CHAPTER Standard Form

2
What
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illl you
wil you learn?
learn?
lear
le ?

2.1 6LJQL¿FDQW)LJXUHV

2.2 6WDQGDUG)RUP

Why
Why do
do you
you learn
learn this
this chapter?
chapter?
‡ ,QVFLHQWLILFILHOGYHU\ELJRUYHU\VPDOOQXPEHUV
DUHFRPPRQO\XVHG)RUH[DPSOHLQDVWURQRP\
the distance between two stars is usually millions
of kilometres while in the study of particles, the
distance between atoms is extremely small.
‡ 1XPEHUVZULWWHQLQVWDQGDUGIRUPDUHZLGHO\XVHG
in the field of science, engineering, astronomy and
so on.

D istance in outer space, such as the distance

between two stars in the galaxy, is
measured in light years. One light year is the
distance travelled by light in one year. One light
year is equal to 9 500 000 000 000 km, that
is 9.5 trillion kilometres. Small units such as
nanometre are used for distances closer to zero.
Do you know that 1 nanometre is equal to
0.000 000 001 metre?

30
 Exploring
Expl
Ex plor ing Era
oriin
ing Era
Era
Er

The ancient Greeks used a system based on

myriad that is ten thousand. Ten myriads is
equal to one hundred thousand.

Archimedes (287 BC – 212 BC) created a

system of big numbers up to 108 × 1016.

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ExploringEraChapter2.pdf

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31
 2.1 Significant Figures

:KDWGRHVVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHPHDQDQGKRZGR\RX LEARNING
 GHWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVRIDQXPEHU" STANDARD
Explain the meaning of
We use measurement in many situations in our daily life. Examples of VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHDQG
frequently used measurements are length, distance, mass, temperature, KHQFHGHWHUPLQHWKH
2

QXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW
area and speed.
CHAPTER

¿JXUHVRIDQXPEHU

The HVWLPDWLRQ of a measurement can be done using

NP DSSUR[LPDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH
(DUWK DQG WKH 0RRQ LV   NP 7KLV YDOXH LV DQ
Moon estimation calculated using certain methods and stated as
Earth an approximation.
The GHJUHHRIDSSUR[LPDWLRQ of a measurement to the DFWXDOYDOXH shows the level of accuracy
of the measurement. The skill in making estimations and approximations can help you in many
situations in daily life.

Brainstorming 1 In pairs
$LP Determine the importance of making estimations and approximations in daily life.
6WHSV
1. Read and understand the situations below.
6LWXDWLRQ 1
50CO%
Hashim is interested in a shirt sold in a supermarket with a 50% discount. DIS
UNT

The original price of the shirt is RM47.90. Hashim estimates the price
of the shirt after discount and takes it to the cashier. The cashier
informs him that the price of the shirt is RM28.70. Hashim argues
that his HVWLPDWLRQRI WKH SULFH LV QRW PRUH WKDQ 50 ,V Hashim’s
estimation correct?

6LWXDWLRQ 2
 0UV7DQZDQWVWREX\PHWUHV RIFORWK FRVWLQJ 50 SHUPHWUHWRPDNH FXUWDLQV
She PDNHV DQ HVWLPDWLRQRI WKH WRWDO SULFH RIWKH FORWK DQG DOORFDWHV50,V WKH
money allocated by Mrs Tan VX൶FLHQW?
'LVFXVVLRQ
1. ,QWKHWZRVLWXDWLRQVDERYHKRZGLG+DVKLPDQG0UV7DQPDNHHVWLPDWLRQVRIWKHWRWDO
price?
2. Discuss with your friend the importance of making estimations and approximations.
3. State two other situations that require you to make estimations and approximations.

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW:
$SSUR[LPDWLQJDYDOXHWRDFHUWDLQVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHDOORZVXVWRPDNHDQDFFXUDWH
estimation.

32
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

You have understood the importance of making estimation for the purpose of obtaining a value
WKDWLVQHDUWKHH[DFWYDOXH6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVDUHXVHGWRREWDLQWKHDSSUR[LPDWHYDOXH.
7KH VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUHV RI DQ LQWHJHU RU GHFLPDO UHIHU WR WKH GLJLWV LQ WKH QXPEHU VWDWHG
DFFXUDWHO\WRDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRIDFFXUDF\DVUHTXLUHG7KHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHUVLV
counted starting from a non-zero digit.

Brainstorming 2 In pairs

2
$LP'HWHUPLQHWKHH൵HFWRIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWLQLQWHJHUVDQGGHFLPDOV

CHAPTER
6WHSV
1. Study the integer cards below.

   

&DUG &DUG &DUG &DUG
 'RHVWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWKDYHDQ\H൵HFWRQWKHYDOXHRIGLJLW"
2. Study the decimal cards below.

