Section – 3

POWER ENGINEERING

S. No. Topic
1. Internal Combustion Engines
2. Reciprocating Air Compressors
3. Impact of Water Jets
4. Hydraulic Turbines
5. Centrifugal Pumps
6. Steam Turbines and Steam Power Cycles
7. Gas Turbines
8. Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
9. Gas Power Cycles

Reference Authors:
• P. K. Nag.
• P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth.
• S. M. Yahya.
• V. Ganesan.
• R. Yadav.
 a) T.C Engines

Ammpien in A Standad cle:

tAir s an ual qas amd peciic Aaa

a Cenatant
2 Al proceA Cen&tung he cyelo au Teverltbla
nd inatantamco ul

3 Thero ae no chomica reathe dwng the p+ote

Otto ysle
Aue Calad Cntant
Uoume Cy ce
Vec
&senbropes work
don
PVc vec

2 tsDthoTe- heat Suken

addod emoved
y Suwept Volurnei
&. Cv CTs- Ta) Cuarance
V6lum

AR CC T T)
. .. I-
otto -

empremonm veae aho

V Vc

l t , perol.
6-0
 W tn Otto
Maondkek eur
ye
mep Welk dont

Stroke Volume

Je Veumt olte txpanutn

Volume belore expansen

heo
Votume alte heak

Veume boera haatng

thu
o1 any cy cde, n
tet ttD yela c e o strok
ap CT-T)
mxC
Cy Dieel yele

ALo catadhe
3
Covatant pTeur
Pr Cyele
& ientope uke
VC done

Suck'en 1 ioba- heat

Suwept Volumas d> added
Ve)
1 so ehøt heat Tejecked
Cp CT-Ta) (1e died
C-T) 2 - 20
 esel I-e 1 1
&s Lcs')Cf-)t
o a dierel cyel, e xfe
iy Dual yce
P:C
Also callod imited
Drekue Cyele PV:C
2 isenopes Wesk dorne 5
addod PC ,V:C
1 inobau Heat
2 neheRes -> Heàt adda
Sucken
and heat rejette d Soept Volume j

sp: CpCTy- T)
Qv CC T- ) To dasel tu, ap1

Qsp + sv
R C (75-T)

l-(p1)
( (p-1)+ (Ap(fe-
preun atio reme fe aypanxen

re bekote xpanion
* 1 dual diesel
* fe 1 otfo
fe Same c and e
etto dual dienel
presuu QR
amemaxjmun
el
Idiexel "ldual "loto
bRecipocatng Ar ompre ou
tauaten Wetk done r p u cloaran ca

withot cuovane.

2 2

PV c

V
preign
Peopic pro
n-
fo Pv,
Teplacen
wth f.
mR
n -1

othornal rOcoY
tV,LnV/v,)
thv lb/p.)
SinaAchng P w.N/s0 wats
Doudo Aeto
wNKk Wastu
Watd.
 Avexage Puon petd
Vavg L N /min

stroke
quahon wotk don wtth Charamce

Ebtectue U->
Vs V-V4
CaranuV:VCuwept
VeumL
Velumt Ns -Va

Total Volum V
Jn all wok done e9, uatuon
o revLous
eon, replace by V, - V4 tn ",V," pout
Velune brie ieny yel)
at NT
"lvotAckual vouu r Autkad
Stroke voumn

e Ai Delivexad CEAD)
StreR Volun
lan presot Capau shroa oune
 (Vol kecive V V-Va

Vs V-V3
Canan a C V Vc
V-V Vs

vot
+C I4C-c(

P T Compreso lnd tons

PoTo- ambient Con dton

e14c-
T
c(V/4l)
MechanitalEenu
meh
BP

setha ma e n

IP
OvealHiienty
e"moch
TAD: 2 the attual
at vouume
Voume
alr
a r dbenud
Ale o
4hastatud prexuna Yeduod
Hemberahar s preue Yeduod ntaa intoh
 peec nker eooling
Fetstaqa m
/a

andTa

stage atam Withou Penfece inkercooing

presune Tauo pe at

Pre u a v1a

Cernpre

Changein enropy in alage pvenou

to)
t)
rultatage tombreuo olh minmmum ,
atageinteake n entopy isothanma
o1 ho tobr eson

lo e stag es
C)Tmpack Warer Jeks:

