Worksheet [88 marks]

Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.

1a. Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction. [1 mark]

1b. Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction. [2 marks]
1c. Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility [3 marks]
of propanone and propan-2-ol.

1d. The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction [1 mark]

Pb2+ (aq) + Ni (s) → Ni2+ (aq) + Pb (s)

Label the diagram with the species in the equation.

1e. Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse [1 mark]
the electron flow. Use section 25 of the data booklet.
1f. Describe the bonding in metals. [2 marks]

1g. Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property [1 mark]
altered by the addition of another metal to nickel.

In order to determine the oil content of different types of potato crisps (chips), a
student weighed 5. 00 g of crushed crisps and mixed them with 20. 0 cm 3 of non-
polar solvent.
She assumed all the oil in the crisps dissolved in the solvent.
The student then filtered the mixture to remove any solids, and gently heated the
solution on a hot plate to evaporate the solvent.
She measured the mass of the oil that remained from each type of crisps

2a. Suggest why a non-polar solvent was needed. [1 mark]

2b. State one reason why the mixture was not heated strongly. [1 mark]

2c. Non-polar solvents can be toxic. Suggest a modification to the experiment[1 mark]
which allows the evaporated solvent to be collected.

Aspirin is formed by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride. The structure
of aspirin is given in section 37 of the data booklet.

3. Comment on the risk of overdose when taking aspirin as an analgesic, [1 mark]

referring to the following values, for a person weighing 70 kg :
Minimum therapeutic dose = 0. 5 g
Estimated minimum lethal dose = 15 g
 An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of chain length of the
alcohol on the equilibrium constant, Kc , for the reversible reaction:
H+ ( aq )
ROH + CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOR + H2 O
The reactants, products and the catalyst form a homogeneous mixture.
Fixed volumes of each alcohol, the ethanoic acid and the sulfuric acid catalyst
were placed in sealed conical flasks.
At equilibrium, the flasks were placed in an ice bath, and samples of each flask
titrated with NaOH (aq) to determine the ethanoic acid concentration present in
the equilibrium mixture.
The following processed results were obtained.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020

4a. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment. [1 mark]
4b. The ice bath is used at equilibrium to slow down the forward and reverse [2 marks]
reactions. Explain why adding a large amount of water to the reaction
mixture would also slow down both reactions.

4c. Suggest why the titration must be conducted quickly even though a low [1 mark]
temperature is maintained.

4d. An additional experiment was conducted in which only the sulfuric acid [1 mark]
catalyst was titrated with NaOH (aq). Outline why this experiment was
necessary.
 There has been significant growth in the use of carbon nanotubes, CNT.

5a. Explain these properties of carbon nanotubes. [2 marks]

5b. Alloying metals changes their properties. Suggest one property of [1 mark]
magnesium that could be improved by making a magnesium–CNT alloy.
5c. Pure magnesium needed for making alloys can be obtained by [2 marks]
electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

Write the half-equations for the reactions occurring in this electrolysis.

5d. Suggest a gas which should be continuously passed over the molten [1 mark]
magnesium in the electrolytic cell.

5e. Zeolites can be used as catalysts in the manufacture of CNT. Explain, with [1 mark]
reference to their structure, the high selectivity of zeolites.
5f. Experiments have been done to explore the nematic liquid crystal [1 mark]
behaviour of CNT. Justify how CNT molecules could be classified as
nematic.

6a. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. A paper chromatogram of two [1 mark]
amino acids, A1 and A2, is obtained using a non-polar solvent.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

Determine the Rf value of A1.
6b. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. [2 marks]
The mixture is composed of glycine, Gly, and isoleucine, Ile. Their structures can
be found in section 33 of the data booklet.
Deduce, referring to relative affinities and Rf , the identity of A1.

6c. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. [1 mark]

Glycine is one of the amino acids in the primary structure of hemoglobin.
State the type of bonding responsible for the α-helix in the secondary structure.

6d. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. [2 marks]

Describe how the tertiary structure differs from the quaternary structure in
hemoglobin.
 Phospholipids are a main component of cell
membranes.

7a. Deduce the products of the hydrolysis of a non-substituted phospholipid, [2 marks]

where R1 and R2 represent long alkyl chains.

7b. A representation of a phospholipid bilayer cell membrane is shown: [1 mark]

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

Identify the components of the phospholipid labelled A and B.
7c. State the most significant intermolecular forces in the phospholipid in [2 marks]
b(i).

7d. Phospholipids help maintain cellular environments while fatty acid lipids [2 marks]
have important roles in energy storage and electrical insulation. Discuss
the structural properties of saturated fats needed for these roles.

8. Which compound has the shortest C to O bond? [1 mark]

A. CH3CHO
B. CO
C. CO2
D. C2H5OC2H5

9. Which describes a resonance structure? [1 mark]

A. Double bond can be drawn in alternative positions.
B. Bonds vibrate by absorbing IR radiation.
C. A double and a single bond in the molecule
D. A Lewis structure
10. What is the structure and bonding in SiO2 (s)? [1 mark]

Questions 13 and 14 are about an experiment to measure the enthalpy of

combustion, Δ Hc, of ethanol, using the apparatus and setup shown.

