MICROBIOLOGY SCOPE & BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY

- study of microorganisms - has an impact on medicine,

agriculture, food science, immunology,
- the importance of microbiology and
ecology, genetics, biochemistry.
microorganisms cannot be overemphasized
Pure microbiology
- microorganisms are necessary for the
production of bread, cheese, beer, antibiotics, The former is the most fundamental
vaccines, vitamins, enzymes, etc. branch, in which organisms, themselves, are
examined in-depth
- microorganisms are everywhere
- is more fundamental field in which the
- they are ubiquitous
organisms are studied as a subject, itself, on a
- almost every natural surface is deeper theoretical level
colonized by microbes from bodies, to bodies of
Applied Microbiology
ocean
- organisms are not studied, but are
- hot spring and frozen sea ice
applied to a certain process.
- harmless (dependent to help us digest
foo)
IMPACT OF MICROBIOLOGY
- harmful (diseases, food spoilage,
infectious diseases) (the great plaque, and Medical Science
smallpox)
- bacterial disease had played a
dominant role in human history.

THE GREAT PLAGUE - widespread epidemics of cholera &

plague reduced population in humans in some
- reduce population of Western Europe
areas of the world, by more than 1/3 bacterial
by 25%
pneumonia. (Major cause of death in the age)
SMALLPOX
- more armies were defeated by other
- smallpox and other infectious disease bacterial infections, done by force or arms.
introduce by European explorers to the
- modern advances of pluming &
America’s in 1500’s, where responsible in
sanitation, the development of the bacterial
decimating native American populations, until
vaccines & the discovery of antibacterial
late 1800’s.
antibiotics, the incidence of bacterial diseases
MICROORGANISMS has been reduced.

- keep the biosphere running - bacteria have not disappeared as

infectious agents. However, since they continue
- microbes make possible recycles in to evolve, creating increasingly strains requiring
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and so forth. To take resistance to many antibiotics.
place in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Therapeutic Purposes
Microbes does not only cause harm to
humans but also beneficial.
Ex.
Polio vaccine
- used to prevent polio myolitis
- given by injection or by IPV
- uses weakened polio virus (by
mouth or OPV)
Rabies vaccine
- used to prevent rabies
- does are usually given by
injection (skin or muscles)
Influenza vaccine
- began in 1930’s
- comes in both inactive &
weakened viral forms
- used for these who are
pregnant
- come and forms that are
injected into a muscle, sprayed into the nose (or
injected into the middle layer of the skin)
Chicken Pox vaccine (varicella vaccine)
- protects against chicken pox
- first became commercially
available in1984
- made from a weakened virus
Small pox vaccine
- first successfully vaccine to be
developed
- introduced by Edward Jenner in 1798
Anti- depression & mood elevating property
(of microorganisms)
- hypothesis of (Chris Laure) of (Bristle)
University & colleagues, has indicated the use of
bacteria in neuroscience.
Macrobacterium vaccae
- a harmless relative of bugs that caused
tuberculosis and leprosy
Insulin
- the insulin doctor prescribe would
have come from a pig.
- if one required human growth
hormone, it would have come from human
cadavers
Other medicines can be made by specially
modified bacteria
- Transgenic bacteria
- single-celled organism
- have foreign genes alongside
their own DNA
- live & reproduce
- produce human proteins for
medicines & vaccines
Sweetener from Bacteria.

- most diet soda, especially the phenyl

alanine is made by Transgenic bacteria

Microorganisms in cancer therapy

- the use of bacteria in the treatment of

cancer, goes back more than hundred years

William Colley

- a physician and a surgeon of the

Memorial Hospital in NYC, now called Memorial
Swan Katering Hospital

- observed that many of his patients

with various forms of caner had their tumors
regress when they were influenced with
bacterial pathogens.

- treatment to eliminate infections

allowed the cancer to comeback.

Saccharolytic

- non-pathogenic strains were

reevaluated