   

&DUG &DUG &DUG &DUG
 'RHVWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWKDYHDQ\H൵HFWRQWKHYDOXHRIGLJLW"
3. Study the decimal cards below.

   

&DUG &DUG &DUG &DUG
 'RHVWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWKDYHDQ\H൵HFWRQWKHYDOXHRIGLJLW"
 'LVFXVVZLWK\RXUIULHQGWKHH൵HFWRIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWRQWKHYDOXHRIGLJLW
LQ&DUGWR&DUGDQGWKHH൵HFWRIDGGLQJ]HURGLJLWVRQWKHYDOXHRIGLJLWLQ&DUGWR
Card 12.
5. Present the results of your discussion. Compare your results with other pairs.
'LVFXVVLRQ
What is your conclusion concerning the position of the zero digit in an integer or decimal?

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW:

(a) &DUG&DUG&DUG&DUG&DUGDQG&DUG FLASHBACK

Ɣ The position of the zero digit between or at the end of the
)RUGLJLWLQWKHQXPEHU
   QXPEHUPDLQWDLQVWKHSODFHYDOXHRIGLJLW. ;
(b) Card 4 and Card 8 Ƈ 3ODFHYDOXH±KXQGUHG
Ɣ 7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKH]HURGLJLWDVWKH¿UVWGLJLWKDVFKDQJHGWKH Ƈ 'LJLWYDOXH±
   SODFHYDOXHRIGLJLW.
(c) Card 9, Card 10, Card 11 and Card 12
Ɣ The position of the zero digit at the end of the decimal does not
change the place value of digit 2.

33
 ,QJHQHUDO,
Ɣ $OOQRQ]HURGLJLWVDUHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV. TIPS
Ɣ 7KHGLJLW]HUREHWZHHQQRQ]HURGLJLWVLVDVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH. Ƈ=HURVEHWZHHQ
Ɣ 7KH GLJLW ]HUR DW WKH HQG RI DQ LQWHJHU LV D VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUH QRQ]HURGLJLWDUH
according to the level of accuracy required. VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
Ɣ 7KHGLJLW]HURDWWKHHQGRIDGHFLPDOLVDVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHEHFDXVH )RUH[DPSOH
it determines the level of accuracy of the decimal.  D
(5 VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
Ɣ 7KH GLJLW ]HUR EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW QRQ]HUR GLJLW LV QRW D VLJQL¿FDQW  E
2

¿JXUH. (6 VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV

CHAPTER

+RZGR\RXGHWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV" Ƈ )RUDGHFLPDODOOGLJLWV
'HFLPDO EHIRUHQRQ]HURGLJLWDUH
QRWVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH )RUH[DPSOH
1RWVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH The digit zero between  D
Used only to determine or at end of decimal is a (1 VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH
place value of digit 5. VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH  E
  VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
0.0 0 5 0140 0
6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH Ƈ)RUDZKROHQXPEHU
]HURDWWKHHQGRI
$OOQRQ]HURGLJLWVDUHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV WKHQXPEHULVQRWD
,QWHJHU VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHXQOHVV
803 0 0 0
VWDWHGRWKHUZLVH
6LJQL¿FDQW 6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH depending )RUH[DPSOH
on level of accuracy required.  D 
¿JXUH (5RXQGHGRႇWR 
  VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
Example 1  E 
'HWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVIRUWKHQXPEHUVEHORZ (5RXQGHGRႇWR
  VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH
D   E  F  G 
H  I  J  K 
Solution:
D [4 s.f.]
(b) 5 008 [4 s.f.]
(c) 7 409 [4 s.f.]
(d) (i) 15 000 [2 s.f.]
(ii) 15 000 >VI@
(iii) 15 000 [4 s.f.]
(iv) 15 000 [5 s.f.]
7KHGLJLW]HUREHWZHHQQRQ]HURGLJLWLVDVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH
7KHGLJLW]HUREHWZHHQQRQ]HURGLJLWLVDVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH
,IOHYHORIDFFXUDF\LVWRWKHQHDUHVWWKRXVDQG
,IOHYHORIDFFXUDF\LVWRWKHQHDUHVWKXQGUHG
,IOHYHORIDFFXUDF\LVWRWKHQHDUHVWWHQ
,IOHYHORIDFFXUDF\LVWRWKHQHDUHVWRQH
H [4 s.f.]
(f) 0.0809 >VI@
(g) 12.051 [5 s.f.]
(h) 1.2700 [5 s.f.]
MIND TEST 2.1a
1. 6WDWHWKHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVIRUWKHIROORZLQJQXPEHUV
7KHGLJLW]HUREHIRUH¿UVWQRQ]HURGLJLWLVQRWVLJQL¿FDQW
¿JXUH
All zeros after non-zero digit at end of decimal are
VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
TIPS
6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHFDQEH
ZULWWHQDVVI
 D  E  F  G  
 H  I  J  K 

