Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

1
 Shear, bond and torsion

2
 Shear, bond and torsion

5.1 SHEAR
Load Compression

Tension
Diagonal tension cracks

Shear is resisted by: •Concrete in compression zone

•Dowel action of tensile steel
•Aggregate interlock
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 Shear, bond and torsion
5.1.1 Concrete Sections that do not require
shear reinforcement
 Lightly loaded floor slabs, pad foundations etc , lightly loaded lintels
 Where shear forces are small the concrete section on its own may
have sufficient shear capacity (VRd,c) to resist the ultimate shear force
(VEd) resulting from the worst combination of actions on the structure
although in most cases a nominal or minimum amount of shear
reinforcement will usually be provided.
The shear capacity of the concrete, VRd,c, in such situations is

given by an empirical expression:

[ ]
VRd ,c  0.12k (100 r1 fck )1/ 3 bw d (5.1)


k  1 
200 
  2.0
 d 
with a minimum value of:

4
[ ]
VRd ,c  0. 035k 3 / 2 fck1 / 2 bw d (5.2)
 Shear, bond and torsion

5.1.2 Variable Strut Inclination method where shear

reinforcement is required
X
z b

zc
os

compression Fc
n n
sio VEd sio
z = 0.9d

VEd /sin
tension
e s e s
d pr pr
m m

tension

tension
co co

tension Fs
X zcot Section
VEd
Variable angle
Figure 5.2

Concrete does not contribute to the shear capacity

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 Shear, bond and torsion

Variable Strut Inclination method : (1) diagonal compressive strut

 Excessive compressive stresses must not occur in the diagonal strut:

With reference to figure 5.2 the effective cross sectional area of concrete acting as the diagonal

strut is taken as bw  z cos  and the design concrete stress fcd = fck /1.5

The ultimate strength of the strut = ultimate design stress × cross-sectional area

= ( fck / 1.5 )  (bw  z cos  )

and its vertical component = [(fck / 1.5)  ( bw  z cos  )]  sin 

so that VRd ,max  fck bw z cos  sin  / 1.5

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 Shear, bond and torsion
which by conversion of the trigometrical functions can also be expressed as

f ck bw z
VRd ,max 
1.5(cot   tan  )

In EC2 this equation is modified by the inclusion of a strength reduction factor (v1) for concrete
cracked in shear.

f ck bw zv1
VRd . max 
Thus 1.5(cot   tan  ) (5.3)

 f ck 
where the strength reduction factor takes the value of v1  0.61  250  and putting z= 0.9d
equation 5.3 becomes
0.9d  bw  0.61  f ck / 250 f ck
VRd . max  VEd  VEf
1.5(cot   tan  )
VRd . max  VEd = normally shear
0.36bw d 1  f ck / 250 f ck
at face of support

7 (cot   tan  ) (5.4)*
 Shear, bond and torsion

EC2 limits  to a value between 22 and 45 degrees.

(i) With  = 22 degrees, (this is the usual case for uniformly distributed loads)

From equation 5.4: VRd ,max(22)  0.124bw d 1  fck 250fck (5.6)*

If VRd.max.(22) < VEf then a larger value of the angle  must be used so that the diagonal concrete
strut has a larger vertical component to balance VEd .

( ii ) With  = 45 degrees, (the maximum value of  as allowed by EC2)

From equation 5.4: VRd , max( 45)  0.18bw d 1  fck 250fck (5.7)*

Which is the upper limit on the compressive strength of the concrete diagonal member in the
analogous truss . When VEf > VRd.max.(45) , from equation 5.7 the diagonal strut will be over
stressed and the beam’s dimensions must be increased or a higher class of concrete be used.

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 Shear, bond and torsion
(iii) With  between 22 degrees and 45 degrees

The required value for  can be obtained by equating VEd to VRd.max and solving for  in equation
5.4 as follows :
0.36bw d 1  fck / 250 fck
VEd  VRd ,max 
(cot  tan  )

and 1 / cot   tan   sin   cos   0.5 sin 2 (see proof in the Appendix )

 VEd 
  0.5 sin1    45
therefore by substitution
 0.18bw d 1  f ck / 250  f ck 
(5.8a)*


 VEf 

which alternatively can be expressed as:   0.5 sin 1    45
o
(5.8b)

