Tourism Development THESIS .

Factors affecting tourism development in Guinea
Abstract
The aim of the current research was, to analyze the impact of political factors on tourism growth
in Guinea, to identify the influence of economical factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to
examine the effect of historical factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to study the consequences
of social factors on tourism growth in Guinea and to investigate the results of cultural factors on
tourism growth in Guinea. The data was collected by conducting the survey from the residents of
Guinea in Conakry. The researcher elicited the responses of respondents on various prospects of
tourism development in Guinea. The sampling framework used in the survey was majorly based
on purposive sampling technique. The sampling techniques were centered on the objectives of
research and particular characteristics of population. The researcher disseminated questionnaires
to 400 respondents in the target industry. Among 400 respondents, 25 respondents abandoned the
survey and 29 respondents half-filled the questionnaires. After disposing the wrong filled
questionnaires, 340 questionnaires are finalized for acceptable data size. The researcher used
SPSS and AMOS for the analysis and also used CFA and SEM for the further authentication and
analysis of data. The results of the study showed that the impact of political factors and
economical factors is insignificant on the tourism development in Guinea. But the impact of
historical, cultural nad social factors is significant on the tourism development in Guinea. The
study has its limitations based on the small sample that the researcher has took, the study is also
limited according to the area it covered and the way the factors were studied.
Keywords: Guinea, Tourism, Development, Factors, Affecting, Decline, Social, Culture
Table of contents
Chapter no 1.....................................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................3
1.1. Background of the study.......................................................................................................3
1.2. Problem statement.................................................................................................................6
1.3. Justification rationale............................................................................................................7
1.4. Research objectives...............................................................................................................7
1.5. Research questions................................................................................................................7
1.6. Scope of the research............................................................................................................8
1.7. Significance of the research..................................................................................................8
1.8. Structure of the thesis............................................................................................................9
Summary......................................................................................................................................9
Chapter no 2...................................................................................................................................10
2. Literature review....................................................................................................................10
2.1. Political factors and Tourism development........................................................................10
2.2. Economic factors and Tourism development......................................................................12
2.3. Historical factors and Tourism development......................................................................13
2.4. Social factors and Tourism development............................................................................15
2.5. Cultural factors and Tourism development.........................................................................16
Chapter 3........................................................................................................................................18
3. Methodology of research.......................................................................................................18
3.1. Research Strategy and Approach....................................................................................18
3.2. Population and Sampling.................................................................................................19
3.3. Data Collection Procedure...............................................................................................19
3.4. Measures..........................................................................................................................20
3.5. Data Analysis..................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4........................................................................................................................................23
4. Results and Data Analysis......................................................................................................23
4.1. Demographical Profile....................................................................................................23
4.2. Item Wise Normality.......................................................................................................24
4.3. Descriptive Statistics.......................................................................................................26
4.4. KMO and Bartlett's Test..................................................................................................32
4.5. Rotated Component Matrix.............................................................................................33
4.6. Correlations.....................................................................................................................35
4.7. Convergent and Discriminant Validity............................................................................36
4.8. Model Fitness Test..........................................................................................................37
4.9. SEM.................................................................................................................................38
Chapter 5........................................................................................................................................39
5. Discussion and Conclusion....................................................................................................39
5.1. Discussion.......................................................................................................................39
5.2. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................42
5.2.1. Implications of the research.........................................................................................43
5.2.2. Limitations and future research recommendations of the research..............................44

Chapter no 1
1. Introduction
This chapter is initiated by revealing the importance of tourism in Guinea. The conditions of
determinants on tourism development and their growth patterns in Guinea are analyzed. The
problems about the growth of tourism and past studies regarding its determinants are reviewed.
The questions and objectives of our research study are given. The scope and significance of our
research are also mentioned.
1.1. Background of the study