34
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

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VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV" STANDARD
'R \RX VWLOO UHPHPEHU KRZ WR URXQG R൵ D QXPEHU WR D FHUWDLQ SODFH 5RXQGRႇDQXPEHUWR
FHUWDLQQXPEHUVRI
YDOXH"7KHVDPHFRQFHSWDQGPHWKRGDUHXVHGWRURXQGR൵DQXPEHUWR VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
DFHUWDLQQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV

2
Example 2

CHAPTER
5RXQGR൵HDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJQXPEHUVWRVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV TIPS
D  E  F  )RULQWHJHUVWKHGHFLPDO
Solution: SRLQWLVSODFHGEHKLQG
WKHODVWGLJLW
(a) WKXVGLJLWUHPDLQVXQFKDQJHG
12

4, 7 and 9 are placed before decimal point. Thus, replace 4, 7 and
}
}

'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ 9 with zero.

7KXV VI

FLASHBACK
(b) 7 > 5, thus add 1 to 4. 5RXQGRႇWRWKH
1 2 (a) QHDUHVW KXQGUHG
2 476 EQHDUHVW WKRXVDQG
}
}

7 and 6 are placed before decimal point. Solution:

Thus, replace 7 and 6 with zero. D
'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ !
 
7KXV VI E
(UHPDLQXQFKDQJHG)

(c)  WKXVDGGWR
12
 TIPS
}
}

DQGDUHSODFHGEHIRUHGHFLPDO )RULQWHJHUVWKH¿UVW
'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ SRLQW7KXVUHSODFHDQGZLWK]HUR QRQ]HURGLJLWLVD
VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH
7KXV VI
QU I Z
Example 3
:K\VKRXOGWKHGLJLWV
5RXQGR൵WR DIWHUWKHGLJLWWKDWLV
D VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV E VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH 
URXQGHGRႇLQDGHFLPDO
Solution: EHGURSSHG"
(a)
9 > 5, thus add 1 to 7.
1 2 
6 8. 79
}

Digit 9 is placed after decimal point. Thus, 9 is dropped.

'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵

7KXV VI

35
 (b)
8 > 5, thus add 1 to 6.
1
6 8. 79
}

Digit 8 is placed before decimal point. Thus, 8 is replaced

'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ with zero. 7 and 9 are dropped.

7KXV VI

2

Example 4 QU I Z
CHAPTER

5RXQGRႇWR
5RXQGR൵WR VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHDQG
D VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV E VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV
Solution:
(a)  WKXVDGGWR
1 2 
0.00 8 0 2 5
}

Digit 5 is dropped because it is placed after the decimal

'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ point.
7KXV VI

(b) 2 < 5, thus digit 0 remains unchanged.

1 2
0.00 8 0 2 5
}

Digits 2 and 5 are dropped because it is placed after the

'LJLWWREHURXQGHGR൵ decimal point.
7KXV VI

MIND TEST 2.1b

1. &RPSOHWH WKHWDEOHEHORZE\URXQGLQJ R൵HDFKQXPEHU EHORZWRWKHJLYHQVLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUH.
1XPEHU 3 VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUHV 2 VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUHV 1 VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUH
D
(b) 5 261
F
(d) 20.68
(e) 8.595
(f) 5.9
J
(h) 0.09184
(i) 0.005709
2. Calculate each operation below. 6WDWH WKH DQVZHU WR WKH VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUHV VKRZQ LQ WKH
brackets.
(a) 2.57 × 4.5 + 0.45 [4] (b) 8.59 ÷ 2.1 – 1.26 >@
 F ±î >@ G · [2]
 H î· >@ (f) 10.25 ÷ 0.75 – 4.2 × 0.2 [2]
 J ±î[1] (h) 4.94 + 5 .76 ÷ 0.26 × 1.4 >@
36
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

2.2 Standard Form

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IRUP" STANDARD
5HFRJQLVHDQGZULWH
0DQ\ VFLHQWL¿F ¿HOGV VXFK DV DVWURQRP\ ELRORJ\ SK\VLFV DQG QXPEHUVLQVWDQGDUGIRUP
engineering frequently use numbers that are too big or too small in their

2
research. These numbers are written in standard form to make writing

CHAPTER
easier.
6WDQGDUGIRUP is a way to write a VLQJOHQXPEHU in the form;
A × 10Q
where”A < 10 and Q is an integer.
 )RUH[DPSOHWKHODQGDUHDRI0DOD\VLDLVP2. This value can be written as
î11 m2 RUî11 m2RUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHQXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVUHTXLUHG

+RZGR\RXFKDQJHDVLQJOHQXPEHUWRVWDQGDUGIRUP"
When a single number is changed to standard form: FLASHBACK
 ‡1XPEHUVZLWKYDOXHPRUHWKDQLVZULWWHQDVDSRVLWLYHLQGH[.
ƇDQ LVDSRVLWLYHLQGH[
 ‡1XPEHUVZLWKYDOXHOHVVWKDQLVZULWWHQDVDQHJDWLYHLQGH[. ƇD–Q LVDQHJDWLYHLQGH[

Example 5
Write the following single numbers in standard form.
D    E  F 
Solution:
(a)  î10 E  î100 F  î1 000
   î102      î10
Decimal point after
Place value
is tens
¿UVWQRQ]HURGLJLW. Place value is hundreds Place value is thousands

Example 6
FLASHBACK
Write the following decimals in standard form.
D  E  F  G  1
 ²Q± D–Q
D
Solution:
D  î— 1 E  î—–—1 DISCUSSION CORNER
10 1 000
1 Is× 100 DQXPEHU
î10–1   î—– LQVWDQGDUGIRUP"
10 'LVFXVV
Place value is one tenths î10±

Place value is one thousandths

37
 1
F  î—– 1
G  î—–—
100 1 000
  1
î—– 1
  î—–
102 10
î10 –2 î10±
Place value is one hundredths Place value is one thousandths
2

+RZGR\RXFKDQJHDQXPEHULQVWDQGDUGIRUPWRVLQJOHQXPEHU"
CHAPTER

When a number in standard form is changed to a single number:

‡ 7KHQXPEHUZLOOEHHTXDOWRRUPRUHLIWKHLQGH[LVSRVLWLYH
‡ 7KHQXPEHUZLOOEHOHVVWKDQLIWKHLQGH[LVQHJDWLYH

Example 7
FLASHBACK
Write 4.17 × 105 as a single number.
Solution: 105 [[[[

4.17 × 105 î 1

10± ±±±
  105

Example 8
Writeîí as a single number. BULLETIN
Solution: WHUD 
1
îí î²²²± QDQR 
100 000
  

Example 9
SMART MIND
Determineterabytes in bytes. State the answer in standard form.
:KDWLVWKHYDOXHRI
Solution: WHUDLQQDQR"
terabytes î bytes 12

 î) × 1012 bytes

 î) bytes Use index law DP × DQ DP + Q
 î15 bytes
Example 10
Determine 0.0057 nanometre in metre. State your answer in standard form.
Solution:
0.0057 nanometre îímetre
 îí) × 10í metre
 îíí ) metre Use index law DP × DQ DP + Q
 î íí ) metre
  îí metre

38
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

Brainstorming 3 In pairs

$LP Write metric measurements in standard form.

Steps
1. Complete the table below by writing the single numbers for metric measurements in
standard form.
9DOXH

2
3UH¿[ 6\PERO
6LQJOHQXPEHU 6WDQGDUGIRUP

CHAPTER
exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 × 1018
peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000
tera T 1 000 000 000 000
giga G 1 000 000 000
mega M 1 000 000
kilo k 1 000
hecto h 100
deca da 10
– – 1 1 × 100
deci d 0.1 1 × 10 –1
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001
micro P 0.000 001
nano n 0.000 000 001
pico p 0.000 000 000 001
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001
'LVFXVVLRQ
A number which is too big or too small in value can be written as a single number or in standard
form. Which form will you choose for an arithmetic operation? Give your reasons.

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW:
Standard form makes it easier to write very big and very small numbers in a form that
is simple and easy to understand.

MIND TEST 2.2a TIPS

8VHGDWDIURP
1. Write the following single numbers in standard form. %UDLQVWRUPLQJWR
 D  E  F  G   VROYHTXHVWLRQ
 H  I  J  K 
2. Change the numbers in standard form to single numbers.
(a) 2.5 × 100 E × 101 F × 102
(d) 5.07 × 10  (e) 9.1 × 104 (f) 6.2 × 10–1
–2
(g) 7.29 × 10  K × 10± (i) 8.504 × 10– 4
3. Change the following metric measurements to the units given in the brackets. State your
answers in standard form.
(a) 1 050 kilometres [metre] (b) 216 gigabytes [byte]
(c) 0.75 teralitre [litre] (d) 95 micrometres [metre]
 H nanometres [metre] (f) 0.089 femtometre [metre]
39
 +RZDUHEDVLFDULWKPHWLFRSHUDWLRQVLQYROYLQJQXPEHUV LEARNING
LQVWDQGDUGIRUPSHUIRUPHG" STANDARD
3HUIRUPEDVLFDULWKPHWLF
 2SHUDWLRQVRIDGGLWLRQDQGVXEWUDFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQVLQYROYLQJ
QXPEHUVLQVWDQGDUGIRUP
Example 11
Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State your answer in standard form.
D î + 5.92 × 10 (b) 4.27 × 105î5
2
CHAPTER