V-veloity
u vane velotiy blade Veloiby) bucket velapt

-let Hheymal hude tutbo machnex

Floo lo inle ang
d lqo exit ang
Blade' inlt ang a 2 OJU
Blade exit ang

blaA velouy
v/c e velo uy
relativ, veloiy
(Sfxesu )
fow
3e sbriks laplat
V /may/maynt)
>

fA v, i plate stabionas

pACV- u)", plate movel

2
pAu
Cv-u)

uCv-u)
v2
 max 50 a uY

the plate b tncined ar an anq 0, then

F : P Av , i stakon ay in
Cin red
red)
f PAevuy"sinei
imoving
Teman same
j t jet,max
hFsine t F ces0
vane:
)e Shrrks a Symunertal e uw ved

Crmay be/ mayn

(V-u) lese

F Av C+ Ceko) ih btatonary
F A Cy-u)" (lt O) moving
2ulv-u) C+ Cos0)

e e 90 ")iet, twv joat

Fe 0 :ct, tunv 2
)jet,lat
jet, max 10o7. at u=V/
 en nmtbacal. Atahonan
11) Tet an

maks him move

and

flat sc
FP A v (v-u)

Curved set

F- PAV(v-u) (l+ to 0)
owa fAVu Cv-u)
C1 os0)
fxu

Tet Sam a e-1

Cae

nd mox a

max
56/ fla 2-0+
lbo Cuwu ed
v)Je strik Atate un ymeuetrical
Van a te ps
VSindL

angu q de hon

V CeN. VSn d
 f fAv Cces, + eso
y P A VC Sin Sin d ))

tan )
Fad amd

un4ymmehical vene
v)Ter trike a moving

tangsn kal a n kp
tmpulse
/ Case o bint
nle velou nnds
w xial o
iebtad veloly WI
Consrant Ason mut
exit
Cu
Exit Veloub ianga

90 C
A.
el ma o awa 4P |
C
tok Ca Cempentnt
cu re9imn

Can

CC
3) 9 a o CRad:al)
C2 C a n

t
fP-A frzE ) PA lju
(( Cju t+ C.
C2u)
Enesgy En)
0

OAmod FfACiu

2ulCut Cyu)
2

C
wesk Tal poue

x
d) Hydauke bines

mp eAU 4h KE o watei " ue

u n ha t bine
Eq Pelton wheal, Bank
Paenupe K PreMwn encg y eo

rnH bine

EKaplan, hans,Demaz Ysopee ,

)Pelton--ohel
CA250 n)
Tanaental How, High head
to Spei Spead4So)
Impube Tobin
 3
a
3
N
3
 Imech ShaShalt pe
fouwe Aveloped i n t

C K v2gH SH hiad
orn opexaken

lovexall ah X vol*
A Set dia 4
C
D nbtne dio

TN

Te Tathe D

z No bu cket 15 +m
n No e tot
p e buckat.

). ranes Tusbins
Radial o
Medium head C 60 2So m)
Mediwn Speue Sp a
C50 35o)
Reacken tsbn
 radial diachasge at he erit
thas
ackon wbine CIFR)
Inwasd fle

Inu Veloiy Exit Veleiy

liang Triang
9 0
U 2

C
wIC w, C2Cax

k
C1u

:?
we.k denesec P & u qu davelo p ed

Ciu Opesak

4
n B1/D, bw
Speacrao '
los Tak CCi
n

R : exit dia

Vn Ca

oSha poel 1910 N/m

wQH
H Cu

TDN
6o
Kopla usbine
Axial Flow
Led head <6on)

ligh Spei sptadC>35)

eact en ubine

Vele ron Cs,

rianqlas Aame as

axia ous.