Guinea is a country which has surplus attributes to attract tourists that tentatively have a positive
effect on the economy of the state which is currently struggling. Because of this unstable
economy, its tourism industry remains in trouble by uncertainties and interferences of the
Government and certain other factors. It is expected that tourism development will continue to be
a last preference of the government, before a secure and more certain environment is attained
(Basu, 2017). Although the political conditions remain stiff in Guinea but are quite stable. In
view of this, Government has started the process for the development of tourism. They suggested
that all companies of Guinea whether private or public should work collaboratively to
endorse Guinea as a destination for foreign tourists. It will be helpful towards the state for
developing better position of tourism. With the development of tourism, the Government of
Guinea will able to clear the state’s exterior dues and thus discharge the state´s resources for
economic growth. Specifically, it will increase investments in construction plans with the
accommodation of transportation and travel categories, which automatically provides
accommodation to more business tourists. With the utilization of investments and funds, the state
of Guinea can construct roads and sponsored the pavement of streets and regional roads in main
cities (Nunkoo & Gursoy, 2017). As described by Ghosh and Siddique (2017) that tourism is one
of the main sectors of the Guinea which establishment improves the living values of the
individuals. But by understanding the economic interest of tourism, the significance of the
tourism and hospitality section can be valued. These importance lead to increase in benefits both
direct and indirect. The advent of Tourists, employment in tourism sector, contribution to GDP
and enlargement of foreign direct investment FDI are direct benefits which attained through
immediate spending by travelers and visitors and by public and private investors in the division
too. Spending on marketing, advertising and promotion services, buying of fuel, catering services
of airlines are indirect benefits which are median consumptions. Unfortunately, the ranking of
Guinea in achieving these benefits are very low. To enjoy these benefits Guinea must develop
the right infrastructure, enhances security and safety and refine methods of doing business in
Guinea. It is essential to have better policies and procedures to develop the tourism sector and
motivate public and private sector investment. In addition to it, the Government of Guinea must
literate the people about tourism so that they become able to take the chances in the development
of the tourism sector. As elaborated by Takahashi (2018) that Guinea has exceptional
development circumstances for almost all types of tourism. It can be seen from the fact that
Guinea has wide variety of the landscape, atmospheric conditions, flora and fauna, handicrafts,
hospitable customs and traditions, dynamic history and civilization, which is a composition of all
the characteristics of West Africa. On account of this, tourism industry grows. Ultimately, it
helped Guinea to establish the modern international luxury hotels, which has resulted in the
constant increase of hotel rooms and an expand growth in good vehicle rental businesses which
are according to international standards. Travel agencies have also increased with the growth of
tourism in Guinea. The chief advantage of the tourism industry can be assigned to the political
drive and determination of the Guinean state to evolve a variety of tourism products such as
seaside tourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism etc. Guinea also displays an outstanding
opportunity towards the three evolving niche markets of African tourism, such as eco-tourism,
adventure tourism and cultural tourism but still the Guinean tourism sector is undergoing an
eclipse. The potential of tourism industry in Guinea is almost at the initial stage. The main
reasons of the undeveloped tourism industry in Guinea is that the great hotels are sited in main
cities and tourists must come across a rural-type village setting. Most of the travelers who visit
Guinea are business people, such as oil company workers, who visit Guinea for relaxing for a
few days, or joining energy or economic meetings. Most travel agencies provide ideal tours for
both luxury and happenings, but they also mention problems, particularly of being allowed to
come in the state. Till now this country is anonymous to many travelers, who would have to face
many difficulties regarding visa process and a lack of tourism infrastructure (Ghalia, Fidrmuc,
Samargandi, & Sohag, 2019). Furthermore, Markwell, Rayel, and Taia (2017) elaborated that
tourism development in Guinea has increased the demand of regional goods and services. It also
enhanced business opportunities for local dealers, indirectly creating employment and increasing
economy of the country. It stimulated the markets of goods or services consumed by tourists,
such as handicrafts, shopping experiences and musical shows. Then it benefited regional
societies through employment and business opportunities, which are generated by local
companies and suppliers and the incomes which are obtained from services and business
opportunities contributed to improve the means of living and poverty depletion. It is a way of
transferring the economic profits from one segment to another segment.
Authors Barkauskas, Barkauskienė, and Jasinskas (2015) have discussed that of all the
determinants of tourism development in Guinea, socio-economic factors are the chief one.
Because the factors which have a direct relation with the economy are of most important. The
increment in economy leads towards the betterment of conveyance and transportation like roads,
airports, railways, air and water which are in a developing condition in Guinea. Then, with the
improvement in these infrastructures’ tourists reach their traveling spots in the quickest possible
time. One of the socio-economic elements is Accommodation. With the help of the
accommodation, locations of tourists' interest become able to provide good and better catering
services in Guinea and the five-star hotels and restaurants are growing gradually. A type of
accommodation depends on the life-styles of tourists, standard of living, volume to spend money,
nature of amenities expected, etc. Usually, tourism flourished in those areas in Guinea where
good rooms and food services are available at sensible prices. Safety and security are the crucial
elements of social factors and Guinea in respect to this are in a danger position which eventually
have a negative impact on tourism development. These factors also accounted for the
development of supplementary services like banking and finance, the Internet and telecom
connections, hospitals, insurance etc. as such a place prospers to retain more travelers for an
extended period. It inclusively helped to increase the economy of Guinea to some extent and
ultimately tourism grows. Historical and cultural factors also helped Guinea for the development
of tourism. Cultural and historical factors in Guinea have increased the demand of tourists
globally. Many tourists are fascinated to the places of Guinea of historical and cultural
importance. Because they have an inheritance of rich cultural and historical places. People like
and appreciate discovering destinations in Guinea where are the renowned antique monuments,
wonderful forts, castles and palaces of prior kings and queens, etc. Cultural and historical
heritage in Guinea inclined to attract market sections which brought benefits for the country
(Gravari-Barbas, 2018). Many studies (Nunkoo, 2015), (Lee, Hampton, & Jeyacheya, 2015)
have focused on political instability of Guinea which is a significant challenge for tourism
development. Many researchers (Lee et al., 2015), (Nunkoo & Gursoy, 2017) have examined the
effect of political conflict on the tourism industry. The political conditions of Guinea are not
stable thus its factors have a bad impact on tourism development. The customs policies and visa
procedures are difficult for visitors and many laws and regulations regarding tourists have been
made difficult. Political conflicts in Guinea have damaged the development of tourism
industry. These type of political conflicts and unrest situations in Guinea have developed
concerns for the travelers about their security and, thus, tourists stay away from travelling to
Guinea. The local Government of Guinea did not spend on tourism industry thus declined its
development. Terrorism and violence also prevailed in the country which have a poor impact on
the economy and on tourism development.
1.2. Problem statement