VRd . max .(45) 


where VEf is the shear force at the face of the support and the calculated value of the angle  can
then be used to determine cot and calculate the shear reinforcement Asv/s from equation 5.9
(when 22°< < 45°).
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 Shear, bond and torsion

Variable Strut Inclination method : (2) Vertical shear reinforcement

 Shear is resisted by shear links with no contribution from the concrete:
Using the method of sections it can be seen that at section X-X in figure 5.2 that the force in the
vertical link member (Vwd) must equal the shear force (VEd), that is
f yk Asw
Vwd  VEd  f ywd Asw   0.87 f yk Asw
1.15
If the links are spaced at a distance s apart, then the force in each link is reduced proportionately
and is given by
s
Vwd  0.87 f yk Asw
z cot 
Asw A
or Vwd  VEd  0.87 zf yk cot   0.87 sw 0.9df yk cot 
s s
Asw VEd

thus rearranging s 0.78df yk cot  (5.9)*
0.5
Asw. min 0.08 fck bw
 (5.10)
EC2 specifies a minimum value for Asw /s such that s f yk
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 Shear, bond and torsion
Variable Strut Inclination method : (3) Additional longitudinal force
 Allowance must be made for the additional longitudinal force in the tension steel:
Resolving forces horizontally in the section YY shown in figure 5.2, the longitudinal
component of the force in the compressive strut is given by

Longitudin al Force  VED / sin  x cos 

 VED cot 
It is assumed that half of this force is carried by the reinforcement in the tension zone of

the beam then the tensile force Ftd to be provided in the tensile zone is given by

Ftd  0.5VED cot  (5.12)*

This can be provided by:
 Providing additional longitudinal reinforcement above that required for bending reinforcement
 Providing additional curtailment lengths to the designed bending reinforcement

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 Shear, bond and torsion
Variable Strut Inclination method : Summary
(1) Calculate the ultimate design shear forces VEd along the beam’s span

(2) Check the crushing strength VRd.max of the concrete diagonal strut at the section of maximum
shear, usually VEf at the face of the beams support.
For most cases the angle of inclination of the strut is  = 22°, with cot  = 2.5 and tan  =
0.4 so that from equation 5.4
0.36bw d 1  f ck / 250 f ck
VRd . max 
(cot   tan )
and if VRd.max > VEf with  = 22° and cot  = 2.5 then go directly to step (3)
but if VRd.max < VEf then  > 22° and therefore  must be calculated from equation 5.8
as:
 VEf 
  0.5 sin1    45 
0.18bw d 1  fck / 250fck 

If this calculation gives a value of  greater than 45o then the beam should be re-sized or a
higher class of concrete could be used.
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 Shear, bond and torsion
(3) The shear links required can be calculated from equation 5.9
Asw VEd

s 0.78df yk cot 

where Asw is the cross-sectional area of the legs of the links 2   2 / 4 for single stirrups
For a predominately uniformly distributed load the shear VEd should be calculated at a distance
d from the face of the support and the shear reinforcement should continue to the face of the
support.

The shear resistance for the links actually specified is

Asv
Vmin   0.78df yk cot 
s
and this value will be used together with the shear force envelope to determine the curtailment
position of each set of designed links

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 Shear, bond and torsion

(4) Calculate the minimum links required by EC2 from

Asw. min 0.08 fck0.5 bw


s f yk

(5) Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by the shear
Ftd  0.5VED cot 
This additional tensile force can usually be allowed for by increasing the
curtailment length of the tension bars as described in section 7.9.

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 Shear, bond and torsion
Shear Resistance: Ex 5.1
H12 stirrups at 175 spcg b=350

Span = 8m

d=650
Design Load = 200 kN/m
H12
Support width = 300mm

Section

2 f yk  500 N / mm2 f ck  30 N / mm2

2-H25 : As = 982 mm
Total ultimate load on beam = 200  8.0 = 1600 kN

Support reaction = 1600/2 = 800 kN

Shear, VEf at face of support = 800 – 200  0.3/2 = 770 kN

Shear, VEd distance d from face of support = 770 – 200  0.65 = 640 kN

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 Shear, bond and torsion
(1) Check the crushing strength VRd.max of the concrete diagonal strut at the face of

the beams support

From equation 5.6 with  = 22°

VRd ,max( 22)  0.124 bw d 1  fck 250 fck

 0.124 x 350 x 650(1  30 / 250 )30
 745 kN ( VEf  770 kN )