, u2 N

D2 ) X Ci
Ci2

Modil Testg Spsad

Ont Quont'ties
N
Unt Spesd Nu

2 Cnit Dichasge, .

3 Ut ouwes P

Speci Spaed NsT) =N

H5/1+
Modal rototpe esng

Sam

ConutanE
3
ND

H Conutant

ND
C
ND
Ccnatant

VH
Goratant.
NP
54
)udrauic Centntugal ampa
Statc hond CHs)Sucen head +
Deiven bcad

hsut t Hol
Hst
Manomate headCHn)The haad agaunst

ic o Contrituga mP he ve
Total kaad a outtF

To had a tnte

in ing hpro ces Temo ving air bubbls

sitit water
bom C&pup
nlat Velo Qut Veloiy
Trianu
Cau

d
C
Cu d
Wese donu/se te
te powe duelopad

pAC C C2u)
pwek U Cau
Head Auelo ped CH) uCa
mano Manemabnc head

ead dveloped
(u,C)
Lmech e yequreod o unhe
pump

ower a
shat
7D, Ku tHm

ous rato (27

Ott powu
Iman o X "lassh
nt Ptwe
Minimum staskg peed
x 2u
Almin 120 x
nam
7( De)

7-abe's)| 200 9 tm

TCoD:)
Lwidth

NPSH pump -(rdo ) x az

Head éswelqd Hm in

Shocklsss enly

Ahby)- hw
mts tn Semes

HTetal x Hm han haad)

Pumps asalll
Lsh Dischasse)
Total x

Specitic Sped ig Ramp

Nsp NV
H34
Model r6etpe e g
C o n s t a t

ND

Constamt

ND
3 Contant

NSDS
Stamwbines . Stam ut eb

Can't Combren wer vpou

2 ant Contol ual!k ootendunate
3iikat.on en max Cel mp
.
Hea at Conatant tomp
reall hO
DD
Aupplyhan at tatant pre .
Rankine Cyl

Boile
Tulbuo
3

1
(Comden
 S
skeadj od devices
h h Cb-Pr) hnp
hah= o (ibieal point
374 C
amd 22 TPa
h gh - ha
ha
hhe Calelated w sentropi c

ndibem
44 - o w ump
in
Inprove .
adihor
nasir maan demp. heat
Tee chon
and druLaMnd msan temp. eheat

Mean ha tcmp.
temb. hoal adton
ks
a hith , ihact pplted, udt U run

sten kL a Caunet Cycle

Inaeang oolan preu and o
edmc
ondante pres

Supeskoatng Rehoa tng9 Rigenuakon,

h ah h )
Rehaat Ge

T 5
Steam rate
S6oo
2

Kegeneate Cyela
Wbck Rotie
Wnd W-

fleat Rake

1
3Goo

ys h may e d ehactad,
han, hCI-y)h2eh3
Team oleu

quwant tvaporaten
mems Ch-h)
h
SFeam Tusbinas
Sulhiv u whird
.Jmpue ype
FCo

Blad Speed
Claid abaotule veloc
L Relativt veloeit
Suhit&2 n t & outt
Flow ang angu mad by tuid
BtadL anqu

Cenpandd Valot Diagram

Blad sperd Tatio

C
Teler Case-(V) o impac water jat

Cu Cau Fqugula
8ladas

WI
CA wr C Car
Cn

o41)

Fo on blar mCCu tGu)

Woe
Ctu+Ctu+ C2u) t Euter energy
al
eak'on
owe dwoloped
hbse dona 2u C
qut Cau)
ldiagvom btade kE ppied C,2
 wk don
mniu-Cu) and
fes B1o,
bhaT lahons, mod
a uth

Axial Thrst m C2x -C1z)

hictonal lew mw-w2).

Cn ao witten a

u + (2u) x u

stae
(h, h)
enthalpy drop
Inozze
Ble Bla ve
2Chha)
Cohceh
l a d x "nozzi

Cndtien n-staqe
olad, ma mpulu
mpuu

taafsage
lotal po
2 2

dad,ma
tm pule
Cptmum ed e t mmaxImum t e n
Cndier
staga npuse Cuyb s tag ed,
JoptCo
2n
Je don tn la TOO
Veloeity Gmpoundi e Custis Stagi
renu all tn one go m ho mozze .

Velo atatos
Toro
daeneases
bu nntanel
in
ate
tn
acYo

n o za
ren Compowndung Rateau Stag
tn noxzlea/ xed ladu.
remure als
amd 'xed blades
Velouy inaeases in nez2l
a in h oto

resu - Veloty Compoundtng

h noz qa
r e e daunaes en
toe novz
,deu2aseL
in h
Velou uases

oler and tonstant n he state

Sfatot .