Every country wants to promote its tourism to earn revenue and Guinea is also among those
countries. Unfortunately, the factors which can promote tourism in Guinea are unknown and
studies regarding these factors are minimal. To improve the growth of tourism in Guinea or to
properly developed it, it is essential to disclose those factors or to bring improvement in those
factors. This problem is not only related to Guinea but also in other African countries and other
developing or under developing countries. Those countries where tourism policies are not strong
enough or where studies or researches on these factors have not been done, how they can
improve their tourism growth? Therefore, it’s a die need to identify those factors which can
promote tourism growth especially in Guinea because If we do not identify those factors then the
tourism industry can go down.
1.3. Justification rationale

Past studies have been conducted on the tourism of Guinea, (Cheer et al., 2018), (Krstic,
Jovanovic, Jankovic-Milic, & Stanisic, 2016) but no one has try to highlight those factors which
can improve the tourism development in Guinea. If someone do research on the determinants of
tourism development such as political, historical, social, economical and cultural, they did not
bother to do studies on these determinants altogether. They did not use latest methodological
techniques like structure and equational modeling to prove it or to add empirical evidence. But
we are using all these techniques in our research and it is existing in our research at novelty.
1.4. Research objectives
Following are the research objectives which are going to be addressed in this study:
1. To analyze the impact of political factors on tourism growth in Guinea

2. To identify the influence of economical factors on tourism growth in Guinea
3. To examine the effect of historical factors on tourism growth in Guinea
4. To study the consequences of social factors on tourism growth in Guinea
5. To investigate the results of cultural factors on tourism growth in Guinea
1.5. Research questions

Following are the research questions which are going to be addressed in this study:
1. What is the impact of political factors on tourism growth in Guinea?

2. What is the influence of economical factors on tourism growth in Guinea?
3. What is the effect of historical factors on tourism growth in Guinea?
4. What are the consequences of social factors on tourism growth in Guinea?
5. What are the results of cultural factors on tourism growth in Guinea?
1.6. Scope of the research

Tourism in Guinea got declined when Ebola virus breakout. It has imposed a major danger to its
growth, it restricted the visitors to come to Guinea, decreasing the economy of the state. With the
effect of Ebola on Travel & Tourism, it decreased the tourist arrivals approximately by 50%. As
tourists are fascinated to countries with good infrastructure, their major problems are
infrastructure problems. The bad roads, poorly developed airports, electric outages and other
deficiencies keep travelers missing. Greatest concern of tourism development in Guinea is
towards the safety and security and sanitation. In addition, many airports in Guinea are small and
face difficulties in dealing with tourists or with the arrival of most tourists. Some airlines have no
connection to different developed countries. Guinea needs to attract tourists with their cultural
and historical heritage and market their brands efficiently (Morford, 2017). Because The
varieties, landscapes, weather and culture of Guinea make it a heaven for visitors of diverse
resources. The dances, customs and traditions, cultural and historical heritage and friendly
welcome of the people make the country a gratifying station. Guinea has a perception of the
historical and one of Africa’s remembrances. It is a combination of all the attributes of West
Africa along its four natural regions with distinct landscape, climate, fauna and flora. It also has
many attractive natural sites and tourists are attracted towards Hiking, Raids, Adventure,
Trekking Parks and mountains. And to crown them all, the folks of Guinea have a strong
tradition of showing hospitality to travelers (Rogerson, 2017). The boundary of our study is
Guinea. It can apply to other African countries, but its prime concern is related to Guinea and it
revolved around it. Its secondary scope is associated with other African counties and tertiary
scope is linked with the other developing and under developing countries regarding the matters
of tourism growth.
1.7. Significance of the research