11. What is the enthalpy of combustion, ΔHc, of ethanol in kJ mol−1? [1 mark]

Maximum temperature of water: 30.0°C
Initial temperature of water: 20.0°C
Mass of water in beaker: 100.0 g
Loss in mass of ethanol: 0.230 g
Mr (ethanol): 46.08
Specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 J g−1 K−1
q = mcΔT

100.0×4.18×(10.0×273)
A. − 0.230
×1000
46.08

B. − 0.0230×4.18×10.0
100.0
×1000
46.08

C. − 100.0×4.18×10.0
0.230
×1000
46.08

D. − 100.0×4.18×10.0
0.230
46.08
12. Which quantity is likely to be the most inaccurate due to the sources of [1 mark]
error in this experiment?
A. Mass of ethanol burnt
B. Molecular mass of ethanol
C. Mass of water
D. Temperature change

13. What is the enthalpy change of the reaction? [1 mark]

C6H14 (l) → C2H4 (g) + C4H10 (g)

A. + 1411 + 2878 + 4163

B. + 1411 − 2878 − 4163
C. + 1411 + 2878 − 4163
D. − 1411 − 2878 + 4163

14. Which equation represents the N–H bond enthalpy in NH3? [1 mark]
A. NH3 (g) → N (g) + 3H (g)
B. 13 NH3 (g) → 13 N (g) + H (g)

C. NH3 (g) → 12 N2 (g) + 32 H2 (g)

D. NH3 (g) → •NH2 (g) + •H (g)
15. The dotted line represents the volume of carbon dioxide evolved when [1 mark]
excess calcium carbonate is added to hydrochloric acid.
Which graph represents the production of carbon dioxide when excess calcium
carbonate is added to the same volume of hydrochloric acid of double
concentration?

16. The graph shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a [1 mark]
given gas at a certain temperature.

How will the curve change if the temperature of the gas is increased, while other
conditions remain constant?
A. The maximum is higher and to the left of A.
B. The maximum is higher and to the right of A.
C. The maximum is lower and to the right of A.
D. The maximum is lower and to the left of A.
17. What effect does increasing both pressure and temperature have on the [1 mark]
equilibrium constant, Kc?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ΔH = −45.9 kJ
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains constant
D. Cannot be predicted as effects are opposite

18. What is the difference between a conjugate Brønsted–Lowry acid–base [1 mark]

pair?
A. Electron pair
B. Positive charge
C. Proton
D. Hydrogen atom

19. Which is an example of an amphiprotic species? [1 mark]

A. Al2O 3
B. CO32−
C. P4O 10
D. HPO42−

20. In which species does sulfur have the same oxidation state as in SO32–? [1 mark]
A. S2O 32–
B. SO42–
C. H2S
D. SOCl2

21. The following occurs when metal X is added to Y sulfate solution and Z [1 mark]
sulfate solution. (X, Y and Z represent metal elements but not their
symbols.)
X (s) + YSO4 (aq) → XSO4 (aq) + Y (s)
X (s) + ZSO4 (aq): no reaction
What is the order of increasing reactivity?
A. X < Y < Z
B. Y < X < Z
C. Z < Y < X
D. Z < X < Y
22. What is formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten sodium [1 mark]
bromide?

23. Which is correct for all solid ionic compounds? [1 mark]

A. High volatility
B. Poor electrical conductivity
C. Low melting point
D. Good solubility in water

24. Which species does not have resonance structures? [1 mark]

A. C6H6
B. NH4+
C. CO32−
D. O3

25. Which describes an ionic compound? [1 mark]

26. Which combination corresponds to a strong metallic bond? [1 mark]

27. When equal masses of X and Y absorb the same amount of energy, their [1 mark]
temperatures rise by 5 °C and 10 °C respectively. Which is correct?
A. The specific heat capacity of X is twice that of Y.
B. The specific heat capacity of X is half that of Y.
C. The specific heat capacity of X is one fifth that of Y.
D. The specific heat capacity of X is the same as Y.

28. What is the enthalpy change of reaction for the following equation? [1 mark]

A. x + y + z
B. −x − y + z
C. x − y − z
D. x − y + z

29. Which is correct for the reaction? [1 mark]

2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) ΔH = −1049 kJ
A. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.
B. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.
C. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.
D. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.
30. Which properties can be monitored to determine the rate of the reaction? [1 mark]
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → Cu (s) + FeSO4 (aq)
I. change in volume
II. change in temperature
III. change in colour
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

31. Which will increase the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and [1 mark]
hydrochloric acid?
I. an increase in temperature
II. an increase in concentration of hydrochloric acid
III. an increase in particle size of calcium carbonate
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