Reacten: Gives premu

Deare
Degre
he rotoa and atato
dontributen b/w
he rofo
anfhalpy'uer u e in

enthalpy TUe en he atage

ro an impule tuibt R0

Reackon ype
amL velo trianqus exapt hal
ano
) Cn C2 in qeneal
 C ( Cot Pa -
CotP,)
2u
Special Coe arson ona
X xXXxX
x xx x xx X
xxx**

R : Ahetatot Ah retet
2

op Ces oK
2 y 3
blod may
 1

Z
Z
 1.
blad
2Yow nks

De Lav
LavakK) tS

IA
9GasTubine Cyelas

Air In .c F lO

1 4
Cotant Vowm
Covant preuu we a
as

and
rEures isolakon Comproiet
usloia va valves Cauna me ehamcal

átl and intex mittent Cemounten

Cyc Constant pren tu

Crovemng
Brayron Cyelo Totl Cule
isentopiey Gompteisn & 2xpantcon
2soba haat'adAten & vejedon
 6u 2 preune
AnyT wetki

preun

Taio
45

CTs T4)
S-
so an idat GT Cyela

-
()
Senropie work T2s T
CempeMo
T- T
Actual woRk

Actual wok 73-14

tuoine2
Jsentoptc Aok T3-Tas

na
, (7
T
whet T-We
amd pCT5-T
Back Wesk Rakio CBWR) We
tT

BLR)T 7 6
Voun handlad dung Compre

(TC-C T,-Ta) and We-pC Ta-T).)

 batput tng almpla GT,
toi maxtmum

2 Cr1
and nd
wmax :GTsT)

T99l4S' may
VT
Mehhoda toimProve

Uaing 2 Combrellou and

a) Inte toning :
L P CompY2Ase exhautat

Coeing h
e - Cembrelir
Corutant reku and
HP Comheio. Inaeaen Wc
in
oamd haak
b)Raais9 Uaivg 2 -tuoines

Aáme may
h H P tusbua
h
exhawto

th LP
PluTubin
bird
and Te expomdiug !t

In oaes

c) Rigent aton Heat Exchange Plac a

HE t in
path the combou^kon
Chombe nd haa intomíns, l
Combushon
u s addng Aer hsat
Chombe

e elleetvena e d
lemp exafue
HEY Max. temp d
5 2
Ta-T2 Ts
h) Axial Centrtkugal omprexe

s
When ao tow isentro preall bvonght
Test,the tonditon 'u eallod Stognation stato.

Su- 'o' State hea

C Veloa
T -C2
2 Dy namic head

( M MC

a RT o T
T/

T
Flo though Ozus
n hrut
Govid
AC A( Con preble

2
Se chon
AC A |
telds
h:pT
SFEE a - here e

ht h
Co, hn C2 44 72Vh,-h2
For skeam nozzs, o gie y
n 13S, C Sahaxated)
30 CSubethoated)
o adalbate non given by

osk dono. chnge t K E.

C,D, -h, ) -Stea

-1

Cend kon lov maximium ma o

f2 n-
t

n 13 9 Csatwated

O544 STEAM
1:3 Supenheated)
e n

O 5 46

n 4 Cadabate a )

2 0 523
P
ATea vanaon n an adiabaté nozzle

dA
A M P (A)

A
C-M)
f 2
A
 MI da -Ve Cenveagant pasage h
A
noz and divegen pavnoga hi diud.

2 M:1 dA 0 - > Throat

+ve Cen vegen pavage 4h

3 M1, dA
the noxzle
due omd dvesgent paas coe

Maxtmum m a low occus eny a the hroat

hroa

at M 2.
at)
al epreMou: Clo hiad, hiah a
Vanas CiGVL):
wihout ntu Guude

nu Velo i Exit Veloi Tiaa

Trong /p 3-4 '5
CRadial Bladins
pes sfage
No mul stagg
w22 C

u Cau
CuO
Axial eny and adal exit Cas
Cane
tu'H 16v'a
2nla Velo ti mang Exit Veloul Trianga
Back wad
Cuwed
CA W

Cu Cu
 16v
at ho pnkry an

To avoid shoek
pto 6
providu w
pre
fquato)
done CEulr brusgy
wesk
Cau-U,Gu ) l*g
(u
adal xtt
fox arial enhy

