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development, and extension services for the sustainable development in Bohol and the country.

NAME: Cristin R. Nuez

COURSE & SECTION: BSED-Social Studies-3
SUBJECT: SSE 112
MODULE NO.: 1
TOPIC: Enlightenment and Revolution

CHAPTER 22 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES

For each term or name below, briefly explain its connection to European history from 1550–1789.
1. Heliocentric theory- Also known as sun-centered theory of Copernicus. Based on the old Greek idea that
states the sun stood as the center of the universe where Earth , moon and stars revolved.

2. Isaac Newton - Newton's big discovery was that the motion of the planets and all matter on Earth and in
space was governed by the same force. The law of universal gravitation was the central concept that
connected motion in the sky to motion on Earth.

3. social contract- Hobbes’ social contract agreement states that in order to escape such a bleak life,
people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler. In exchange, they gained law and order. Because
people acted in their own self-interest, the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control.

4. Philosophe- Is the French word for philosophers. The philosophes believed that people could apply
reason to all aspects of life, just as Isaac Newton had applied reason to science.

5. Salon- The salons of Early Modern Revolutionary France played an integral role in the cultural and
intellectual development of France. The large reception halls where they can hold regular social
gatherings.

6. Enlightened despot- Enlightened despot are absolute rulers and have no intention of giving up
power.The changes they made were motivated by two desires: they wanted to make their countries
stronger and their own rule more effective.

7. Declaration of Independence -This document was produced by political leader Thomas Jefferson and
 was strongly founded on John Locke's and the Enlightenment's beliefs. These concepts were reflected
in the Declaration's eloquent case for natural rights. Because Locke had argued that people had the
right to revolt against an unjust king, the Declaration of Independence included a comprehensive list of
George III's injustices. The text concluded by announcing the colonies' independence from Britain.

8. Federal system- Federal system is where power was divided between national and state
governments.

MAIN IDEAS
The Scientific Revolution Section 1 (pages 623–628)
9. According to Ptolemy, what was the earth’s position in the universe? How did Copernicus’s Do views
differ?

❖ The geocentric theory of Ptolemy states that the Earth is placed at the center of the universe. On the
other hand, Copernicus' heliocentric theory believes that the sun is the center of the universe where the
moon, stars and Earth revolve.

10. What are the four steps in the scientific method?

❖ First step begins with a problem or question arising from an observation. Scientists next form a
hypothesis, or unproved assumption. The hypothesis is then tested in an experiment or on the basis of
data. In the final step, scientists analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion. That
conclusion either confirms or disproves the hypothesis.

11. What four new instruments came into use during the Scientific Revolution? What was the
purpose of each one?

❖ The first microscope was invented by a Dutch maker of eyeglasses, Zacharias Janssen in 1590. In the
1670s, a Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a
microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings

❖ Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure
and predicting weather.

❖ In 1714, the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass.
Fahrenheit’s thermometer showed water freezing at 32°.

❖ A Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742.
Celsius’s scale showed freezing at 0°.

The Enlightenment in Europe Section 2 (pages 629–635)

12. How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ?

❖ Locke’s Natural Rights is a more positive view of human nature than Hobbes. He believed that people
could learn from experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability
to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. His belief that a government’s power
 comes from the consent of the people is the foundation of modern democracy. While in Hobbes’s view,
such a government was an absolute monarchy, rulers needed total power to keep citizens under control
in order to impose order and demand obedience.

13. What did Montesquieu admire about the government of Britain?

❖ Because Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. The British
king and his ministers held executive power. They carried out the laws of the state. The members of
Parliament held legislative power. They made the laws. The judges of the English courts held judicial
power. They interpreted the laws to see how each applied to a specific case.

14.How did the Enlightenment lead to a more secular outlook?

❖ During the Enlightenment, individuals began to publicly challenge their religious beliefs and church
doctrines. Prior to the Scientific Revolution, people understood the universe's mysteries as the workings
of God. Scientists gradually realized that these mysteries could be solved mathematically leading to the
rise of a more secular outlook.

The Enlightenment Spreads Section 3 (pages 636–639)

15. What were three developments in the arts during the Enlightenment?

❖ Baroque Style- characterized by a grand, ornate design and could be seen in elaborate palaces such
as Versailles and in numerous paintings.

❖ Neoclassical- Artists and architects worked in a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and
themes from classical Greece and Rome.

❖ Classical- A new, lighter, and more elegant style of music. Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. are great figure of classical music.