32. Kc for 2N2O (g) ⇌ 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) is 7.3 × 1034. [1 mark]
What is Kc for the following reaction, at the same temperature?
N2 (g) + 12 O 2 (g) ⇌ N2O (g)
A. 7.3 × 1034
1
B.
√7.3×1034
2
C.
7.3×1034
1
D.
2×7.3×1034

33. Which solution is basic at 25 °C? [1 mark]

Kw = 1.0 × 10−14
A. [H+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3
B. [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3
C. solution of pH = 4.00
D. [H3O +] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3
34. Which is not a source of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen? [1 mark]
A. burning coal
B. internal combustion engines
C. burning methane
D. volcanic eruptions

35. Where does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell? [1 mark]

A. positive electrode and anode
B. negative electrode and anode
C. positive electrode and cathode
D. negative electrode and cathode

36. Which is the species oxidized and the oxidizing agent in the reaction? [1 mark]
MnO 2 (s) + 4HCl (aq) → MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

37. Which product will be obtained at the anode (positive electrode) when [1 mark]
molten NaCl is electrolysed?
A. Na (l)
B. Cl (g)
C. Cl2 (g)
D. Na (s)
38. The dotted line represents the formation of oxygen, O2(g), from the [1 mark]
uncatalysed complete decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O 2 (aq).

Which curve represents a catalysed reaction under the same conditions?

39. What is the order of increasing boiling point? [1 mark]

A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 < CH3CH(OH)CH3 < CH3COCH3 < CH3CO2H
B. CH3CH2CH2CH3 < CH3COCH3 < CH3CH(OH)CH3 < CH3CO2H
C. CH3CO2H < CH3COCH3 < CH3CH(OH)CH3 < CH3CH2CH2CH3
D. CH3CH2CH2CH3 < CH3COCH3 < CH3CO2H < CH3CH(OH)CH3

40. Which combination causes the strength of metallic bonding to increase? [1 mark]

41. Which molecule contains an incomplete octet of electrons? [1 mark]

A. NF3
B. BF3
C. BrF
D. SF2
42. Which compound has hydrogen bonds between its molecules? [1 mark]
A. CH4
B. CH4O
C. CH3Cl
D. CH2O

43. Consider the following equations. [1 mark]

2Al (s) + 32 O 2 (g) → Al2O 3 (s) ΔHƟ = −1670 kJ
Mn (s) + O2 (g) → MnO2 (s) ΔHƟ = −520 kJ
What is the standard enthalpy change, in kJ, of the reaction below?
4Al (s) + 3MnO2 (s) → 2Al2O 3 (s) + 3Mn (s)
A. −1670 + 520
B. 32 (−1670) + 3(520)
C. 2(−1670) + 3(−520)
D. 2(−1670) + 3(520)

44. Methane undergoes incomplete combustion. [1 mark]

2CH4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g)
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, using the bond enthalpy data given below?

A. [2(1077) + 4(463)] − [2(414) + 3(498)]

B. [2(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 4(463)]
C. [8(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 8(463)]
D. [2(1077) + 8(463)] − [8(414) + 3(498)]
45. Which is the activation energy of the forward reaction? [1 mark]

46. The same amount of two gases, X and Y, are in two identical containers at [1 mark]
the same temperature. What is the difference between the gases?

A. X has the higher molar mass.

B. Y has the higher molar mass.
C. X has the higher average kinetic energy.
D. Y has the higher average kinetic energy.
47. Several reactions of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid are [1 mark]
carried out at the same temperature.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Which reaction has the greatest rate?

48. What is the equilibrium constant expression for the following equation? [1 mark]
2NO2 (g) + F2 (g) ⇌ 2NO2F (g)
2[NO2F]
A.
2[NO2]+[F2]
2[NO2F]
B.
2[NO2][F2]
[NO2]2[F2]
C.
[NO2F]2
[NO2F]2
D.
[NO2]2[F2]

49. What is the pH of 0.001 mol dm−3 NaOH (aq)? [1 mark]

A. 1
B. 3
C. 11
D. 13

50. What is the major reason why the pH of unpolluted rain is less than 7? [1 mark]
A. methane
B. carbon dioxide
C. nitrogen oxides
D. sulfur dioxide
51. Which species contains nitrogen with the highest oxidation state? [1 mark]
A. NO3−
B. NO2−
C. NO2
D. N2O

52. Consider the following electrochemical cell. [1 mark]

What happens to the ions in the salt bridge when a current flows?
A. Na+ ions flow to the zinc half-cell and SO 42− ions flow to the copper half-cell.
B. Na+ ions flow to the copper half-cell and SO42− ions flow to the zinc half-cell.
C. Na+ and SO42− ions flow to the copper half-cell.
D. Na+ and SO42− ions flow to the zinc half-cell.

53. The following reaction occurs in a voltaic (galvanic) cell. [1 mark]

Mg (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Which reaction takes place at each electrode?

54. How does a lithium atom form the most stable ion? [1 mark]
A. The atom gains a proton to form a positive ion.
B. The atom loses a proton to form a negative ion.
C. The atom loses an electron to form a positive ion.
D. The atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.
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