ruu ,
a Bc
ab sbe toA
11)ba+ (?. tesB
2at

' a4b- 2ab cos c.

Napue Analoy o Tangen Rl

tan ( ) -bCtot
btC

2tan A) C-a
Ca
Cot

3tan ( a-b tot C

atb

Hall Angu fosmulae

Sin A S (s-a)
-b) (t) Cos A
be 2 be

3 ton A
s-b(s-0
C-a) SS atbte
2

Aneo t ianqle AVSCs-a) Cs-b)Cs-c)

b tos C+ e osB be cin A
b:a(os tc CohA ab Stn
C:aosB tb loiA abc ac StnB Y.S

R
 Seckon -V
DIFFERENTIAL EQOATION S

Egatona
Fivst OYda Dilleuntal
Variabu Separab Melhod

x) dx Jjty) d
3 genu.pu Eatar
An

pu y V dy Vtadv

vanariL
Subsktuti hia Nalus and solue uwins
Separalb
o da, put V

3 Linda Eauaton
dy+PCx) Q)
Intesvatq jactor 1f oJPc) d -

naSoluten
avaon Raduab do aem- Bernoulk a
4 Pea)y Q(x)-y" 7

dy + Pl). 4-" a (x) -

dn
put y - t -n) y dy
dn d
Substtut - m -0 to get

dttPlx). t =Q),
1-

e n near tn t Solstüna.ar en
Exac DJfPreptal Eguakon
Mdr N d.
M Necosa londlion)
N

M dn+ TexmsN no C
having
ons tan

6anate Radutb Exat Fom

) Finding Integ rat acoa
dl1,u dy+ydn
2 t/uy) y dn -ndy
3 d[ ) d +y dy
 , d t) n dy-ydx

(/s) ydx dyy

d
ydx dy
6
d tan( )
4[) yededy
y

aC) dy + yd

a.d1) d
1dnydy
Du and Honogeneous Ma+y #
thon L
MTNg
Nulbpy îF to u equaton & maka it exa
ttt) OM A non -hbmoqeneous 8 Mn- Ny0
hun
Ma-Ny 1FAyt,u) +dy 9)),
Mulkply IEt Ikal egn & mak t exa
 and
v)equahon non exack
a(aay N t

the eStlx) da TP,

(E)

b) ON gy) the
M

Hher Ordes linean DE's

42
Jn
o y a ,dyy, a, d y +an d
da
A "
in dnd dn-

an Qla)

Sotuten el4he

y Cft Pl
0 Con be wri un a

a(7)
( a b a , D'='+ - .

+an-1D ta

d d D
d

CF Compimantan SolutomL fumdon

P2akla ntegoal Solubtn

8
I Q)o -0 hemogen0
y Cf
 1 Rulas Rid
orte -
ayJn). y Q
D) as 4(m)
t1y Wit Auxiia eqn d
+(m)0 and
wni C
hnd he Yooo f
(omplimo ntory
S No. Roo Dt flm) o

.funek on CCEJ

Real Disknc Cem e*"n -

m m1 - mn)

2 RaalgRapoakng e, le, +Gnt Czn

(m --- K ümas 4Can)
m2m -- )

33 omplax enjugats o bAt C2 Sinbi

amd real mumbe
Catb), m, H
2
w
Patula Integ a
P

Pautela Inteqral dapendnt on -he

valu o C) Depening on the hunchon
in Q), the melhod to aTive at PL
Changes
 an
iwhan Q ) ea"

P9 . eax (ae R)
+(D)
pu Da amd get -u P
D a
Pl: e e
upon ubthtukon 0
e x wLh
diheankat DD Vmd mulbply
Nou again subst'tui D a toget PI.1
,tonunue wtth d(eentaton
mulkpltcakon wh
oth n.
u b s equont
o 6 ) amd

11 when Cx) Cos(antb) oL SUn laxtb) a,b eP);

