LESSON 1: NATURE OF

INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Research I | JPAbueg 2016
LESSON 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research
INQUIRY
- To look for information by asking various questions about
the thing you are curious about

RESEARCH
- To discover truths by investigating on your chosen topic
scientifically; meaning, by going through a systematic way
of doing things wherein you are to begin from the simplest
to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking
INQUIRY – BASED LEARNING
INQUIRY
- Learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge
or information about people, things, places, or events
- Requires collection of data, meaning, facts, and
information about the object of inquiry, and examine such
data carefully
- Execute varied thinking strategies that range from lower-
order to higher-order thinking skills such as inferential,
critical, integrative, and creative thinking
- As a problem-solving technique, it includes cooperative
learning because any knowledge from members of the
society can help to make the solution
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES OR FOUNDATION OF
INQUIRY
Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

- "the distance between the actual developmental level as

determined by independent problem solving and the level
of potential development as determined through problem
solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more
capable peers"

- stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in

learning
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES OR FOUNDATION OF
INQUIRY
John Dewey’s Theory of Connected Experiences for Exploratory
and Reflective Thinking

-for Dewey, the everyday world of common experience was all

the reality that man had access to or needed
-considered the scientific mode of inquiry and the scientific
systematization of human experience the highest attainment in
the evolution of the mind of man
-defined the educational process as a "continual reorganization,
reconstruction and transformation of experience", for he believed
that it is only through experience that man learns about the world
and only by the use of his experience that man can maintain and
better himself in the world
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES OR FOUNDATION OF
INQUIRY
Jerome Bruner’s Theory

- Bruner's theoretical framework is based on the theme that

learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing
knowledge
- Learning is an active process. Facets of the process include
selection and transformation of information, decision making,
generating hypotheses, and making meaning from information
and experiences
- Bruner's theories emphasize the significance of categorization
in learning. "To perceive is to categorize, to conceptualize is to
categorize, to learn is to form categories, to make decisions is to
categorize." Interpreting information and experiences by
similarities and differences is a key concept
ELEMENTS OF INQUIRY (AS A WAY OF LEARNING)

• Changing knowledge
• Creativity
• Subjectivity
• Socio-culutral factors
• Sensory experience
• Higher-order thinking strategies
BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-BASED KNOWLEDGE

• Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills

• Improves student learning abilities
• Widens learners’ vocabulary
• Facilitates problem-solving acts
• Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
• Encourages cooperative learning
• Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
• Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
• Hastens conceptual understanding
DOING RESEARCH
RESEARCH
- Process of executing various mental acts for discovering
and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy
or truthfulness of the claim or conclusions about the topic of
research
- To inquire or investigate about the chosen research topic
by asking questions that will engage in top-level thinking
strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing,
criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable to discover
truths
- Like inquiry, it involves cooperative learning
- Process that requires working logically or systematically
and collaboratively with others.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

• Accuracy – must give correct or accurate data.

Footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should
honestly and appropriately be documented or
acknowledge

• Objectiveness – must deal with facts, not with mere

opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations,
predictions, or conclusion

• Timeliness – must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and

interesting to the present society
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

• Relevance – topic must be instrumental in improving

society or in solving problems affecting lives of people in a
community

• Clarity – must succeed in expressing its central points or

discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct
language

• Systematic – must take place in an organized or orderly

manner
Purposes of Research

• To learn how to work independently

• To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
• To have an in-depth knowledge of something
• To elevate mental abilities by thinking in higher-order
thinking strategies of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing,
appreciating, applying, and creating
• To improve reading and writing skills
• To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the
various techniques of gathering data and of presenting
research findings
• To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination
or strong influence of a single text book or of the
professor’s lone view point or spoon feeding
Types of Research

• Based on Application of Research Method:

1. Pure Research – deals with concepts, principles, or

abstract things. Aims to increase knowledge about
something
2. Applied Research – if its intention is to apply the
research to social problems or issues, finding ways
to make positive changes in society
Types of Research
• Based on Purpose of the Research:
1. Descriptive – aims at defining or giving a verbal
portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation, etc
2. Correlation – shows relationships or connectedness of
two factors, circumstances, or agents, called variables,
that affect the research
3. Explanatory – elaborates or explains not just the reason
behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways
by which such relationship exists
4. Exploratory – find out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a research study on a certain topic
5. Action – studies an ongoing practice of a school,
organization, community, or institution for the purpose of
obtaining results that will bring improvements in the
system
Types of Research

• Based on Types of Data Needed

1. Qualitative Research – requires non-numerical
data. Uses words rather that numbers to express the
results, the inquiry, or investigation about people’s
thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
regarding the object of the study
2. Quantitative Research – involves measurement of
data. Presents research findings referring to the
number or frequency of something in numerical form
i.e., percentages, fractions, numbers
DATA IN RESEARCH

• Primary data – obtained through direct observation or

contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings, etc.
These data are new and original information resulting
from your sensory experience

• Secondary data – data that have already been written

about or reported on and made available for reading
pursposes
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

• Scientific or Positive Approach – discover and measure

information as well as observe and control variables in an
impersonal manner. Data gathering techniques are
structured interviews, questionnaires, and observational
checklists. Data are expressed in numbers, meaning
suitable for quantitative researches.
• Naturalistic Approach – deals with qualitative data that
speaks of how people behave toward their surroundings.
Non-numerical data that express truths about the way
people perceive or understand the world.
• Triangulation Approach – free to gather and analyze
data using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or
mix research approaches, types, data gathering, and data
analysis techniques. Gives the opportunity to view every
angle of the research from different perspectives.