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Medical Image Computing (Cap 5937) : Pre-Processing Medical Images (II)
Medical Image Computing (Cap 5937) : Pre-Processing Medical Images (II)
Outline
• Diffusion based Smoothing in Medical Scans
• Intensity inhomogeneity Correction in MRI
3
Linear approach:
Non-Linear approach:
Possible?
5
– approximation
13
or
15
d=1,… direction
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Isotropic: Anisotropic:
Toy Example 18
Non-linear anisotropic
Original
diffusion
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Non-linear Diffusion
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Background: BrainWeb
GM
WM
CSF
MR Brain simulator
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Field
Different tissues have different
inhomogeneity is
measured in magnetic susceptibilities
parts per million
(ppm) ð distortions in magnetic field
with respect to the external
field
distortions are most noticeable
near air-tissue interfaces
Credit: K.Friston
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MR Intensity Inhomogeneity
• Often hardly
noticeable, but
registration,
segmentation,
and thus
quantification
processes are
significantly
affected from
inhomogeneity
field
(credit: R.Gupta)
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MR Intensity Inhomogeneity
Large
susceptibility
variation in
the human
brain leads to
greater field
inhomogeneity
and therefore
image
distortion.
(credit: R.Gupta)
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I. Prospective Approaches
i. Phantom
ii. Multicoil
iii. Special sequence
Prospective Approaches-Phantom
• Treat intensity corruption as a systematic error of the MRI
acquisition process that can either be minimized by acquiring
additional images of a uniform phantom, by acquiring
additional images with different coils, or by devising special
imaging sequences.
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Prospective Approaches-Phantom
• Treat intensity corruption as a systematic error of the MRI
acquisition process that can either be minimized by acquiring
additional images of a uniform phantom, by acquiring
additional images with different coils, or by devising special
imaging sequences.
• Oil or water is usually used for phantoms and median filtering
is applied for image smoothing.
31
Prospective Approaches-Phantom
• Treat intensity corruption as a systematic error of the MRI
acquisition process that can either be minimized by acquiring
additional images of a uniform phantom, by acquiring
additional images with different coils, or by devising special
imaging sequences.
• Oil or water is usually used for phantoms and median filtering
is applied for image smoothing.
Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
35
Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
36
Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
– FILTERING:
• Filtering methods assume that intensity inhomogeneity is a low-frequency
artifact that can be separated from the high-frequency signal of the imaged
anatomical structures by low-pass filtering
37
Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
– FILTERING:
• Filtering methods assume that intensity inhomogeneity is a low-frequency
artifact that can be separated from the high-frequency signal of the imaged
anatomical structures by low-pass filtering
Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
– FILTERING:
• Homomorphic unsharp masking
• probably the simplest and one of the most commonly used methods
• b(x) (bias field) is obtained by low-pass filtering of the input image v(x),
divided by the constant CN to preserve mean or median intensity
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A representative example of a slice from a rat brain. a: Original image. b: after inhomogeneity
correction with the phantom based correction algorithm. Credit: Hui et al, JMRI 2010.
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Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
– Segmentation-based approaches:
• ML (maximum likelihood) or MAP (maximum a posteriori probability)
criterion may be used to estimate intensity distribution in MRI
• FCM (fuzzy c-means) for clustering tissue classes
• Connectivity criteria is used to enforce smooth labeling
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Retrospective Approaches
– Only a few assumptions are needed, therefore these approaches are
general.
– Unlike prospective approaches, these approaches can also correct
patient dependent inhomogeneities apart from scanner induced
inhomogeneities.
– Histogram-based approaches:
• directly on image intensity histograms
• the inhomogeneity field is slowly varying -> it is natural to assume smooth
histogram then!
• N3 method is widely used, the method is iterative and seeks the smooth
multiplicative field that maximizes the high frequency content of the
distribution of tissue intensity.
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if uatand
where f are
location x, vuncorrelated random
is measured signal, u is truevariables,
signal, n is
noise.the distribution
f (bias of their sum is found by
field) is unknown.
• For a noise-free case, to estimate f requires some math.
tricks such as
convolution!
ITK Implementation of N3
• itkN3MRIBiasFieldCorrectionImageFilterTest
imageDimension
inputImage Input parameters
outputImage
[shrinkFactor] [maskImage] [numberOfIterations] opt. parameters
[numberOfFittingLevels] [outputBiasField]
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ITK Implementation of N3
• itkN3MRIBiasFieldCorrectionImageFilterTest
imageDimension
inputImage Input parameters
outputImage
[shrinkFactor] [maskImage] [numberOfIterations] opt. parameters
[numberOfFittingLevels] [outputBiasField]
itkN3MRIBiasFieldCorrectionImageFilterTest
2 t81slice.nii.gz t81corrected.nii.gz
2 t81mask.nii.gz 50 4 t81biasfield.nii.gz
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(N3 based
method)
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SBC-Intuition
β j ( x)
βi ( x )
Oi Oj x
SBC-Intuition
∑ ⎡⎣ β ( c ) − λβ ( c )⎤⎦ .
2
1. Find a weight factor λ to minimize 1 2
c∈C
δ ( c, O2 ) δ ( c, O1 )
βd (c ) = β1 ( c ) + λβ 2 ( c )
δ ( c, O1 ) + δ ( c, O2 ) δ ( c, O1 ) + δ ( c, O2 )
The above steps merge O1 and O2 and are then repeated until we
have only one region and a single unified inhomogeneity map.
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Original Corrected
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GM
WM
Iteration 1 3 5 10 20
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SBC Method
Iteration 1 3 5 10 20
The improvement in correction with increasing number of
iterations. Examine the two modes corresponding to WM
(large mode) and GM.
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SBC Method-Comparison
SBC Method-Comparison
SBC Method-Comparison