Similar studies regarding our research which are conducted in the past are theoretical, practical
and policy making benefits. It provided benefits of Tourism to Local societies and helped to
reduce poverty. With the help of their researches, individuals living in utmost poverty enjoy
benefits in terms of employment and thus improving their means of living. It has given
advantages to technology development for data collection, impact extent and connections. It
helped to develop ideas and projects for greater involvement of small and medium enterprises
SMEs. It assisted local Governments to develop better policies and procedures and allowed them
to share their policies and information with other regions to make best policy design and build
better strategies. It provided evidence on the level to which tourism development procedures and
programs bestow to achieve objectives for growth and other purposes including the lessening of
differences, growth of private and public segment investment and environmental corrections.
(Woo, Kim, & Uysal, 2015). Related studies on tourism development (Le-Klähn, Roosen,
Gerike, & Hall, 2015), (Lu, Chi, & Liu, 2015) add on to theoretical and empirical evidence about
tourism growth of Guinea, they highlighted some determinants concerning tourism development.
Practically it provides benefits to tourism agencies and to tourists so that the companies can
highlight those factors which visitors can enjoy during travelling. The studies also give
Government some benefits so that they can make policies on these determinants but still they fail
to highlight those factors properly which are necessary for the development of tourism in
Guinea.
1.8. Structure of the thesis

There are five chapters in our thesis:
First chapter is the introduction of our study in which background, problem statement,
justification rationale, research objectives, research questions, scope and significance of the
research are discussed.
Second chapter is the literature review of our study in which factors affecting tourism
development such as political, historical, social, economic and cultural factors have been
discussed.
Third chapter is Research Methodology in which research philosophy, approach, methods,

population sampling, instrumentation, measures, data analysis and ethical considerations are
discussed.
Fourth chapter is Results and Analysis in which the outcomes of correlations, structure equation
modeling, confirmative factor analysis have been discussed
Fifth chapter is Discussion and Conclusion in which considerations, conclusion, limitation and
implications of future indications have been discussed.
Summary
The aim of this research is to underline all those factors which are affecting tourism development
in Guinea. The determinants which are under covered till now, highlighted. In regard of this, the
thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them is dealing with different aspects of tourism
development in Guinea. However, it is suggested that those factors would improve tourism
development in Guinea.
Chapter no 2
2. Literature review
Tourism has a major impact on the economy of any country. There are lot of factors which effect
tourism development such as Political, Economical, Historical, Social and cultural. Studies
regarding these factors are being reviewed in this chapter and their consequences on tourism
development. By considering past studies, a critical analysis on these factors has been done.
2.1. Political factors and Tourism development

Political factors play a major role in the establishment of tourism. Have belief in local ministry
can lead to increase in tourism development. Political trust signifies its relationship with
expansion of tourism. It also brings positive effects towards tourism (Nunkoo, 2015). Nunkoo
and Gursoy (2017) have elaborated that political trust is a salient feature for proliferation of
tourism. it quantifies mass tourism more blatantly. They demonstrated that a state which
strengthens political trust have sustainable tourism development. Political factors include
political stability, tactic development purposes, administrative policies and procedures, laws and
legislation and environmental protection legislation. One of the chief barriers for the
development of tourism is Legal and bureaucratic boundaries. The tourism action is officially
limited only in specific conditions when they leave negative impact on the country. For the
success of tourism, the absolute situations are political strength, advance security, well-defined
and proper legal system, public goods provided by the country – infrastructure, environment and
information. Thus, sustainable political factors have vital influence on tourism development as it
increases monthly gross earnings, GDP, FDI and Government revenues (Barkauskas et al.,
2015). Political crises in any country have a quickest and bad influence on tourism industry.
Furthermore, political unrest situations, is directly linked to the happenings of such events such
as terrorism, war and other intense events. Specifically, it is directly associated with the image of
the country and with a bad impact of the country declined the tourism development. Because of
this, the tourism industry requires the involvement of politics. With the help of the Governments,
the decisions and policies regarding tourism development have been improved and could create
enough environment to establish tourism industry. Krstic et al. (2016) have identified five
characters of administration which are necessary for the achievement of the tourism industry
such as: “coordination, planning, legislation and regulation, entrepreneurship, and stimulation”.
Countries must make better policies regarding tourism development and analyze them properly
because Policy manufacturing is a political project which is implanted within the economic and
social features of humanity. As such it imitates the societal values, philosophies, distribution of
power, organizations and decision-making. (Mathew & Sreejesh, 2017)
Guinea has an impaired economy which denotes political and administrative uncertainty. Its
economy does not have enough potential to invest in tourism and travelling due to which tourism
industry is underdeveloped. Guinea’s state is responsible for this poor development of tourism.
Their expenditures on the development of infrastructure is almost negligible and steady working
on it. It can be seen from the fact that majority of the travel destinations and buildings are poorly
developed. Government did not work on roads, airports, buildings and transportation which lead
to this unhealthy condition. The quality of roads, taxis and buses are badly retained. Highway
travelling is extremely dangerous as there are deep holes on the roads of Guinea. There may be a
shortage of fuel supply because of political situations. The composition of these factors has made
the country unattractive for many potential incoming tourists (Williams, 2015). Due to this
ongoing political unrest situations terrorist attacks can’t be eliminated, and Guinean
administrations keep police checkpoints in the entire state. Besides this, thieves snatched the
motors from peoples at gun point. Owing to the fact, tourists feel unsaved for traveling in this
country. Security risks are also the consequence of political intensity or disasters, terrorist
attacks, illegal acts, plagiarism and sea crimes. And many of the visitors are disheartened
because their flights have been late or cancelled. Government has made laws and regulations so
complex regarding tourism industry that every person must go through detailed procedures of
customs and policies (Saha, Su, & Campbell, 2017). Regional political factors also play
progressively major role in damaging the travel industry of the country. Local organizations and
local communities perform a deficient part in developing this industry. By not cooperating
among themselves and different set of attitudes and opinions become the causes of this
underdeveloped industry. But opportunities are there to get benefitted from them. With proper
utilization of resources, state can stand up against all the odds. (Cheer et al., 2018)
So, this study has proposed following hypothesis
H1: Political factors have a significant impact on tourism development.
2.2. Economic factors and Tourism development

