Muscular system

1. Briefly discuss the 4 types of muscular contraction

 Isometric: A muscular contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change.
 isotonic: A muscular contraction in which the length of the muscle changes.
 eccentric: An isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens.
 concentric: An isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens.
2. Differentiate origin of muscle insertion
The origin is the attachment site that doesn't move during contraction, while
the insertion is the attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts.
The insertion is usually distal, or further away, while the origin is proximal, or closer to
the body, relative to the insertion.

3. Define the following terms:

a. Muscle fatigue
Muscle fatigue is a symptom that decreases your muscles’ ability to perform over
time. It can be associated with a state of exhaustion, often following strenuous activity or
exercise. When you experience fatigue, the force behind your muscles’ movements
decrease, causing you to feel weaker.
b. Muscle tone
Muscle TONE is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest. It is
the muscle's response to an outside force, such as a stretch or change in direction.
Appropriate muscle tone enables our bodies to quickly respond to a stretch.
c. Muscle twitch
A muscle twitch is an involuntary contraction of the fibers that make up a muscle.
Nerves control muscle fibers. When something stimulates or damages a nerve, it causes
the muscle fibers to contract, resulting in a twitch. A person can often see or feel
these twitches below the skin
d. rigor
a sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature,
often with copious sweating, especially at the onset or height of a fever
e. Physical contracture
A contracture occurs when your muscles, tendons, joints, or other tissues tighten
or shorten causing a deformity. Contracture symptoms include pain and loss of
movement in the joint. If this occurs, you should seek treatment right away. Doctors can
treat contractures with medicine, casts, and physical therapy.

4. What is an aponeurosis?
Aponeurosis, a flat sheet or ribbon of tendonlike material that anchors a muscle
or connects it with the part that the muscle moves. The aponeurosis is composed of
dense fibrous connective tissue containing fibroblasts (collagen-secreting spindle-
shaped cells) and bundles of collagenous fibres in ordered arrays.

5. Enumerate the following muscles by regions of the following animals (superficial

and deep muscles)
a. Cattle
 The superficial muscles of a Cattle Occipito-Frontalis, Orbicularis Palpaebrarum,
Masseter, Sterno-cleido-Mastoid, Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis, External
and Internal oblique muscles, Opening of the mammary artery and vein (milk vein),
Gluteii, Rectus Femoris muscle.
b. Horse
superficial muscles

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c. Sheep/goat
d. Swine
e. Chicken
6. Draw and label clearly the superficial muscle of the following animals
a. Cattle
b. Horse
c. Sheep/goat
d. Swine
e. Chicken
7. Draw a schematic representation of skeletal muscle and its fibers.