P? Qt)
CD
nsar
put D -u)in +Cb) tget a

om o +Cb)Rakonaise t, again pu
Da. ge a tonstant valusd danominato
Th numeofo uoitt haie, a D etD Suceeiit y
The
dtheentnak o get
int) shen Q(x) " (neR)
Redwe eithar by. takir
D)
Du4h tearm D
out o by atal rator.
reduuton, hn wrtet, as i tg(DJ
 Fotloo Binomal expanon to obtain P?
Speual Binomia Expanwio

C-)
C+) -2N3-41+
C1- 14 2n 3n 4+
U+ l -

Sx t, 61 1b° A

n Btnomia
iv when Q) e", V epansion al (1
,

P1
CD)

ut D , D+a , thon P e V
CDEa)
The 2Valuaken otthhe un ctom V Can
be domby thu me-thods ) ii,
vwhan Q Cx) " Sin an ot tos'ax
94 Cx) " sin a
ela

P1 Tmq tesa
+t ainat

Qt): " tos a b'MThm

ReFD) e) Fotlow mthodti

to t h evaluoe
viy Method_aiaton O partameteru
CD) y Q )
Find th C ,(x) 4 (()-

7he P , Q .y, ()dut y2 )9.()a

wn)
not
. y outsidi +he iigral mut
bt broug ht inid it

wxy y ()
y)
Ths mthod appltablu onltorolodu
hnea Des

3Coau chys Homo9enaou tnto DES

aO-o d a , d" + +an- %dy an -

d dan- dn

Put e ) tog a z d dz

D, D0lo-) dy dy
D 9 6-1) (0-2)
Thenwt qer nal dz

evm .8
So tue o1 C P I /9:dz
 Seckon-V
LAPLACE TRANSfORMS

St (t) dt Cs)
Deliiten l a LAPLACE TRANSFOR
indaiy epesiy
C4CE)+ GgCt)- he)y
Cs)+ (jcs) - hts)
Standayd Results
LS:
2 m
nt

H L Csa)
S-a

5Ltes at
sa
6 L Sein at, S4a
tosh aff He)
S a2

a
8 LSSinh at s?-a

Fivst Shtkng ThooYem

5.2

fes-a)
Seat Cty 4
used.
s', "s-a wiu be
n place
5:3 Chang Scale Ynobexty
4C) Hes) than L{4at)
* Usg trst Shitng Thooren,
, L a t L : t a (Sta).
Second C9 Thaorem:
5

4Ct-a) fo1 ta
gt) fos ta

-as Cs)
55 LapLace Tran ovm Tnteg ral
14 L4CE fcs) thn
to) ) du
 n tumas, Cu).
s

6apace lansom Derivahves

t Contuoy
L4ce) fs)hen i

Drovido d t a CE) mo

-2

53 Laplat aanomao functens multpid

3 14C: 4t9 an Lst'4co:)a"cid

els
5.5 Laplata Tranom mct.bs diiidsd

fcs) ds

pmovidsd the iteqval exut

5.9oplaC anslor the taplachanntm

us
t)dltds
O0

ttu

5.I. Laplace xamovms oSpetial Funcons

Unit sup Funchon iay teavsids Fun&on
ult a) u Heavi idls fumctlon amd qivtn as

t>a
utt a)
O, ta

fultal
Pesiodic humebon
CE) a peiodic wneton with penad T
4hen .T

1-eST
e ST ) dt

tE) dt a a a2

*tt)
e dt te)+ 4)4E).
5 Convoluton amd Con voluton Thipro
Let tt) 8 qt) be two unthons dd d
t o , then
4) * ql) i Comvoluton rod
amd Giuen
t
HCt)t t ) :Cu)glt-u)
t du.

Convoltuon both ommutatut amd

AD Ciatve

1 +t tftt)
Convol t.om Thaom

L4tt: to amd tt:

hsn
tt) t) des. jess
t9. j) He)* t)
Standed Resuth LaplaaTrano
Deivates

C'tE)) sCs) (o)

) .)st-'to.

