CEHWRD330

HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD

ENGINEERING
 TRANSPORTATION
• the act or process of moving people or things from one
place to another
• a way of travelling from one place to another
• a system for moving passengers or goods from one place to
another
 TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation is essential for a nation’s development and growth.
• Transportation has played a significant role by facilitating trade, commerce, conquest,
and social interaction, while consuming a considerable portion of time and resources.
• The primary need for transportation has been economic, involving personal travel in
search of food or work, travel for the exchange of goods and commodities, exploration,
personal fulfillment, and the improvement of a society or a nation.
• Transportation should be safe and environmentally friendly
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

- It is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning,

functional design operation and management of facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people as
well as goods.
Is it SAFE???

Is it COMFORTABLE???
Is it CONVENIENT???
Is it ECONOMICAL???

6
 Emissions from Vehicles
Is it ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY ????

Emissions

7
 IMPORTANCE OF
TRANSPORTATION
 Transportation and Economic Growth

• The speed, cost, and capacity of available transportation

have a significant impact on the economic vitality of an
area and the ability to make maximum use of its natural
resources.
 Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation

• The history of transportation illustrates that the way

people move is affected by technology, cost, and
demand.
 Transportation Engineering Specialties
• The specialties in transportation engineering are planning,
design, construction, traffic management and operations,
and maintenance.
 Planning

Maintenance CYCLIC Design

PROCESS

Traffic
Management Construction
and Operation
• Planning involves the selection of projects for design and
construction
• Design involves the specification of all features of the
transportation project
• Construction involves all aspects of the building process
• Traffic management and operations involves studies to
improve capacity and safety
• Maintenance involves all work necessary to ensure that the
highway system is kept in proper working order
 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• A transportation system may be defined as a planned network of elements or

physical components that play different roles in the transportation of goods and
persons from one place to another.

• Transportation systems are complex, dynamic and internally interconnected, as well

as interconnected with other complex dynamic systems (e.g., the environment, the
economy)
 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• The transportation system in a developed nation is an aggregation of

vehicles, guide-ways, terminal facilities, and control systems that move
freight and passengers.
 COMPONENTS
OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS
OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1. MODES
They represent the conveyances, mostly taking the form of
vehicles that are used to support the mobility of passengers or
freight. Some modes are designed to carry only passengers or
freight, while others can carry both.
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Air Transport
Air transport includes all transport through the air by aircraft. In an urban
or regional context, this air transport includes local air traffic such as
small airplanes or helicopters. From a broader perspective air transport
within urban or regional areas include passenger and freight air routes
that cross urban or regional areas. In the context of urban security air
transport is explicitly high impact.
AIR TRANSPORT
 MODES OF TRANSPORT

As experienced during 9/11 and other terrorist threats the consequences

of failing security are devastating. Air traffic is therefore extremely well
monitored, both in terms of passengers or freight as in terms of routing
and operations management.

Example: Hot Air Balloons, Airplanes, Helicopters

 Air Transport
Advantages:
• It is the fastest mode of transportation.
• It is very useful in transporting goods and •
passenger to the area, which are not accessible by
any other means.
• It is the most convenient mode of transportation •
during natural calamities.
• It provides vital support to the national security
and defense.
Disadvantages:
• It is relatively more expensive mode of transport.
It is not suitable for transporting heavy and bulk
goods.
• It is affected by adverse weather conditions.
It is not suitable for short distance travel.
• In case of accidents, its results in heavy losses of
goods, property and life.
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Land Transport
Land transportation simply means any form of transportation that takes
place on land. This can be through road, rail, it can be facilitated by
animals such donkeys and camels or use a combination of the wheel with
electric or fuel powered engines to move people and freight quickly and
efficiently. Land transport is the most common means of transport in
most places in the world.
LAND TRANSPORT
 MODES OF TRANSPORT

• Rail - the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles, made to run on
railway tracks.
• Road - route or way on land between two places, which allow travel, including a horse,
cart, or motor vehicle.
• Human-powered - the transport of people and/or goods of walking, running and
swimming.
• Animal-powered - the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods.
 Railway Transport is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles,
made to run on railway tracks.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• It is a convenient mode of transport for travelling • It is relatively expensive for carrying goods and
long distances. passengers over short distances.
• It is relatively faster than road transport. • It is not available in remote parts of the country.
• It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large • It provides service according to fixed time
quantities over long distances. schedule and is not flexible for loading or
• Its operation is less affected by adverse weathers unloading of goods at any place.
conditions like rain, floods, fog, etc. • It involves heavy losses of life as well as goods
in case of accident.
 Road Transport means transportation of goods and personnel from one place to the
other on roads. Road is a route between two destinations, which has been either paved or
worked on to enable transportation by way of motorized and non-motorized carriages.