(c) 7.02 × 104 + 2.17 × 105 (d) 9.45 × 106±î5

Solution:
D î + 5.92 × 10
(b) 4.27 × 105î5
 î FLASHBACK
 î5
 î
 î5 Ƈ 5DQDQ
 DQ
 îî5  DQ
)DFWRULVH 10  î1 × 105
Ƈ îQîQ
(c)
Method 1
7.02 × 104 + 2.17 × 105
 4 1
î + 2.17 × 10 × 10 
 4
î + 21.7 × 10 4
 î1 + 5  Q
 î6  Q)
Method 2
TIPS
7.02 × 104 + 2.17 × 105
4 )RURSHUDWLRQVLQYROYLQJ
î10–1 × 105 + 2.17 × 105 DGGLWLRQDQGVXEWUDFWLRQ
 î5 + 2.17 × 105 FKDQJHLQGH[ZLWKVPDOO
 î 4 YDOXHWRLQGH[ZLWKODUJH
 î5 YDOXHDVLQPHWKRG
 î 4
 î5 RIH[DPSOHFDQG
 1
î × 10 4 H[DPSOHG
 î1 + 4 10൥ change to 101 × 104
to simplify calculation.
 î5
SMART MIND
&DOFXODWHWKHIROORZLQJ
(d) ZLWKRXWXVLQJDFDOFXODWRU
Method 1 Method 2 Ƈ î3 î5
9.45 × 106±î5 Ƈ î±î
9.45 × 106±î105
 î101 × 105±î5 î6±î10–1 × 106
 î5±î5  î6±î6
 ±î5  ±î6
 î5  î6
 î1 × 105
 î1 + 5
 î6

40
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

Example 12
Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State the answer in standard form.
D î± + 9.24 × 10± (b) 8.21 × 10– 4 + 1.49 × 10–5
F î–5 – 4.6 × 10– 6
Solution:
D î± + 9.24 × 10± î±

2
  î±

CHAPTER
  î1 × 10±
  î±
  î–2
SMART
(b) Method 1 Method 2

8.21 × 10– 4 + 1.49 × 10–5 8.21 × 10– 4 + 1.49 × 10–5 1. 3UHVV Mode EXWWRQD
 î101 × 10–5 + 1.49 × 10–5 î– 4 + 1.49 × 10–1 × 10–4  IHZWLPHVXQWLOWKH
VFUHHQVKRZV:
 î–5 + 1.49 × 10–5  î– 4 + 0.149 × 10– 4 Fix Sci Norm
 î–5  î– 4 1 2 3

 î–5  î– 4 2. 3UHVV 2 WRFKRRVH

 î1 × 10–5 Sci WKDWLVVWDQGDUG
IRUP
 î1 + (–5)
3. (QWHUQXPEHURI
 î– 4 VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVVI
QHHGHGIRUH[DPSOH
(c) Method 1 Method 2 4. (QWHUWKHUHTXLUHG
RSHUDWLRQ
 î10–5 – 4.6 × 10– 6  î–5 – 4.6 × 10– 6  Ƈî5íî
 î101 × 10– 6 – 4.6 × 10– 6  î–5 – 4.6 × 10–1 × 10–5 3UHVV Exp í Exp 
 î– 6 – 4.6 × 10– 6  î–5 – 0.46 × 10–5 6FUHHQGLVSOD\:
 (í(
 ±î– 6
 î– 6
 î1 × 10– 6
 î1 + (– 6)
 î–5
MIND TEST 2.2b
1. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State your
answer in standard form.
(a) 2.4 × 104î4
 ±î–5
 î–5
6. &RPSDUHWKHUHVXOWV
(b) 8.2 × 106 – 4.27 × 106
3UHVV = î5
 Ƈî5îî
3UHVV Exp î Exp 
6FUHHQGLVSOD\:
  Exp î Exp  
3UHVV = î10
5. ([WHQG\RXUH[SORUDWLRQ
WRRWKHURSHUDWLRQV
LQYROYLQJRWKHUVWDQGDUG
IRUPV
SURGXFHGE\FDOFXODWRU
 F î7 + 4.98 × 107 (d) 1.2 × 105î4 ZLWKDQVZHUVREWDLQHG
(e) 5.7 × 108 – 2.4 × 107 (f) 5.7 × 10 + 8.02 × 104 WKURXJKPDQXDO
4 FDOFXODWLRQV
(g) 6.5 × 10 íî (h) 5.2 × 10 íî
í í

(i) 8.74 × 10–5 – 2.65 × 10–5 (j) 4.1 × 10í + 9.5 × 10í
í
 N î íî í (l) 9.42 × 10– 6 ±î–7

