Western Mindanao State University Course Number: AS13 Bio2

External Studies Unit, Pagadian City Descriptive Title: Genetics

November 19, 2020 Guest Lecturer: Matthew T. Sabasales

Name: COBE CHRISTIAN A. LASCUÑA Date: _______________________

DNA Structure and Analysis
Activity 9
Objectives:
 Identify the different Structural components of the DNA.
 Appreciate the steps and procedures performed by various geneticist in
understanding these DNA Structures.
Procedure:
1. Read Chapter 14of our Genetics Textbook (Concepts of Genetics 10th Edition)
2. Watch the following videos in youtube.com
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocAAkB32Hqs
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA
3. Make a Reflection Journal of the learnings you have obtained in this chapter
using CERA Model as specified in the given table below. Just fill in the table
with the corresponding required content.
Chapter 14 (Translation and Protein)
In these chapter 14 established that a genetic code stores information in the form of
triplet codons in DNA and that this information is initially expressed, through the process
of transcription, as a messenger RNA complementary to the template strand of the DNA
helix. However, the final product of gene expression, in most instances, is a polypeptide
chain consisting of a linear series of amino acids whose sequence has been prescribed by
the genetic code. In this chapter, we will examine how the information present in mRNA
is translated to create polypeptides, which then fold into protein molecules. We will also
Context review the evidence confirming that proteins are the end products of genes and discuss
(This refers to briefly the various levels of protein structure, diversity, and function. This information
the condensed
extends our understanding of gene expression and provides an important foundation for
main Idea that
you have interpreting how the mutations that arise in DNA can result in the diverse phenotypic
learned from effects observed in organisms.
this Chapter. At
least 2
The ribonucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) reflects genetic information
Paragraphs) stored in the DNA of genes and corresponds to the amino acid sequences in proteins
encoded by those genes. The process of translation decodes the information in mRNA,
leading to the synthesis of polypeptide chains. Translation involves the interactions of
mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and a variety of translation factors essential to the initiation,
elongation, and termination of the polypeptide chain. Proteins, the final product of most
genes, achieve a threedimensional conformation that arises from the primary amino acid
sequences of the polypeptide chains making up each protein. The function of any protein
is closely tied to its threedimensional structure, which can be disrupted by mutation.

Based on my experience nothing can be concluded about mutation 1 except that it is

lacking some essential factor, perhaps even unrelated to any biochemical pathway in
Experience
which A, B, C, and D participate. Nor can anything be concluded about compound C. If it is
(Any personal
experience/s involved in a pathway with the other compounds, it is a product synthesized prior to the
that you can synthesis of A, B, and D. Biochemical mutants in organisms such as Neurospora have
relate to the demonstrated that some pathways are branched. The data shown here illustrate the
main topic of branched nature of the pathway resulting in the synthesis of thiamine. Deep in a
this chapter. At previously unexplored South American rain forest, a species of plants was discovered with
least 1 true-breeding varieties whose flowers were either pink, rose, orange, or purple. A very
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astute plant geneticist made a single cross, carried to the F2 generation.

Translation is the synthesis of polypeptide chains under the direction of mRNA in

Reaction association with ribosomes depends on tRNA molecules that serve as adaptors between
(This refers to
any reactions or triplet codons in mRNA and the corresponding amino acids that occurs in association with
realizations you ribosomes, and like transcription, is subdivided into the stages of initiation, elongation,
can draw from and termination and relies on base-pairing affinities between complementary
the context of nucleotides. Inherited metabolic disorders are most often due to the loss of enzyme
this chapter. At activity resulting from mutations in genes encoding those proteins. Beadle and Tatum’s
least 1 work with nutritional mutations in Neurospora led them to propose that one gene
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encodes one enzyme. Pauling and Ingram’s investigations of hemoglobin from patients
 with sickle-cell anemia led to the modification of the. Proteins, the end products of genes,
demonstrate four levels of structural organization that together describe their
threedimensional conformation, which is the basis of each molecule’s function of the
myriad functions performed by proteins, the most influential role belongs to enzymes,
which serve as highly specific biological catalysts that play a central role in the production
of all classes of molecules in living systems. In eukaryotes, proteins contain one or more
functional domains, each prescribed by exon regions interspersed within genes. Specific
domains impart specific functional capacities to proteins and appear to have been
“shuffled” between genes during evolution.

I can apply my knowledge to analyze these three compounds and the control of their
synthesis by the enzymes encoded by genes 2, 3, and 4. Because product B allows growth
Application
in all three cases, it may be considered the “end product”—it bypasses the block in all
(How do you
intend to apply three instances. Similar reasoning suggests that product A precedes B in the pathway,
this in your since A bypasses the block in two of the three steps. Product D precedes B, yielding a
career, partial and to determine which mutations control which steps. Since mutation 2 can be
community, alleviated by products D, B, and A, it must control a step prior to all three products,
home and life in perhaps the direct conversion to D, although we cannot be certain. Mutation 3 is
general. At least alleviated by B and A, so its effect must precede theirs in the pathway. Thus, we will
1 Paragraph)
assign it a role controlling the conversion of D to A. Likewise, we can provisionally assign
mutation 4 to the conversion of A to B, leading to the more complete solution