LCt) Ss"((d -s )
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

6.1 Mino, Aopertos oetomnans olaukot

e ai the eument o aan nm
vmamix, hon d mAneL dalekg
obtaned by di le tiug
he ouo th coumn am Calculatug ta
datesiminark qtha vorainivg n-1) x (n-) matrix

2eee Detexminonts
A ditetminarnt remauin 1unaltewd.whan the
YOw amd cotumn ana
ntancharmged
u) tu0 rows o two columna ae intenchanged
4he ditexminant yekains i valua tout ch amges i

1 tuo xos otuo cotuman idnteal e

e dtevninant u
zvO
iv
V) eoth olument
apahcula s o w o Co lumm
mulplied by a umbe, the who dtexminaal
mulewed by the a m t mumbea
4 emtn o avo ot Coumn a addid
m s anohr sbonding rou ot tlum, the
dutexmnant Umaint unchanged
 am elsment an
nm
n m
matrix in -th th wow hcolumn, h olau

-13lt) times m e

Ad oint o a Matrix htranpe'sed

matvix tomd by the ol acko matrix.

5 nveue aMatrix A an nxn

matix, hn

A ad A
IA

2Special Matrice
Symmabic Matrix wme AT A
2SRw ymmatric Matrix, whau AT:-A
n Skus Symmetric matrix, daas (A) =0
3 Ovttogonal Mahix, aheu AAT ATA I
H. 1dmpolanl matrix , whu A
A2 : A

5 nool utoy matrix, wheu A2

6 Hexmtton matrix, oha (A A.A
Conjat matrir q A
kan matrix, wkro lA)': -A
S R a Hesmi
An &Ruo texmrhan matrlx, diag (A) = 0 ot
5 C tary marix, whro AA) (A)T A :?

:B. Rank System athon

in non-Xeno nalr ix thon i
Kank a

ank 'x' a povibir intopex

Xoo
i) eve (Y1)h odes minet

, The is attaat bnehminel wicha rmta

ox a 3x3 Matrix ThYanR

non
3 it sig ular non
matrix ngular ard at
h e ho
22
1ubmatrix haSnglan
i ese Submatrix ingulan

opees Rom
unuqne a marix
unique
Ramk o A Rank CA')
Romk q lul Matrix O
m,n (hc he vel Sma ll»r)
Rank CA) mxn
7 fank In)n

lemerntam protestas do not change he

rok

+ha makriy
7ha
Pre o þos mplication does no change
rane

X Rao Rank (oluhmo Rank

Mamx
Null' ty= No umnt Ranb -
tchelon feum: ayix A, iti u
e chobn

nul be helow non 0

To L
11) Numbes o non zoo olomentsS in CuUOn
in

muut kt hom thal in he prewious Yo

YO

Romk A No of non zo

Sotukon omo entous Sykem 39a

IRank (A) n (no unkriouwn), the
zLno Louton Al;
System has Avivialo
*Rank (A) < n Cno of unknowna ), the
System has infinitt solukion Alzo

HConsutenuy Sskema
Ramk (Al) Ramk A AB, awgmolad
Sysbem 'u eniutent matrix J

RanR CAE) + Rank, system intonuker

5SolutonNon Homogengouyemd
2Rank (A1B) :n
tno unRw wr, it has

unvguo solten Rank (n)'

3 Rank (AIB) D tha ninit no.oolale
Ram CA) -*
h o oSolulon

Ran (A|B) 4 Rank (n), no Soluton

6 en Value Etgen Veckors;
=J=
a n eiqen value o A
Aand X an exqen

ve tex o A i AX AX.y |Ax 0

d by colwing the charaeteru hi
obtaine
0
eqnatom A A11
x u obtained o each eig en bu
bu
vau

Susttutng in A-A solving

and olving

4ehomog entow sysim CA A1) x :0

Psoposties
thon 1A tth
eigen edgen ealue oqA,
eigen vaua oacdj A
(Sum o
Cum egen vadu trace o A
and p rodutt
elcn printlpal diag onal)
eigen vauss det A
* valuet
Een ppeppey thionglan, towe iangu
ad diagona matrlx elamen
ae q diagonal
* eiqen valuo A then K n egen
vadus KA and à-k) in eien vaue aj kA
IA-K))
elgen value eA, he eigen
valu A
eigenvatue A
A