41
 2SHUDWLRQVRI0XOWLSOLFDWLRQDQG'LYLVLRQ TIPS
/DZRI,QGLFHV
Example 13 Ƈ 2SHUDWLRQRI
PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ
Solve the following operations. State your answers in standard form. (AîPîBîQ)
 AîBîP + Q
D î5 × 4.9 × 102 (b) 7.5 × 10í × 5 × 10í Ƈ 2SHUDWLRQRIGLYLVLRQ
(AîP) ÷ (BîQ)
5.9 × 105 6.8 × 10±
2

(c) ———— (d) ————  A ÷ BîP ± Q

2 × 102 4 × 10– 6
CHAPTER

Solution:
D î5 × 4.9 × 102 (b) 7.5 × 10í × 5 × 10í 5.9 × 105 (d) 6.8
————× 10±
(c) ————
2 × 102 4 × 10– 6
 îî5 + 2 îîíí
 5.9
²±î 5–2 6.8 ±±±
î7 îí 2  ²±î
4
î1 × 107 î1 × 10í  î  î
î1 + 7 î1 + (–9)
 î8 îí

MIND TEST 2.2c

1. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State your answer in standard form.
(a) 4 × 105îî2 (b) 7.5 × 10í × 5 × 10í
(c) î5 × 4.0 × 102 G îí × 4 × 105
(e) (1.08 × 102) ÷ (2.4 × 104) (f) (9.6 × 10í) ÷ (1.5 × 10í)
(g) (5.9 × 105) ÷ (2 × 102) (h) (2.58 × 104·î– 4)

2. $ PRELOH VZLPPLQJ SRRO PHDVXUHV  FP =  FP = 56 cm. BULLETIN
Calculate the maximum volume of water that it can hold in litres. OLWUH FP3
6WDWH\RXUDQVZHULQVWDQGDUGIRUPDQGFRUUHFWWRIRXUVLJQL¿FDQW OLWUH P3
¿JXUHV.

3. Syazwani wants to transfer 2 terabytes of data DISCUSSION CORNER

WR SHQ GULYHV ZLWK D FDSDFLW\ RI  JLJDE\WHV %HWZHHQRSHUDWLRQRI
    
:KDWLVWKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURIJLJDE\WHSHQ DGGLWLRQRUVXEWUDFWLRQ
drives needed? DQGRSHUDWLRQRI
PXOWLSOLFDWLRQRUGLYLVLRQ
LQYROYLQJVWDQGDUGIRUP
 *LYHQPLOOLPHWUH ±PHWUHDQGPLFURPHWUH –6 metre, ZKLFKRSHUDWLRQLVHDVLHU"
state 1 millimetre in micrometre. :K\"

42
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

How do you solve problems involving numbers in LEARNING

standard form? STANDARD
Solve problems involving
numbers in standard form.
Example 14
A ream of paper contains 800 sheets of paper. The thickness of one sheet of paper is 9.4 × 10–3 cm.
Given the total thickness of n reams of paper is 225.6 cm, calculate the value of n.

2
Solution:

CHAPTER
Understanding the problem Implementing the strategy Making a
conclusion
Number of sheets in 1 ream = 800 Thickness of 1 ream
Thickness of 1 sheet = 9.4 × 10–3 cm = 800 × 9.4 × 10–3 cm Number of
Thickness of n reams = 225.6 cm = 7.52 cm reams is 30.
Thus,
Planning a strategy thickness of n reams
n = ————————–
‡Determine the thickness of 1 ream of thickness of 1 ream
paper. 225.6 cm
n = ————
thickness of n reams 7.52 cm
‡Q = ——————–——
thickness of 1 ream n = 30

Example 15
$SURSHUW\¿UPERXJKWDSLHFHRIODQGLQWKHVKDSHRIDULJKWDQJOHG Q
triangle PQR as shown in the diagram.
(a) Calculate the value of PQ, in metres, and state your answer in 3.5 × 102 m
standard form.
(b) If the cost of one square metre of the land is RM45, calculate the
total cost of the land in RM. R
P
2.1 × 102 m
Solution:

Understanding the problem Implementing the strategy

ǻPQR is a right-angled triangle. (a) PQ2 = [(3.5 × 102)2íî2)2] m2
QR is the hypotenuse. = [1.225 × 105íî4] m2
= (7.84 × 104) m2
Planning a strategy PQ = ¥(7.84 × 104) m2
= 2.8 × 102 m
(a) Calculate PQ using Pythagoras
theorem.
(b) Calculate the area of land in the
E$UHDRIǻPQR = —
2 ( ) (
1 × 2.1 × 102 m × 2.8 × 102 m
)
= 2.94 × 104 m2
shape ofǻPQR. Multiply total land
Cost of land = 2.94 × 104 × RM45
area by cost of 1 m2 of land.
= RM1 323 000.00

Making a conclusion
(a) Distance PQ = 2.8 × 102 m (b) Total cost of land = RM1 323 000.00