Economic factors have considerable control on the development of tourism. As it strongly
depends on the growth of revenue. Ultimately increased salaries empower individuals to spend
some money for their entertainment and vacations. This factor highly touches tourism. However,
with the increasing inflation, real income of the community decreases which is an important
point of recognition. When tourists come from different countries investments and GDP escalate,
travelling companies developed as well as inflation rises. Tourism development is highly
governed by interest rate changes, government expenditure, foreign investments, and
unemployment rate. (Barkauskas et al., 2015)
According to Saha et al. (2017) many countries depend upon tourism for the welfare of their
economy. Because it decreases unemployment rates and brings employment, foreign direct
investment (FDI), as well as government and private revenue. Tourism industry is basically a
resource-based industry which accompanies much capital for the growth of the country. Most of
the countries are highly reliant on tourism industry for their economic growth and any negative
impression regarding travelling can be alarming situation for them. Whether tourism industry can
increase economic growth or not is still an important macroeconomic query for both policy
makers and stakeholders. We encompass the literature to see if tourism development is
secondary factor of income with the existence of the primary income factors such as capital
growth, or if the effects of tourism development on economic growth work through the primary
income factors, alternatively. It is indicated from the findings that investing in tourism in and of
itself seem to be inadequate for economic growth. For the long-term growth of an economy,
tourism participation plays its role as an essential part of a wider development strategy that is
more generally concentrated on primary income factors (Du, Lew, & Ng, 2016). Furthermore,
Kirillova, Lehto, and Cai (2017) suggested that the type of tourism experiences, travel party size,
tourist gender, age, and educational level greatly effects economic growth. Economic factors
related to tourism development contribute to three important goals of developing and under
developing countries such as, the creation of income, employment, and foreign direct
investments FDI. In view of this, the tourism development has become a major incentive of the
establishment of economy. The effect of this tourism industry on the development of economy
depends on the precise features of each state. With the development of tourism industry,
economy grows which eventually leads to the development of other sectors of the country
The growth performance of Guinea is not completely disappointing with regards to

macroeconomic factors. But the Government failed to give the profits of this partial growth, and
the recipients have become restricted and thin. As an outcome, in respect of standard of living of
its population, Guinea continued to be one of the underprivileged states in the world. Tourism
can become the conventional economic action of this country by developing new tourism
strategy. If the strategies are not carried out properly it will affect the development of tourism
industry and create struggles for the economy and economic interests. As a result, neither
tourism nor other activities will grow appropriately, and the economy of the country remains
unchanged. It also brings political and social pressures from where adjusting the situations could
be difficult and the image of the country suffers (Krstic et al., 2016). Nunkoo and Gursoy (2017)
have argued that tourism has the potential involvement to economic growth. Economic growth is
principally a strong fact for tourism development and Guinea by considering these factors can
lead to have higher growth rates on their economy. The considerable impact on the establishment
of tourism industry in Guinea are the economic factors. And the factors which effect tourism
growth in Guinea are GDP, wages and salaries, inflation, revenue, monthly gross earnings,
employment rates, interest rates, administrative expenditure and foreign direct investments FDI.
According to Lee et al. (2015) GDP is the most important economic factor for the development
of tourism industry in Guinea. The development of tourism in Guinea is determined by the
procedures of economic incorporation and development of foreign relations with the world.
H2: Economical factors have a significant impact on tourism development.
2.3. Historical factors and Tourism development