Advantages:
• It is a relatively cheaper mode of transport as •
compared to other modes.
• Perishable goods can be transported at a faster
speed by road carriers over a short distance.
• It is a flexible mode of transport as loading and
unloading is possible at any destination. It provide
door-to-door service.
Disadvantages:
Due to limited carrying capacity road
transport is not economical for long distance
transportation of goods.
• Transportation of heavy goods or goods in
bulk by road involves high cost.
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Water Transport
Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft such as
a barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal
or river. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a
dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. It is the least
expensive and slowest mode of freight transport. It is generally used to transport
heavy products over long distances when speed is not an issue. Example: sailboats,
ships, submarines, hoover crafts, water planes, surf board, and ferries.
WATER TRANSPORT
 • Water Transport
Advantages: Disadvantages:

• It is a relatively economical mode of • The depth and navigability of rivers and canals

transportation for bulky and heavy goods. vary and thus, affect operations of different

• It is safe mode of transport with respect to transport vessels.

occurrence of accidents. • It is slow moving mode of transport and

• The cost of maintaining and constructing routes therefore not suitable for transport of perishable

is very low most of them are naturally made. goods.

• It promotes international trade. • It is adversely affected by weather conditions.

• Sea transport requires large investment on ships
and their maintenance.
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Other modes
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid
and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules
using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or
gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for
sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for
petroleum and natural gas.
PIPELINE TRANSPORT
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Other modes
Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled
by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most
commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions
include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some
of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.
CABLE TRANSPORT
 MODES OF TRANSPORT
• Other modes

Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer

space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have
gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit,
and conduct scientific experiments.
SPACE TRANSPORT
 COMPONENTS
OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
2. INFRASTRUCTURES
The physical support of transport modes, where routes “links”
(e.g. rail tracks, canals or highways) and terminals “nodes” (e.g.
ports or airports) are the most significant components.
For example, the links could be roadway segment and railway track and the nodes
could be intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbors, and airports
 COMPONENTS
OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
3. NETWORKS
A system of linked locations that are used to represent the functional and
spatial organization of transportation. This system indicates which
locations are connected and how they are serviced. Within a network some
locations are more accessible (more connections) than others (less
connections).
 Node and Link Network Representation

We have connections between the links through the other basic network elements that are called nodes,
which often represent terminals or stations. There are usually multiple ways to travel between nodes.
 COMPONENTS
OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
4. FLOWS
Movements of people, freight and information over their respective
networks. Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations. An
intermediary location is often required to go from an origin to a
destination. For instance, flying from one airport to another may require a
transit at hub airport.
Hierarchical Networks

 Highways
o Expressway
o Arterial Streets
o Collector Streets
o Local Streets
o Expressway

is a divided highway facility having two or more lanes in each direction for the exclusive
use of traffic, with full control of access and egress.

In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the only facility that provides complete
uninterrupted flow.

An Expressway is composed of three subcomponents: Basic freeway segment,

weaving areas, and ramp junctions.
Weaving Area Ramp Junctions
o Arterial Streets

A major surface street with relatively long trips between major points, and with
through-trips entering, leaving, and passing through the urban area.

o Sub-Arterial Streets
A signalized street that primarily serves through-traffic and that secondarily
provides access to abutting properties, with signal spacing of 3.0 km or less.
o Collector Streets
A surface street providing land access and traffic circulation within residential,
commercial, and industrial areas. The function of collector street is to collect
traffic from local streets and feed it to the arterial and sub-arterial streets or vice-
versa.

o Local Streets
These streets provide access to the abutting properties. Unrestricted parking and
pedestrian movement is allowed on these streets.
Roadway Functions by Classification
Mobility & Accessibility
Urban Expressways

Arterials
Mobility
Sub arterials

Collectors

Locals

Access
END!