43
 Example 16
The picture shows the Earth with a diameter of 1.2742 × 104 km. Calculate the
surface area of the Earth, in km2. State the answer in standard form correct to four
VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV>6XUIDFHDUHDRIVSKHUH SU2 and S @
Solution: 1.2742 × 104 km
2

8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKH 3ODQQLQJDVWUDWHJ\ ,PSOHPHQWLQJWKHVWUDWHJ\

CHAPTER

SUREOHP
  diameter 
( )
x 5DGLXV ²²²²
x Earth is a sphere. 2 5DGLXVRI 1.2742 × 104 km
 —————–
Earth 2
x Diameter of Earth is x Use formula for
1.2742 × 104 km.  × 10 km
surface area of sphere
x Answer is in standard to calculate surface Surface area of Earth
form correct to four area of Earth. SU2
VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.
>× 10)2] km2
NP2
0DNLQJDFRQFOXVLRQ × 108 km2 (4 s.f.)
Surface area of Earth is 5.101 × 108 km2

MIND TEST 2.2d

1. The average daily water consumption in a residential area is 6 950 m. Calculate the total water
FRQVXPSWLRQLQFXELFPHWUHVLQWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDIRU)HEUXDU\6WDWHWKHDQVZHULQ
VWDQGDUGIRUPFRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.

2. 5.791 × 107 km

  6XQ 0HUFXU\ (DUWK 1HSWXQH

1.496 × 108 km

4.495 × 109 km
The picture above shows the estimated distance of three planets in the solar system from the
6XQRQDFHUWDLQGD\&DOFXODWHWKHGL൵HUHQFHLQGLVWDQFHLQNPEHWZHHQ
(a) Mercury and Earth (b) 0HUFXU\DQG1HSWXQH (c) (DUWKDQG1HSWXQH
6WDWHWKHDQVZHUVLQVWDQGDUGIRUPFRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.

44
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

Dynamic Challenge

Test Yourself
1. 5RXQGR൵WKHIROORZLQJQXPEHUVDQGGHFLPDOVFRUUHFWWRWKHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVVWDWHGLQWKH
brackets.
D  [2] (b) 54 299 [4] (c) 8 999 [2] (d) 295 197 [2]

2
(e) 4 854 [1] (f) 5 >@ J [2] K  [1]

CHAPTER
L [2] M [1] N >@ (l) 501.724 >@

2. Given P î and Q î4, calculate the values of the following operations. State
\RXUDQVZHUVLQVWDQGDUGIRUPFRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.
(a) 2PQ (b) P + Q (c) Q±P (d) P2 + Q2
  —–
(e) P PQ
(f) ——– (g) P–2 + Q± (h) Q – P±
2Q PQ

3. Complete the following.

(a) 2.5 × 102 +  × 104 (b) 5.74 × 10±î–6
 î × 104 +  × 104 î±î × 10
 × 104 î4 î±+ × 10±
   î4 î±
î4 î±

(c) 1.75 × 102 – 4.2 × 10–1 G î–2 ±î–5

 î2 – 4.2 × 10 × 102 î–2 ±î × 10–2
   î2 – × 102 î–2 – × 10–2
   î2 ±î–2
î2 î–2

 A factory produces 72 thousand packets of chips every

ZHHN,IWKHIDFWRU\RSHUDWHVGD\VDZHHNDQGKRXUV
a day, calculate
(a) the number of packets of chips produced every day.
State your answer in standard form.
(b) WKH DYHUDJH SUR¿W SHU KRXU LI WKH QHW SUR¿W RI RQH
SDFNHW RI FKLSV LV  VHQ 6WDWH WKH DQVZHU WR WKH
nearest RM.

45
 5. 7KHHVWLPDWHGSRSXODWLRQRI0DOD\VLDIRULV
PLOOLRQ*LYHQ0DOD\VLD¶VODQGDUHDLVNP2,
calculate the population density of Malaysia for each
square kilometre for 2018.
State your answer correct to the nearest integer.
2

Skills Enhancement
CHAPTER

1. A newly built community hall required 6 185 pieces of tiles measuringFPîFPfor the
ÀRRU.
(a) &DOFXODWHWKHÀRRUDUHDRIWKHKDOOLQVTXDUHPHWUHV6WDWH\RXUDQVZHULQVWDQGDUGIRUP
FRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.
(b) Given the cost of one piece of tile is RMl.75, calculate the total cost of the tiles to the
nearest RM.
2. Encik Hanif drove his car from Kota Bharu to Kuala
Terengganu to visit his son. On the way back to Kota Bharu,
Encik Hanif made a stop at Setiu. The map shows the
distance and travelling time of Encik Hanif. NP
(2 hours 18 minutes)
(a) Calculate the average speed, in km h–1, of Encik Hanif’s
car for the journey
114 km
(i) from Kota Bharu to Kuala Terengganu (1 hour 40 minutes)
(ii) from Kuala Terengganu to Setiu
(iii) from Setiu to Kota Bharu 51 km
6WDWHWKHDQVZHUVFRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV. (1 hour 5 minutes)
(b) Encik Hanif is a safety-conscious driver who abides
E\ WKH VSHHG OLPLW ,V WKLV VWDWHPHQW WUXH" 6WDWH \RXU
reasons.