From equation 5.7 with  = 45°

VRd ,max( 45 )  0.18bw d 1  fck 250 fck

 0.18 x 350 x 650(1  30 / 250 )30
 1081kN (  VEf  770 kN )

Therefore: 22° >  < 45°

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 Shear, bond and torsion

(2) Determine Angle 

From equation 5.8(a)

1  
VEf
  0.5 sin    45
 0.18bw d 1  f ck / 250  f ck 

or alternatively from equation 5.8(b)

 VEf
1 

 1  770 
  0.5 sin    0.5 sin    22.7
o


VRd . max .( 45) 
 1081

From which cot = 2.39 and tan = 0.42

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 Shear, bond and torsion
(3) Determine Shear Resistance of the Links

The cross-sectional area Asw of a 12mm bar = 113 mm2

Asw 2  113
Thus for the two legs of the link and a spacing of 175 mm   1.29
s 175

(or alternatively the value could have been obtained from table A4 in the Appendix)

From equation 5.11 the shear resistance, VRd.s of the links is given by

Asv
VRd .s   0.78df yk cot 
s
 1.29 x 0.78 x 650 x 500 x 2.39 x10 3  781kN

Therefore shear resistance of links = 781 kN

Design shear, VEd distance d from the face of the support = 640 kN (< 781 kN.)

Therefore, the beam can support, in shear, the ultimate load of 200 kN/m.

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 Shear, bond and torsion

(4) Additional Longitudinal Tensile Force in the Tension Steel

It should be checked that the bottom tension steel has a sufficient length of

curtailment and anchorage to resist the additional horizontal tension Ftd caused by

the design shear. These additional tension forces are calculated from equation 5.12

Therefore

Ftd  0.5VED cot 

 0.5 x 640 x 2.39  765kN

This force is added to the MEd / z diagram, as described in section 7.9, to ensure

there is sufficient curtailment of the tension reinforcement and its anchorage bond

length at the supports, as described in section 5.2.

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 Shear, bond and torsion

X
Anchorage
5.1.3 Bent-up bars
Length

0.9d (cot  cot  )

A sw A sw VEd  0.87 f yk Asw sin  
co
0.9d

mp

 
s
Asw VEd

X
s = 0.9d(cot 
+ cot ) 
s 0.78df yk (cot   cot  ) sin 
(a) Single System
(cot   cot  )
VRd . max  0.36bw d (1  f ck / 250) f ck 
(1  cot 2  )
A sw

 
Ftd  0.5VEd (cot  cot  )
s
(a) Multiple System

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 Shear, bond and torsion

5.1.4 Shear – flanged sections

Fd
x

b eff
Fd
Ved

h

Fd +Fd

compressive struts
sf

Tensile ties A Fd +Fd

sf bw

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 Shear, bond and torsion

L
5.2 ANCHORAGE BOND

Basic Anchorage length :

F
f yk
 lb,rqd  
4.6 f bd

2
Design values of bond stresses fbd (N/mm )

f ck N/mm2 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Bars  32mm diameter and
1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7
good bond conditions
Bars  32mm diameter and
1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3
poor bond conditions

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 Shear, bond and torsion

Good and Poor Bond Conditions

direction of concreting When bond conditions are poor then the specified

250 mm ultimate bond stresses should be reduced


by a factor of 0.7.
45 <  < 90
o o
h > 250 mm
for all values of h

For all bar sizes [] greater than 32mm the

300 mm

h h
bond stress should additionally be multiplied

by a factor 132   / 100

h < 250 mm h > 600 mm

Good bond conditions in unhatched zone

Good bond conditions for all bars Poor bond conditions in hatched zone

Figure 5.8: Definition of good and bad bond conditions

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 Shear, bond and torsion
Table 5.2 Coefficients 