*rlo o linearly tndependont egen values

No.oetqon vaues repeah Counted .
Countecd.
only On Ce
 Cayley Hamil ton Thao rem ;

i root
Every
Every Squae rmaBrix a

owm characteriahe polynomial

An- 0-2 t
A+An- +an-) A

) A A + a A 4 . + a,)
-1

o
o nd A", wh m>

M-2
A
Am -(an + +a
a , AM-h41,A A)

Propertes Real Mahrices(a ER)

marix A+AT
A o guav
2 A A b skew ymmetrie
Symmstrit
on Mnq nla
matri x A
a
mrie, Lhan A aluo aomotric.

3 tve quan matrx cah be naly

ymmetric
ex preed a the Sum q a

aa skew- ymmelric matri x

T h in vexe transpeie an orho
4onal matnx ae ohoqonal

6The poduct o 2 oho onal matrices

he Same e do o1fhDqonal

Eigeh va q othogonal matrius au

nut moduus

Th diteimunant o am
okogonal
matrix
t1
Thebigen vectosa cornexpondin9 to
distnct eigen valkus e real

Symmtric Tharixae othogenal

Prepetes lomtlax Matrius a; e C)

Th egen valu o a seeo harmihan
mahrie a ethar ZUVO o udy
tnagna
2 Eigen valuss e unutay marix as
Curut moduu

3 The inveuL Utranspoe a wnttar

matrix tary
AThcongate 2 onjngaBe tranipoe e
a wutay Ynatrix a wntawy.
5 The prodact o 2 wntary matri ces i

wnitary
mafrix
6 1he detesminant o a unttary
ha an
has absolute valus 1
' A 1.

matrix can be expreyed

Evey S9uas

unqu as th Sum a h a 'mahan

and s kew hemihan matnx

matrix can be unnquol4

SEveEve Squane
ey esed as P+Qohane P, au
hLsmihan matrics
P A+A®)
2

6 A A®) -L(A-
2
A
2

A A any aqua matrty thin

AtAS Hexmiban A-A Skius tleumikan

and A A, AA teimhan

to ia
to Eisen valus a huxnmuhan matrix
a Real
 a matrix Cnxn) ha diaanct
egen waluss, hen t

ve ckos fany ) mut be orhegom al

eXTX2 0
6 kind onu Yeal ergen volu
he Sum . elamen in amy Yo
A I co Zer
Zero
 SecthonViL
FoURIER SERIES
thu
Fowte Seues ofa lunthor (n) in
g fien b
intenval C n C+2
)aA S an to(n bn Sin(na
he Ct2

a) dr

Ct2
an
)tes( da
On
T40).Sin nxdn
Special fotien formulae

u',,u" OL ivaties o u
V,V,3 ainteq vau o iv
V

2 Stn Cna) ro n ez tes (n+1) }2

3 les Cna) (- ¥nex - Stn (2n+) A
 a
9 sintbn+) dn o:
aa sin(batc) +b tostbatt)
a4b2

Sa onCbnt) d
e?

( a Cosbr1)+ b sin (batc)|

C+2A
6 Stn ma tos nx dn o (m4n)

(mtm
SinmnStn n a da
-o

C+2T
Ct2A
:o

Sinnxdx tosnx. dn
.Ct2A
. Ct2
Con da S i n n dn
T Cn o).

touwuen cenes wnc&ens oith a point o

dia cen ni

a)
,C+)t
) dat Pa) da
CH2t
oo) tosa d ()
Gtl
2 Even bad Fnton
Even funckom'
thin
4) i n (-A,1)
aen

H(a)ao an s ( n a

) da
n 2
H)t ( ) dn
odd tn eton
a) i bdd in (-,1),hen

) bn án/)
on
in ( ) d
Hall range fdwue tine Senes ,in (o,) u

Saml as that of
wnnch ona
even

thll Yanqe fouuet Sine Sesies n to,

Same a-that of odd funchons
 (ON

CALCULUS Of CoMPLEX FUNCTIONS

31. tnit & Deri vatve. of a Complex tunction
and vanl
Let (z)'= 'u+ tv, whe
qaandy. Thn the
imit wa
uncten as
any point Zo as Z abþroa ches Zo given
LEHz) - i)
L t J(z) 4lzo). =
The mit tLonttnuo ul Z-Y Zo