16. What sorts of reforms did the enlightened despots make?

❖ Frederick the Great Frederick II- The king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, committed himself to
reforming Prussia. He granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education.
He also reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture. From the beginning of his reign, he
made it clear that his goal was to serve and strengthen his country.

❖ Joseph II- The most radical royal reformer was Joseph II of Austria who introduced legal reforms and
freedom of the press. He also supported freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians,
and Jews. In his most radical reform, Joseph abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for
their labor with cash.

❖ Catherine the Great -Also known as Catherine the Great of Russia from 1762 to 1796.. She ruled with
absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia.In 1767, Catherine formed a commission to review
Russia’s laws. She presented it with a brilliant proposal for reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu
and Beccaria. Among other changes, she recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing
torture and capital punishment. She also did little to improve the life of the Russian peasants.
The American Revolution Section 4 (pages 640–645)
17. Why did the Articles of Confederation result in a weak national government?
❖ To safeguard their dominance, the 13 states formed a loose confederation in which they wielded the
majority of power. As a result, the Articles of Confederation purposefully established a weak national
government. There were no executive or judicial branches. Instead, the Articles established only one
body of government, the Congress.

18. How did the writers of the U.S. Constitution put into practice the idea of separation of powers? A system of
checks and balances?
❖ The U.S constitution established three separate branches—legislative, executive, and judicial. This setup
provided a built-in system of checks and balances, with each branch checking the actions of the other
two. The president received the power to veto legislation passed by Congress. However, the Congress
could override a presidential veto with the approval of two-thirds of its members.

CRITICAL THINKING
1. USING YOUR NOTES
List in a table important new ideas that arose during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. In the right
column, briefly explain why each idea was revolutionary.

NEW IDEA WHY REVOLUTIONARY

Heliocentric Theory It's based on the idea that the Earth rotates around its axis and circles the
sun. These statements were immediately accepted in scientific circles, but
they raised concerns in the Catholic Church. This is one of the most
ancient astronomical concepts and proven right today.

Scientific Method It refers to the method through which scientists learn about particular
occurrences by forming hypotheses and testing them through
experiments. The research technique must be founded on the gathering of
observable empirical and quantifiable records in order to be scientific.

Natural Rights Locke's belief that everyone is born equal and has natural rights to life,
liberty, and property. Individual natural rights must be protected and
respected by the government. Citizens, on the other hand, developed
revolutionary sentiments and ideals as a result of this.

Separation of Powers It is against authoritarian governments whose rulers want to control all
power at all levels. Now, this idea is adapted to a number of constitutions
around the world.

Freedom of Thought and This would open to the society's variety of criticism. On the other hand,
Expression lit up the fire for more reform and freedom.

Religious Freedom The church does not demand too much on the people to choose the
religion they want to have.

2. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What role did technology play in the Scientific Revolution?
 ❖ The Scientific Revolution was aided by technological advancements. The scientific approach
necessitated accurate observations, which scientists were able to accomplish thanks to new
equipment. Furthermore, technology in the form of microscopes and telescopes enabled many
scientists and philosophers to find and comprehend things they had never seen before, such as
microorganisms and the moon's surface.

3.. ANALYZING ISSUES

POWER AND AUTHORITY How did the U.S. Constitution reflect the ideas of the enlightenment?
Refer to the scientific enlightenment thinkers to support your answer.
❖ U.S constitution is greatly impacted with the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers. Locke’s
Natural rights for life, liberty and property reflects on the U.S declaration of Independence.
Montesquieu's Separation of power is also mirrored by the U.S Constitution on check and
balances. Voltaires’ idea on the freedom of thought, expression and religion is guaranteed by the
U.S Bill of Rights and French declaration of Rights of man and citizen. In addition, Becarra’s
abolishment of torture is also adopted by U.S Bill of Rights. Lastly, Wollstonecraft idea on the
Womens’ equality is also adapted by the Women’s rights groups of North America.

4. CLARIFYING

How did the statement by Prussian ruler Frederick the Great that a ruler is only “the first servant of
the state” highlight Enlightenment ideas about government?

❖ Frederick the Great believes that the ruler is the 1st servant of the state who should first put the
goodness and sake of his people rather than his own. Like him, a ruler should consequently not
rule by his own personal whims, but always under the guidance of what was most beneficial for
Prussia, and he expected his people to possess the same devotion. Like him, a ruler whose goal is
to serve and strengthen his country gives ideas in Enlightenment times on how to govern people.