Topic 7.

Equilibrium, HL, PP
Pack [39 marks]
1. What is correct when temperature increases in this reaction at [1 mark]
equilibrium?
2 NOCl (g)⇌ 2 NO (g)+ Cl2 (g) ΔH = +75. 5 kJ

Markscheme
D

2. Kc for 2N2O (g) ⇌ 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) is 7.3 × 1034. [1 mark]

What is Kc for the following reaction, at the same temperature?
N2 (g) + 12 O 2 (g) ⇌ N2O (g)
A. 7.3 × 1034
1
B.
√7.3×1034
2
C.
7.3×1034
1
D.
2×7.3×1034

Markscheme
B
3. What is the equilibrium constant expression for the following equation? [1 mark]
2NO2 (g) + F2 (g) ⇌ 2NO2F (g)
2[NO2F]
A.
2[NO2]+[F2]
2[NO2F]
B.
2[NO2][F2]
[NO2]2[F2]
C.
[NO2F]2
[NO2F]2
D.
[NO2]2[F2]

Markscheme
D

4. Consider the reaction: [1 mark]

2N2O (g) ⇌ 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)
The values of Kc at different temperatures are:

Which statement is correct at higher temperature?

A. The forward reaction is favoured.
B. The reverse reaction is favoured.
C. The rate of the reverse reaction is greater than the rate of the forward
reaction.
D. The concentration of both reactants and products increase.

Markscheme
A

⇌
5. The equilibrium constant for N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) is K. [1 mark]
What is the equilibrium constant for this equation?
2N2(g) + 6H2(g) ⇌ 4NH3(g)
A. K
B. 2K
C. K2
D. 2K2

Markscheme
C

6. Which factor does not affect the position of equilibrium in this reaction? [1 mark]
2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) ΔH = −58 kJ mol−1
A. Change in volume of the container
B. Change in temperature
C. Addition of a catalyst
D. Change in pressure

Markscheme
C

7. What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction [1 mark]
mixture at equilibrium?
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ H+ (aq) + HCO3− (aq)
A. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will decrease.
B. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will increase.
C. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will increase.
D. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will decrease.

Markscheme
A
8. Consider the equilibrium between N2O 4(g) and NO 2(g). [1 mark]
N2O 4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ΔH = +58 kJmol−1
Which changes shift the position of equilibrium to the right?
I. Increasing the temperature
II. Decreasing the pressure
III. Adding a catalyst
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
A

9. What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the following [1 mark]
reaction?
2NH3(g) + 2O2(g) ⇌ N2O(g) + 3H2O(g)
3[H2O][N2O]
A.
2[NH3]2[O2]
[NH3]2[O2]2
B.
[N2O][H2O]3
2[NH3]2[O2]
C.
3[H2O][N2O]
[N2O][H2O]3
D.
[NH3]2[O2]2

Markscheme
D
10. What happens when the temperature of the following equilibrium system [1 mark]
is increased?
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔHθ = -91kJ

Markscheme
A

A molecule of citric acid, C6H8O 7, is shown.

The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is

C6H8O 7 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C6H7O7− (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

11a. Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C6H8O 7 AND C6H7O 7−
OR
H2O AND H3O + ✔
11b. The value of the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation at 298 K is [1 mark]
5.01 × 10 −4.
State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.

Markscheme
weak acid AND partially dissociated
OR
weak acid AND equilibrium lies to left
OR
weak acid AND Kc/Ka<1 ✔

11c. The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the [2 marks]
effect on the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], and on the equilibrium
constant, of increasing the temperature.

Markscheme
11d. Outline one laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of [1 mark]
citric acid and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the
expected observations.

Markscheme
Any one of:
«electrical» conductivity AND HCl greater ✔
pH AND citric acid higher ✔
titrate with strong base AND pH at equivalence higher for citric acid ✔
add reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate AND stronger
effervescence/faster reaction with HCl ✔
titration AND volume of alkali for complete neutralisation greater for citric acid
✔
titrate with strong base AND more than one equivalence point for complete
neutralisation of citric acid ✔
titrate with strong base AND buffer zone with citric acid ✔

NOTE: Accept “add universal indicator AND HCl more red/pink” for M2.
Accept any acid reaction AND HCl greater rise in temperature.
Accept specific examples throughout.
Do not accept “smell” or “taste”.

This reaction is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) Kc = 280 at 1000 K

12a. State why this equilibrium reaction is considered homogeneous. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
all «species» are in same phase ✔

Accept “all species are in same state”.

Accept “all species are gases”.

12b. 0.200 mol sulfur dioxide, 0.300 mol oxygen and 0.500 mol sulfur [3 marks]
trioxide were mixed in a 1.00 dm3 flask at 1000 K.
Predict the direction of the reaction showing your working.

Markscheme
[SO3]2 0.5002
«reaction quotient/Q =» / /20.8 ✔
[SO2]2[O2] 0.2002×0.300

reaction quotient/Q /20.8/answer < Kc/280

OR
mixture needs more product for the number to equal Kc ✔

reaction proceeds to the right/products ✔

Do not award M3 without valid reasoning.