The duivattve qw+{2), b gven

gtven

ztez) Hz)
dz
ThA necasary, and, sutlieenh
tondi kons. a&
this duivatve to exist
ae

a e Con tinuous
u 4

R
in he qtuen Yegion
un ctons ux

and u - .
y
a) Cb)
Relatons la Cb)a Calleo as the

Cauchy - Riemann Equation C-R eqn

YTIC
unttions 4atoying them a a ANAL
fUNCTIONS.
 ral Theorem ormua,
Cauehy' Tnteg
A

analy ie 4wnckon amd '

0z) an
within and
is Continuou at each point
on theclese cuve CC -than
o tb)
t)d i )uai
Tntegral ornla: a
hcwthin.and m
) anal,
i
closto Quve C amd a i a toint wt fhin

hen 4ta) Cz).dz

2T
Dbeh
*4l) analye in ha regien
tuso closed Cutve c C K

C
C
:2Tayot and Laurent Series
TayorSeries
2
H2)fla) *ta) z-a) + flz-a) z-a)
T 2 44spa)l
Lausent Serea n

2) a,t 7-a) t - a ) +a. (z-a) +4, (z)

toheyrn 97L) Jte(t-ay" +A
 SECTION-VIL
CALCOLUS of CoMPLEX HUNCTIONS
CContinued)

Milne-1homson Mehod:
replace
To epresent any uneken thz',
a by '* & bby 'o'.
Addihtonal Pointe:
h
haatt
t
Azero an analy tie uncom
wich lz)b
value o ? \
i$
A toint of a uncton (z)
ceaAes
wnch a uncker
ha toimt a f
to be analytii.
Such
- aa issingulanty o ( z )
a
+he
that ) isanaly te at each oint
wnckon has a

neihbour hood i-e he

i s Calle
calle
h e n z = a is
Sinqulany ony at, a),
isolatedsingwlanty tn the
n
akie tosers q z - a
all ng
lz) ae
laurents extanon o an -a)"

hen the Series betom es

20
Can be removRd
and thu, the sinqularty
in Such
atza by dehirg (z) a Z-a

an=OJn£
 a y hat (z) analyte at
a , Za This
7>q Thie

S called YemovalLle Singulamity.

4 4(z) exisks initely. hon
ZYa
a emo vable

all nefake powerl z-a) in th

kaurens expansien
te nae lng,
hen
hen he
Sngwlati y at ata S called
pole ordsr n
pole irsd ordea"u a imble pol
e no negawul pooers o 7-a
in he
Laurent's extanion (z-a)
inwt en te sgwlanity at za ^
Called Escential singdanit and it4(4)
does not exut

8-3 Residues
Th Coeiiet o (z-a) in Hhe Laurentfs

expaien H)avound an isolated

is called a) a
Singulaity Pecidue ol
hat oint
Res f) ) dz
z ) dz - ni Res t(2
Restdue Theorem,

9 4 ) is anate tn a closed Cuue e'

e
except a a finmte numbes o singula
oints wt4hin C', hen

(x) dz CSum oresidues at

hose, ingula potn in C)

Spectal Resulu o (alculate Rest oues:

iy )has a simple pote at z : a ,
hen
Res la) It(z-a) tCz)) CR
Polan oym
iy ) : d:) hen

Res la) ¢(a)

Cay
n orde
iy C:) ha a
pole q

a 4l)
Res tlay n - ) ! | dzn-
e l r

f0%2 ee Sin Sin n': e e

2 2i

tnz 2
n (xu) +i tan
 Roal Delinlte nteqrals.
Bvalualon eirele
Unt Cirele
Tntegaton a vound
nintegral o h yp CSne, toso) do
ohee the teg nand in a Tatenal func
Can be e v a l u a t e d
Sin and teo

wrhng
Sine (z 7) (
the integ ral
to Cz+),
ecom es, 4t) dzohere C:Iz=
Je be evaluated
ntegral ean no
wsingResidue"hsorem
tiy ntes rakon arounda smal Semi Cirele:
o evaluate
To 4xy dn weConjide

Sem ra
flz dz kastC +he

thu
ontoun CR R R, doge
wth diamete hat encloies it
Suppoting hat z). doe haue a Singuar
en ea axu, by reudu helm,
 hawe

Cz) dz + dx ni2Res tla) .