CpCT
-

T),
1/
Powt mx
(2u Sp : U-au
stip ackot:
,4,a sA G :9
20

ATd
A b1 Ay rd by
fotwad

Rada

2 Backwand -Rachal

3usod
Baswad

Hos sepouatan SucLon

Stall
ids blado
h
Sunge Jotal reNeual o o en

Cauu
mpre%oL d v a l ve elowne

Preuu
ie tn he ppei direcken
choks: Maximum mauo ral a
gtven Spasd
amd premuL and-tn usak
Candtnosase
Causing kall in denmby
Causinq
amd tncidsnt
alotolute volou

Axial ombreMo
n t Velou angl
of 25- 14|

per atae

C Mul-aagi

Ciu

Tt VelouTranq Btack velauy

u Conutant
hroughout. h

Stage
C
Ca
Cu

(z
u C Cau -Cu and mosl, Ca: (an
Cp CTa-T)
w Cu,-u) +cL-w~))
2

Change in K.£
ynamic
head
Conhriaal du t
epect
melatv
Chane
em velou
 i gs, Yooexyeles:
) Stirling ye
2 reyeu ba iso thams &
2 Teedibl ocheer.

V /T:C T T
T T
Vec
PL T:C

V->
T,Ln Vo Wi2
t2- 34
V
23
13v(T2-T3) Ws
Q8 T In
RT3 Ln w2A
Q41 CT-T)
y T-T)
egenAati Skrang amd Rqeneat tncssor
l s have t same anotCanok ael
b) Ericssen G
reueubu isothris amd
2 YRNAbl
,
CHealng Coolg)
2 2 RT, n
Sa3-CoC1 ) 3 P
 1 T 2
( 7b.)

T2

S->

.34 Ws4 -R T n ("/pa)

4 lT T) 1 P (,-4)
2 -W3

regenanav StYtng
Both Eresson uls
ha much lam katk woik A Brayton yea

whihna numbes interceongs Tehuakng

betmas he Erics son y el

c) Leneir ch

-2 so thorte hiatrg
2
2-3 ntropic Expanken
3-1sobaue Conns
CCT -T)
3
1 1-2
V
I-Cp"-)
p)
L
eneralinod Combuston wacton

Ca Hp+((atb \0, - a (0, +H,0

tnomplute tomburton dako plau
CaHb al (0, t 3.16 N.)
A
a CotbH,0
t 3%Nolatb)

CRl, ts in ex )
Mais o OuY

atbx46x 2g.94 ka
4

aur A upp hed In e x a

h
tf hown as Oxyaen on

RHS apast om stand ad equaten

Thsoretial ar reuirecd ot Cornpbte
Conbus on

1230 2c+ Hat S-6.)

4 ma g
divid
by mel ula
dont Conida
weugh Jn dry tembw ton,
we
H,0 age Inteod of as b
we

(atb/)
-1D (-1) ( -1 (-1
p wue
yx991,
w
7A
 Cavtaken lawi taten a heomakon amd
sa
Subeq uent aynamic he 9 bubb
Caused vedu eton m
otal prewu tla
oa han
by
rewue
q d athat fempeatw
Vapou
los peslemant
Pitling Susa damqe
ubratienm
Seen at cten tabt n outt.
pump inut ?
Tea

ow anqu # blad fow

e hen
analt, re utng in Cavtaion

NPSHa> NISH No Cawtaten

NPSHA NPSH Cretcal Case ma
Set in
Metfods to aveid Cavitaton
tdean sid ( Rdaa IPSHA)
a) ow specite sperd fshape mbe

b) Lim 16, 2 0
e)Rasdua lad taadkng bymuaung o bla ds
blads
Cvelo tt may e so |udicous ehoia)
d) Smoe Sulat
e) Go chreamining o
4)UA 16U' hant pe whirl at estry.
Ctl aen sids Inuuase NPSHa):
a Pmp as clese as p o l to sump

b) pe tager dia 2 Smallar Canth

c)p ar lock, sakaage R Dreuohir| in qipe Wnt
 ayout.

a ow temperatue
) Liguid
at totw 4pesd
4)Hud Pum

Thevnas Canitaten tachos:

(Hatm-Hy- Hs T in
Hret
p Hakn-Hv Hs - Hsp Punp
Hrat
NPSH :o ) avitaton
ut stas&
Haat
lboi ing juat beqin