Advance tourism is specified by variety of forms, kinds and categories. Travelling can be within
the country i.e. internal and outside the country i.e. external. Thus, historical and cultural
heritage have a vital role in the development of tourism. For promoting tourism, historical
inheritances are significant assets of the countries or cities. They become the huge part of profit
making and have vital effect on the establishment of economy. By providing seasonal variations
and additional workplaces, the historical heritage becomes an important part of social domain.
The historical heritage endorses cultural exciting of local population by refreshing cultural
values, beliefs, norms, traditions and customs. Historical heritage also urges the demand of
regions, promoting improvement of city services, infrastructures, the cultural organizations.
Countries can have complimentary rank in the market because of their historical heritage.
Association with historical objects is the strongest encouragement for tourism development.
Being the strongest motive, historical tourism encourages development of resources for
involvement of tourists (Ismagilova, Safiullin, & Gafurov, 2015). Gravari-Barbas (2018) have
analyzed that tourism is an important factor for advent and declaration of the modern idea of
historical heritage. It particularly shows that even in the 21 st century historical heritage has
worked well, quicker and more proficiently. The tourism system which involves tourism actors,
places, trades and tourists themselves, subsidize to the development of a new heritage system
such as heritage buildings, practices and actors, which are according to the needs and wants of
individuals. Historical destinations have a major impact on the tourism development. Travelers
who are historical lovers find pleasure in visiting these places. They share their experiences at
different places and create positive word of mouth which eventually leads to tourism
development. Results indicated that tourists' participation in historical heritage can increase the
formation of tourism. Tourists' involvement is directly related with tourists' satisfaction (Lu et
al., 2015)
Most of the visitors come to visit historical places in Guinea which enhances tourism
development. Chiefly they come for a cultural and historical experience. It is estimated that
historical tourism is expected to grow approximately 10 percent per year in coming years.
Guinea has a great potential to further work on historical places to develop tourism development.
By concentrating on niche markets Guinea can bring tourists whom are big spenders., aligned
with the states’ natural, historical and cultural tourism goods. Natural and historical places are
acknowledged as the considerable potential areas for growth of tourism development in Guinea.
Developing and maintaining historical places can become the reason to attract holiday visitors to
Guinea (Lu et al., 2015). Guinea is a land of distant hills, pure rainforests, dropping waterfalls
and have breathtaking landscapes. Such historical places govern tourism development and
benefit the country or people at a large scale. Furthermore, it brings the positive impact of the
country. Tourism development regarding historical factors can draw upon local skills,
proficiency, customs and traditions, and the exceptionality of places at Guinea. Tourists through
historical experiences can learn about arts and crafts, design, health, languages, or sports of the
Guinea (Le-Klähn et al., 2015).
H3: Historical factors have a significant impact on tourism development.
2.4. Social factors and Tourism development

Social factors affect tourism in a variety of ways. One of the main issues is lack of security
which not only effects foreign visitors but also local visitors. Insecurity, crime and cheat are
common fact.com.comors of unsafety which is reported by many of the visitors. At the time of
physical evidences, they do not get any support. Therefore, they cannot do anything in this case.
Social factors such as social security, community insolence, community involvement and
political distrust effect tourism development to a great extent (Le-Klähn et al., 2015). According
to Barkauskas et al. (2015) social factors are demographic changes in the state and area,
relationship between family and community which prevails in the society, the features of
lifestyle, different aspects of health and education, the criminal situations, etc. Safety
environment encourages healthy tourism development. Unqualified staff is lacking due to poor
and unsafe local conditions in these areas. And such deprived demographic conditions follow
inadequate access to health and education services, adverse changes in employment and services,
poor state of infrastructure and buildings. Rasoolimanesh, Jaafar, Kock, and Ramayah (2015)
investigated that social factors influence tourism development. Communal attachment,
environmental attitudes, gender, age, education and religion are the social factors which have an
impact on tourism development. He further demonstrated that perceptions can also strongly
inspire tourism development. (Krstic et al., 2016) have described that social factors urges
changes on the development of tourism in a country. However, the extent of these changes
whether positive or negative depends on the tourists leaving mark on the country. Tourism
development can also affect the community rights in any part of the state. Community
interactions at different levels with the tourists can affect the traditional values of them where
they are travelling. Having good vibes with the tourists can bring positive social changes in the
country. Tourists who get good care from the community spread awareness and the social
viewpoint also transformed due to tourism development. It is a duty of the communities to bring
positive social changes to welcome the tourists for its development.
Social factors have strong influence on tourism development in Guinea. Social factors are the
ways which contributes the changes in tourism development. It brings changes in value systems,
individual behavior, family relationships, collective life styles, moral conduct, artistic
expressions, traditional rituals and community organizations. In other words, it highly effected
the people of host communities of their direct and indirect links with tourists (Lu et al., 2015).
Mathew and Sreejesh (2017) have described that in Guinea the socio-cultural effects on tourism
development are tough to measure, or even unknown to some extent. Most of the studies showed
that social factors have great impact on the host communities rather than on the tourists
themselves. Overall, community attitudes, education and perceptions of the people of Guinea
bring the development of tourism. In Guinea tourism industry is affected by social factors as
their people are uneducated and they have poorly organized communities. These factors tend to
decline their economic base, decrease foreign exchange earnings, create unemployment and
poorly developed infrastructure. For successful tourism development Guinea must build better
infrastructure which eventually increases the visitors on their country by working on social
factors. Guinea must cooperate and mutually identify ways where by widely using social factors
tourism in their country grows.
H4: Social factors have a significant impact on tourism development.
2.5. Cultural factors and Tourism development