CR R
we
finally, by vned man R ,

(7), rovidid
( (d dz ->
er
o

R 0.

Some Series parsions

35

6
2 4

3:e 1+ 2 2 .
2 3

A. og0eCt +%) = z
2

o r -12

5. log Ct-): [ at Z-

osn losh sinhtnSin

Stn in i Stnh (Dh in
tantn itanha Hanh tn tan
 SECTION-IX
ROBABILITY 3 `TATISTICS

4 Fund amentah Probabilty:

an
I an E can he. done tn ,ways
event
ane thex event G can be dono t n was, ten
anothex
Can
and s0, en,Aucces ive even E2 E4 m
Ymuays, than, hese
happen tn ng 4 -
(Simultaneoly)
even Con be dena tageMat
tn

the trin ciple o Couning lnn-12n-2)

3 21
4LCol1)
2
np n
and nCy n nPr

Axioms trobabilHy:
S
E ) 2 o JoL evexy ubset "¬ a
bCs)-1.

c)3 E2E iadisjpint events in s'the

sthen

:2 Theorem on probability
1Acd tion heorems a Sam5u
pat amd t ae,any evenA, hen

CEvE) plE)+ $ CE) -

plE1n )
 and E ae
CondiHonal Pobability: E

event in a spau 's amd p lE;) #0,

samBlw
then the probabittd occurenta E E
tes E has aken place t h e Ced na
ven Ej takss plat
Toba bitit "
denoted by lE2/E)
Addition Theorem
pCAnB)p(Bnc)
AUBUc): ptAD+ pt+Þ¢)
pCAn)+pCAnBnc)
2 MuHiplicaton Thaoremn a random ep
Auch hat
E and. 2 a two even.

CE) #o p(E) #o, pal) than

JE) 1-pA
CEint) E).plE,
CEnE,) =plEs) plE,/¬»).
ndeendent evenh lGnE)-p)?
CovoLlartes E3 a tndebendendan
even q a
ambl spacu SStha
ha

0)Eand
b) E and E are all indetendent
 Standand Tekul uun
wung A ere
ddihom h i
hee
probabi
mutoprc ai on re
PCA)+pC :
PCAUB)pCA) t P(B) pCAnB)

* PCAnB) p(A)pCPJA)
ptB) p (A[B)
ndopendsnt
pA) PlB) o
eena

PCAB) PCAn B)

PE)

-P.CA UB)
PCB)
2 PCB/ ptanB) -PCA UB)
T
- PCA)

3 PCAnB) PB) P(AnB)

AnB): PPA) PCA B)
5 pAB): ptAUB) : I- plAUB).
3- Boye Theorem (ondiional probability
-1¬n ah mutually exelusive
Juppose EE
Audh hat
ple;) >o eni ly?, 3, - "
even
in asample spate s and 'A' ony o thon
such h a t
ovent
event tn intenseetnq eve i

pA) b 4re) and p (A/Ei) tr i:,?9*:

a no wnhen

CExA) )pA] Ee)

pCEi): p(A/ED

Distributtora
-Variables
9:3. Random
variab
al v ariab
A Tandem variablu ii a
dakeimines

ohse out teme an expovi menk

take
Tamdem variable can
yadus the
valus in ho donmain, tt a
brilg a nte
no. q
takes all
Variable.
Discrete Random Continuou
domain, it
a
h
positive valuo n
Random Variable.