Self Mastery

1. The picture shows three planets in the Solar System.

0HUFXU\ 1HSWXQH -XSLWHU 

 >'LDPHWHU NP@ >'LDPHWHU NP@ >'LDPHWHU NP@

(a) Calculate the surface area, in km2, of all three planets. State the answers in standard form
FRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.
[Surface area of sphere ʌU2DQGʌ @
(b) %DVHGRQ\RXUDQVZHULQDFDOFXODWHWKHGL൵HUHQFHLQVXUIDFHDUHDEHWZHHQWKHODUJHVWDQG
VPDOOHVWSODQHWVLQWKH6RODU6\VWHP6WDWHWKHDQVZHUFRUUHFWWRIRXUVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.

46
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

2.

297 mm 297 mm

70 GSM 80 GSM
210 mm 210 mm

2
CHAPTER
7KH GLDJUDP DERYH VKRZV WZR W\SHV RI$VL]HG SDSHU ZLWK GL൵HUHQW PDVVHV *60 PHDQV
grams per square metre.
Calculate the mass of one piece of A4-sized paper, in grams for
(a) 70 GSM (b) 80 GSM
6WDWHWKHDQVZHUVLQVWDQGDUGIRUPFRUUHFWWRWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.

P R O J E C T

1. Look at the pictures below. Obtain the data relevant to the required measurement. Your
answers should be in standard form.
2. You can surf various websites or refer to reference books to obtain interesting data related
to the pictures below.
(a) Mass (b) Population

(c) Distance (d) Magnitude

3. Obtain other interesting facts that involve calculations in standard form.

 3UHVHQW\RXU¿QGLQJVXVLQJPXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQV.

47
 CONCEPT MAP

6WDQGDUG)RUP

6LJQL¿FDQW¿JXUH shows the level 6WDQGDUGIRUP is written as A ×Q where

2

of DFFXUDF\ of a measurement. 1  A   and Q is an integer.

CHAPTER

$OOGLJLWVDUHVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV Changing VLQJOHQXPEHUV to

H[FHSW WKH]HUREHIRUHWKH¿UVWQRQ VWDQGDUGIRUP and vice versa.
]HURGLJLW.
D  î5
D VI E VI E  îí
(c) 1.200 (4 s.f.) (d) 10 518 (5 s.f.) F î4 
G îí 

)RULQWHJHUV, the value of the

VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHIRU]HUR as the last
digit depends on the UHTXLUHGOHYHORI
DFFXUDF\. %DVLF RSHUDWLRQV (+, –, ×, ÷) involving
D ±VInearest one) numbers in standard form.
E ±VInearest ten)
(a) S × 10Q + T × 10Q
F ±VInearest hundred)
G ±VInearest thousand)  S + T ) × 10Q
(b) S × 10Q – T × 10Q
 S – T ) × 10Q
5RXQGLQJ R൵ D QXPEHU WR D FHUWDLQ (c) (S × 10P) × (T × 10Q)
QXPEHURIVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV.  S × T ) × 10P + Q
D  (d) (S × 10P) ÷ (T × 10Q)
 VI  S ÷ T ) × 10P – Q
2 900 (2 s.f.)
 VI
(b) 62.54
60 (1 s.f.)
 VI
 VI
(c) 0.02704
 VI
0.027 (2 s.f.)
 VI

48
 Chapter 2 Standard Form

SELF-REFLECT

$WWKHHQGRIWKLVFKDSWHU,FDQ

1. ([SODLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI VLJQL¿FDQW ¿JXUH DQG WKXV GHWHUPLQH WKH QXPEHU RI
VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHVRI DQXPEHU

2. 5RXQGR൵ DQXPEHUWR DFHUWDLQnumber of VLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHV

2
CHAPTER
3. Recognise and write numbers in standard form.

 Perform basic arithmetic operations involving numbers in standard form.

5. Solve problems involving numbers in standard form.

EXPLORING MATHEMATICS

1. Get into groups.

2. By using the various sources available, identify several measurement values in daily life that
DUHYHU\VPDOORUYHU\ELJ)RUH[DPSOH,

Hard disk One water molecule One virus

(1 terabyte) (0.1 nanometer) (1 micrometer)

3. 3UHSDUHDUHSRUWRQ\RXU¿QGLQJVXVLQJPXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQV.
 Present your report.
5. Obtain additional information from the presentations of the other groups.
 'LVFXVVWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJVWDQGDUGIRUPLQYDULRXV¿HOGV.

49