Tourists experience richness of culture while travelling. Therefore, it has a great impact on
tourism development. Cultural factors are the opportunities for tourism development as it
associates with the country’s history, culture, customs, traditions and religions. For most of the
countries cultural factors are the main source of tourism development which automatically
increases economic activities. It can be said that cultural factors are the basis of tourism
development because it covers all socio-cultural factors such as traditions, customs and
characteristics of family and economy. With the development of tourism travelers exchanged
cultural experiences, ideas, values and goods through art, trade and migrations. Cultural
creativity of individuals always creates interest. The cultural and historical centers not only bring
incomes to the states, but also give local people the opportunity to be proud of their exclusive
heritage and to share it with tourists. The exceptional cultural objects are the determinant of
successful development of tourism in the country. Association with historical and cultural
objects can become the strongest inducement tourist motive. Being the robust tourist motive,
historical and cultural factors also promotes growth of resources for contribution of travelers
(Ismagilova et al., 2015). With the existence of cultural features, the state can receive ideal
position in the market. Factors of culture can be channels of distribution of information for
tourists. The success of tourism development depends not only on substantial base, but also on
distinctiveness of historical and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is necessary to correct, maintain
and restore the cultural heritage of man-made, natural and traditional landscapes which are
timeless cultural values and national property. With the improvement of cultural factors, the
tourism industry tends to grow (Gravari-Barbas, 2018). Ismagilova et al. (2015) have described
that cultural factors include works of entertainers, actors, architects, musicians, singers, writers
etc. which give value to any country and attract tourists. Cultural factors cover creativity of
people, languages, customs, beliefs, property. Usually, travelers visit festivals, representations,
theaters, monuments and the museums which follows successful development of tourism.
Mathew and Sreejesh (2017) examined that cultural factors are responsible for the prosperity of
tourism development. It has a mediating relationship with establishment of tourism. Sinclair-
Maragh, Gursoy, and Vieregge (2015) further demonstrated that cultural factors are particularly
concerned with religions, languages and traditions of states and has a strong impact with tourism
development.
Although people of Guinea are welcoming towards tourists, but it is their belief that the customs
and traditions must be respected by travelers. Dressing must be appropriate. When greeting with
the people of Guinea, it must be asked about their health. Titles must be used while addressing
others such as MR, MS. It is unwise to click photos of government buildings. Therefore, tourists
should ask local public for pic. Majority of the population are Muslim, and the minorities also
exist. Their national language is French (Whitney-Squire, 2016). The people of Guinea used their
culture factors to endorse destinations for the tourists and increases the attractiveness and appeal
of their cultural heritage. Many locations are now vigorously developing their tangible and
intangible cultural assets as a means of developing successful tourism development. It also
increases competitive marketplace for tourism and creates local uniqueness to attract the tourists
(Le-Klähn et al., 2015).
H5: Cultural factors have a significant impact on tourism development.
Theoretical framework
Political factors
Economical factors
Historical factors
Tourism development
Social factors
Cultural factors
Chapter 3
3. Methodology of research
3.1. Research Strategy and Approach
Research strategy is defined as organized plan of action to analyze the study in order to produce
productive and reliable results. Researcher strategy has important contribution in describing the
logic of the empirical research. There are three types of research strategy such as exploratory
research, descriptive research and explanatory research. In this study, the researcher employed
explanatory research strategy, based on given nature and structure of the study. The explanatory
research strategy is adopted to present in-detail logic behind the impact of political, social,
economic, cultural, and historical factors on the tourism development of Guinea. In addition, the
explanatory strategy presents in-detail characteristics of respondents and measures of variables.
The research approach is referred to method to conduct the study. It is the set of procedures and
layout plan for conducting research that includes various steps such as assumption, hypothesis,
data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results. The decision of opting the various
approaches of research totally depends on the nature and scope of the research topic. Based on
the scope and nature of this study, the researcher chosen deductive approach to examine the
effect of various factors on tourism development in Guinea. In this study, researcher constructed
the hypothesis based on the existing research and literature of the aforementioned variables. The
formulated hypotheses are subject to rejection and acceptance totally based on data and statistical
analysis.
3.2. Population and Sampling
In this research, the author investigated the impact of political factors, economic factors, social
factors, historical factor, and cultural factor, on the tourism development in Guinea. The in-depth