Value
of 
 allows for Type
the effect of : anchorage
of Reinforcement in
Tension Compression Design Anchorage
1 The shape of the Straight
bars Other than straight
1.0 1.0
Length
0.7 if cd>3.0
1.0
or 1.0 if not
2 The effect of Straight 10.15(cd
1.0
l bd  1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 l b.rqd As,req / As,prov
concrete cover to
the reinforcement
But 0.7 and 1.0
Other than straight 10.15(cd3
1.0
but 0.7 and 1.0
3 The effect
confinement
of
of This minimum design length must not
transverse
reinforcement not All types of 1K be less than:
1.0
welded to the main reinforcement but 0.7 and 1.0
reinforcement for tension bars: 0.3 lb,rqd
for compression bars 0.6 lb,rqd
4 The effect
confinement
of
of
transverse All types, position In both cases the minimum value must
reinforcement and sizes of 0.7 0.7
welded to the main reinforcement also exceed both 10 bar diameters and
reinforcement
100mm .
5 The effect
confinement
of
by
All types
reinforcement
of 10.04p
transverse
but 0.7 and 1.0 --
pressure
Note: the product 2x3 x5 should be greater than or equal to 0.7
24
 Shear, bond and torsion
Coefficients in table 5.2

c1 a c a

c c

S traight bars B ent or hooked bars Looped bars

c d = min (a/2,c 1 ,c) c d = min (a/2,c1) cd = c

Figure 5.9: Values of the concrete cover coefficient (c ) fordbeams and slabs

A s t As t A s t As t A s t As t

K = 0.1 K = 0.05 K =0

Figure 5.10:Values of K for beams and s labs (s ee table 5.3)

25
 Shear, bond and torsion

Hooks and bends

>5
o
90 <  < 150
o
r

 

l b.rqd l b,eq = 1 b,rqd

l

Straight bar Bend

>5 

r
o
> 150

 
l b,eq = 1 b,rqd
l l b,eq = 1 b,rqd
l

Hook Loop
Minimum internal radius of a hook, bend or loop = 2 or 3.5 for
 > 16mm

Figure 5.11: Equivalent anchorage lengths for bends and hooks

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 Shear, bond and torsion

Anchorage length : Ex 5.2

H25 bars
Anchorage length l b,req 100 = 4 

f yk  500 N / mm2 f ck  30 N / mm2

600
Table 5.1; Poor Bond f bd  2.1N / mm2
effective span
Take 3 4 5 conservatively = 1.0
Figure 5.12: Anchorage for a cantilever beam
As the bars are bent into the column and the concrete cover coefficient, cd (figure

5.9) is equivalent to 4, which is greater than 3, from table 5.2 coefficient 1 is 0.7.

Also from table 5.2, coefficient 2 =1-0.15(cd-343

Hence the required anchorage length is

 f yk 
l b,req   1 2  

 4.6f bd 

27  500 
 0.7 x 0.85  = 31 = 31  25 = 775 mm.
4.6  2.1
 Shear, bond and torsion

5.3 LAPS IN REINFORCEMENT

lo /3 lo /3
lo  lb,rqd  1   2   3   5   6 (5.21)*
A s /2 A s /2
< 150 mm
α6=(ρ1⁄25)^0.5
As
minimum lap length is given as
lo
(a) tension lap
l o,min  0.3 6 lb,reqd  15 diameters  200 mm (5.22)
4 4
lo /3 lo /3
Transverse reinforcement must be provided around laps
A s /2 A s /2 other than where the lapped bars are less than 20mm
< 150 mm
diameter or there is less than 25 per cent lapped bars.

>0.3lo lo
As 
< 4 or 50 mm

lo
(b) compression lap
> 2 or 20 mm
Figure 5.13: Transverse reinforcement for lapped bars

28 Figure 5.14: Lapping of adjacent bars

 Shear, bond and torsion

A A 5.4 TORSION
T Closed links must be provided
cL
Crack lines
such that :
Asw 1.15TEd
Figure 5.15:Torsional cracking

Tens
ion s 2 Ak f yk cot 
h
on
si

Additional longitudinal steel

res
mp

h T
Co

q
ion
Tens
cL
q

t
must be provided :
h co

TEd uk cot 
(a)
t
As1 f y1k
Compression in struts

Fs1
k
qu 
Si
n
Torsional shear force

qu k
1.15 2 Ak
 

qu k
Fs 1= qu k
Tan 
Tension in
longitudinal steel
Rules apply for its location
Triangle of forces
(b) Forces acting on whole body (one face shown representative of all four faces)
& distribution
hc

29
os
 Shear, bond and torsion

End of chapter 5

30
30
 Shear, bond and torsion

X
z b

zc
os

compression Fc
n n
sio VEd sio
z = 0.9d

VEd /sin
tension
e s e s
d pr pr
om om

tension

tension

c c

tension Fs
X zcot Section
VEd Variable angle
Figure 5.2

31