Pro babi lify d'si bubonuncthon

Lot X be, random vaYiable hen ko
a.

dst btonun ct 'on of

pro babi k outtome
the ro babrli
ha
dutinad is

duktomas
ha
h e 2xpeni ment wll be ont of
 x ek Denoted
toneh. xls).2.a wh e
o
b Fx)
F(x PCxé n)
Dishibu tio
beukes
h Yandorn Narial
dich but'on o

hun
y a<a<b) Flb) F l a )
n) (a e b ) lxa)+FCb) fta))
Uy pla <n eb) : LfCb)-fla)] plC x-b)»
i t a 2b) f(t : Fta))- Þtx»k)tp
2i) FCn)<
i)tC fty ohon 'a e
AU p1ob. dutribuhon fun ckons monotonicall
naae 1.

3 tiy fC-o) t., f() ro

t fCo) fa) -1

2 Frobabifi Density funtton Cf 3t 7h

dlusivahua q tprobabil'ty dshibuon
un cton
1
tay d(ftas). fla) da
.
S 1 Xy n a n'Aandom vanaltis

yaks with dittnct probabrlties pi p»-- spn

t h e , fo8 a DISCRETE PROBABILITY R-

i Mean Z aipi Expe ccod vesult

1) Vantanle g2 Si'P -
pi - p i )
2

1) Standatd Deviaen'g = 2«i- )

te a Cortinuous Probabili Disf but'en,
"u
4 pobabi dutibuk snwntkon

3uen y ohe
FlXD : ÞCx=*) Ja) dr,
-
) he pobabiu dinu unon,
h dunvate o F()

Dicakte Conttnuo RV a
PYopexke»
Samt

Mean (u)E (x) =|fCa) d

i
iy Varianto VCx= (24t) dn

.Eb)E
ii Stamdad Deviaten yECx)-(EC)
TStatiaheal Prob àbiliti Di'stri e

Binomiat Disti outon

n CP D2
, otheswue

pro babi i hapeninj

4 obabi ut no happeninq,

l r ) - nb
Mean[u.E hp , Varian ce
standasd Deviaten ynp
Mode
pun+) - 1 c4 (n+)p:
2.Poissen Distibukon
x 2)pt) 2
O, otherwue
MeanVatance aj standasd Deviat en
Mude a A
Net mal
Meanirst mosnt
Secend morneneX+% b-a
12
ExPoNEN TIÀL VARIABLE
1S Meaune o Confral tendencies qY0ued dah
ha. valuos
Mean, * X,, X, n a

a variate wr tndivdual eq uanues

- , nhen mAar

nobsenvatier
each

a given hwn
h an
wih
w vatus cX1 A2 . - -

n daviaton mhod,
A+ 24idi

AA th abitrary rigin laud suitably

at the muddl he origun amd d = i-A

iedeviaton o the patcula any

om he orbi trary orisin In step
deviaten mi thod,
Ath 2fui

i-A h t h e Aize

Clax Lntenval
 qrouped data,
media
Median i . et a an
iven by
Medhan M Lt 2

L looes boundary mocion clari

CCummulatve teq wng -h ca

Drecedrq he medak class
Total quenc, hSiz Clan mleria
N
41equen y madian tlax
Lowe Quastlu tQi)L+

Drper as ku.(Ga) 3 c)

nke Quank Yange

z-
J.
&uar4i Deviaten o Semi tnte-Quas tla
ange 3-)
3 Mode lm) E & the most e ont
ohses vukon for a
qoupao data,
 Made (m) : 14/o x

matal elom
to-fhoqutty clan
elass r e cednq modal
oquonu
4freguonty clavs suctesding medal ela
YmDctal elane
LLoues bounday
Sie clas inteva!
as
9t atso wytten

m L t|
A + A2

, A "
Mods;
Relaken b Mean, Medan

3 Median
-
2 Mean
Mods

m 3M 2 7
h e Cum
Men dsviat,on' MD mian

n y frer the
absolute dt[ev C

ntan, medan nd

MD 2;(a:-4)
n
feuy
is man on mid'an oc mode
fandaud dviaton to) (-
Vanance d z 4; ( -)

ocent uanaien

uark davíakon - 2 (standaxd doua

Nean viaton 4 /tandand denaton)
S

7 any 3 A, B,e
events o Sets
NoTmal
iy AutBnc) AUB) nCAU) Diutrbue
tiy An CBu) -(AnBu CAn){
AtM) (11
2 2