13. What effect does increasing both pressure and temperature have on the [1 mark]
equilibrium constant, Kc?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ΔH = −45.9 kJ
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains constant
D. Cannot be predicted as effects are opposite

Markscheme
A

14. Consider the following equilibrium reaction. [1 mark]

2N2O (g) + O 2 (g) ⇌ 4NO (g) ΔH = +16 kJ
Which change will move the equilibrium to the right?
A. Decrease in pressure
B. Decrease in temperature
C. Increase in [NO]
D. Decrease in [O2]

Markscheme
A

15. What is the effect of increasing the temperature in this reaction? [1 mark]
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H+(aq) + HCO3−(aq) ΔH < 0
A. The pH will decrease.
B. The pH will increase.
C. CO2 pressure will decrease.
D. The equilibrium position will shift to the right.

Markscheme
B
16. Which variable affects the equilibrium constant, Kc? [1 mark]
A. Atmospheric pressure
B. Catalyst
C. Concentration of reactants
D. Temperature

Markscheme
D

17. Which change will favour the reverse reaction in the equilibrium? [1 mark]
2−
2CrO2− +
4 (aq) + 2H (aq) ⇌ Cr2 O 7 (aq) + H2 O(l) ΔH = −42 kJ
A. Adding OH− (aq)

B. Adding H+ (aq)

C. Increasing the concentration of CrO2−

4 (aq)
D. Decreasing the temperature of the solution

Markscheme
A

18. What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc , for the formation of [1 mark]
hydrogen iodide from its elements?

H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

[HI]2
A. Kc = [H2]×[I2]
[2HI]
B. Kc = [H2]+[I2]
2[HI]2
C. Kc = [H2]+[I2]
[2HI]
D. Kc = [H2]×[I2]
 Markscheme
A

19. Which combination of temperature and pressure will give the greatest [1 mark]
yield of sulfur trioxide?
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −196 kJ

Markscheme
B

20. Which statement is correct for a spontaneous reaction? [1 mark]

Markscheme
A
21. Which corresponds to a system at equilibrium? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B

22. Kc for 2N2O (g) ⇌ 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) is 7.3 × 1034. [1 mark]
What is Kc for the following reaction, at the same temperature?
N2 (g) + 12 O 2 (g) ⇌ N2O (g)

A. 7.3 × 1034
1
B.
√7.3×1034
1
C.
7.3×1034
1
D.
2×7.3×1034

Markscheme
B

23. Which is correct for a reaction with a positive change in Gibbs free [1 mark]
energy, ΔG θ?
A. The formation of reactants is favoured.
B. The formation of products is favoured.
C. The reaction is at equilibrium.
D. The reaction is spontaneous.
 Markscheme
A

24. Iodine and bromine gases were mixed and allowed to reach equilibrium. [1 mark]

What is the value of the equilibrium constant?

A. 0.05
B. 1
C. 4
D. 10

Markscheme
C

25. Which combination describes the system at equilibrium? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B
26. 1.0 mol of N2(g), 1.0 mol of H2(g) and 1.0 mol of NH3(g) are placed in a [1 mark]
1.0 dm3 sealed flask and left to reach equilibrium. At equilibrium the
concentration of N2(g) is 0.8 mol dm−3.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
What are the equilibrium concentration of H2(g) and NH3(g) in mol dm −3?

Markscheme
B

27. At 700 ºC, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 1.075 × 108. [1 mark]
2H2 (g) + S2 (g) ⇌ 2H2S (g)
Which relationship is always correct for the equilibrium at this temperature?
A. [H2S]2 < [H2]2 [S2]
B. [S2] = 2[H2S]
C. [H2S] < [S2]
D. [H2S]2 > [H2]2[S2]

Markscheme
D
28. The graph shows values of ΔG for a reaction at different temperatures. [1 mark]

Which statement is correct?

A. The standard entropy change of the reaction is negative.
B. The standard enthalpy change of the reaction is positive.
C. At higher temperatures, the reaction becomes less spontaneous.
D. The standard enthalpy change of the reaction is negative.

Markscheme
B

29. Components X and Y are mixed together and allowed to reach [1 mark]
equilibrium. The concentrations of X, Y, W and Z in the equilibrium
mixture are 4, 1, 4 and 2 mol dm −3 respectively.
X + 2Y ⇌ 2W + Z
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
1
A. 8
1
B. 2
C. 2
D. 8

Markscheme
D
30. Which is correct for an isolated system in equilibrium? [1 mark]

Markscheme
C

31. A mixture of 0.40 mol of CO (g) and 0.40 mol of H2 (g) was placed in a [1 mark]
1.00 dm3 vessel. The following equilibrium was established.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g)
At equilibrium, the mixture contained 0.25 mol of CO (g). How many moles of
H2 (g) and CH3OH (g) were present at equilibrium?

Markscheme
D
 32. The equation for the reaction between two gases, A and B, is: [1 mark]

2A(g) + 3B(g) ⇌ C(g) + 3D(g)

When the reaction is at equilibrium at 600 K the concentrations of A, B, C and D
are 2, 1, 3 and 2 mol dm−3 respectively. What is the value of the equilibrium
constant at 600 K?
1
A. 6
9
B. 7
C. 3
D. 6

Markscheme
D

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