VCaY) a V¢y))
Avrea unds nemal usve
26)
68/. Std Nemal
2918)
-2 to + 2 95 . ntrbutor
E Cx)
3 to t 3 91147. v(x) 1
Co Cowlaten
oVauanc *,y)xy
(E*)(EA
1
 Cuve Jp Freqonuy. Dt

Poshe iqht
t
ed
mode midan

mean

Neutral/ Sym mu

MAan mLdW an mo

Negat o
3
SRewed
Mean Madan Med
 SECTION-X

ROGRE 5SIONS

Arhmetic Prwqreion (A*P

fd s ealled
he
orm
Common deunt
a, a+d, at2d
(n term)
tn
tn a+ (n -1) d
Sum to tema
m
dtn
tn+-t
2a +(n-1) dJ Constavrt
valwe

2
a +1)
a i iTst term Clast term
a,
-

An b ae in A P

+hon d: b-a
nt
n a u called he
Avthnte maann b/w a b

Sur stm numbe¥s n n t ) s

2

Sum o qaye net num beD

n u m b e s

n nCnt1) C2nt)
6
Sum
Cubes o s t natural numbers

n3

numbe in AP, hon th

amhma ti'e mean atb

0 2 eomitmie o gresion CGP

6tenea orm
a,'ar a r , a
ratio
called h
tbmmon
Y

valus
Co tan
.

t th Herm a

Sum to 'n' tems a a (r"-1 7

Sn a Ci ")

SumHo tninity a
So
3 Ci) eveyy derm a eries a m ut

by oxed m be the Tes utirg

Semu s auo a GP
 divi d d by
tom 6P
o a Yaied do h
everyevey
ho Somi umber
yelulHing sAMES
SAMe

Same bowes he

also a P.
an in P
then ho Car
3femu

a
be tten a
Can
Thoy Can
thn
T 4 tevms tnGP,

ar aY°
be a
be wifen as a

bers
CGM), 2 num

6 Geo metric maan 01

2 t en y 9m vab
are tn GP
aya , 3

l0 3 . Harmenic ProgYe on (+1 P-

Series is in AP. Hheo its

reciprocals {orma H:P

at(n 19d ae

a atd, at2d, +
in AP -hun th em HP
at(n-) d
a
a, b e ae tn HP, then b: al,'o
at C

Harm oni c mmoon numbeu, H M

qven oy ab
atb

htontant or n, tton it
tn-1
HP

10 4. AM, & M, +IM Pule ;

2 nulnbers hon
Ler a, b are

AM atb A
2

GM Nab
HM ab

atb
A:HG

A GH
 SECTION-X
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
IPaxta hachor )

Cen taun Tepeated nao ask

+han
han
g ) lantb) CCAtd),
AB
(antb) (Ctd)
to ol
YThi stuctw an e appled
'm. 4hi produck
number ina ack osu

2Pastal haseo ), sha q

Centains epeated nd pededa

3qi):axtb)" - (Citd) , -tkan

A Az
qC) antb) (axtb) Caa+b (Catd)
AA -AnB o
8 aual fratt.on e , J

Centauns ivveducile a e s
(artbn+c) . (da+
e) , wh,
g)
i iTTe du cub le, thwn
thn haay
ab+C
wiu et oa paxtal rachon o

Pat n parhal ra tk on
Caxbxc)
Yedu chem )
n y

Pat +
(an+brtC) (date)
3an'+br+c) a epeaked non-

Yeduciblattos (7), kan

(ay4bn1) (arbntc anbnt

tR
dute)
JPasat
Pasal rachon (n), Contains
ohos 9
CM)
onA

Cx)
hn
4(x) K+hCn) whe

aa ioatamt unique o h Len

and
amd

hn) a polynomial eitus ZuO e nern

h Cn)c1) prober'hacen
t dsgTe

(n) + h n)
wheaee 9Cx) u

O e n AND onormel amd hCx

operkattion