analysis on the determinants of the tourism development in Guinea is not performed prior to this
study. Moreover, scope of the research is restricted to the tourism industry in Guinea. Therefore,
the novelty of research made it difficult for researcher to find the secondary or published data on
aforementioned variables. Thus, the research has to rely on survey to collect primary data on the
variables’ of interest. For this, the researcher conducted a survey to collect primary data, and
adopted the various measures and constructed the proxies to explain the variables. The rationale
behind choosing the tourism development in Guinea is that the industry has been the victim of
severe ignorance on part of government and insignificantly contributed in the gross domestic
product of Guinea. Moreover, tourism industry has undergone many years of international
isolation due to limited motel and hotel in the cities. However, the country has many attraction to
captivate the tourists such as beaches, tropical rain forest, mountains, historical places, and
artifacts. Therefore, the rising importance of tourism industry in the economic development of
country has also captured the attention of policy makers in Guinea. Following the same lines, the
research has explored the impact of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors that may
facilitates the development of tourism in Guinea. The data is collected by conducting the survey
from the residents of Guinea in Conakry (capital of the city).The researcher elicited the
responses of respondents on various prospects of tourism development in Guinea. The sampling
framework used in the survey is majorly based on purposive sampling technique. The sampling
techniques is centered on the objectives of research and particular characteristics of population.
The purposive sampling is also called non-probability, selective, judgmental, and subjective
based sampling technique. Besides, it is based on the assumption that sample data is
representative of population data. The data is fetched from respondents by getting one-time
response on the variables of interest. Primarily, the questionnaires were disseminated to 400
residents of Guinea by self-administered survey methodology.
3.3. Data Collection Procedure
In order to statistically estimate the empirical model, the author collect primary data on variables
of interests. For gathering the data on the measures of variables the researcher device a survey to
get the replies of residents on all the measures of variables. The scope of survey is limited to the
tourism industry of Guinea. The survey questions were closed ended to avoid distraction of
respondents. In order to transform the responses in numerical codes, the researcher presents the
five-point scale to respondent to note their responses. For this reason, the author noted the
response on the five-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree, in which one
represent strongly disagree and five represents strongly agree. Before formally commencing the
survey, the author got valuable feedback on the measures and construct of variables from
researchers having expertise on same topic to assure the reliability of variables’ construct.
Subsequently, the author conducted a pilot survey to rectify the possible mistake and errors in
survey questionnaire. After refinement of questions and ameliorating the questionnaire from all
the errors and mistakes, the researcher disseminated questionnaires to 400 respondents in the
target industry. Among 400 respondents, 25 respondents abandoned the survey and 29
respondents half-filled the questionnaires. After disposing the wrong filled questionnaires, 340
questionnaires are finalized for acceptable data size.
3.4. Measures
The purpose of the research is to empirically investigate the impact of various factors on the
tourism development in Guinea. The country is located in the West Africa, and bordered by
Atlantic Ocean from the west. The country is famous for its Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve,
national museum, Grand mosques and indigenous artifacts. Therefore, the researcher is interested
in empirically exploring the role of political factors, economic factors, historical factors, social
factors, and cultural factor in bolstering the potential of tourism industry of Guinea. The
empirical research on the impact of social, political, economic, historical, and cultural factors, on
the tourism development in Guinea is limited. Thus, due to lack of secondary data on
aforementioned variables’ for Guinea, the researcher has opted the survey techniques to collect
primary data on the variables’ of interests. Before collecting the primary data, the researcher has
formulated the measures of the variables by reviewing and emulating the previous studies on
same variables. For constructing the variables’ measures the researcher has took few measures
from the past empirical studies as a base studies to construct the measures. However, in order to
commensurate the measures of variables with the scope of this particular study, the researcher try
to alter the measures to align them with the scope of this research. Researcher has adopted the
scales and survey points of few measures from literature, but also incorporated the study specific
survey points to produce most efficient and reliable results. The dependent variable tourism
development is measured by emulating the scale of tourism development of Nunkoo (2015) on
the five point Likert scale. The researcher has incorporated seven survey points to construct the
measure of tourism development. The researcher elicit the responses of respondents on following
points: Attractiveness of destination, hospitality of aboriginals, tourism staff attitude, easy access
to attractive sites, information quality offered at attraction sites, safety and security, of the
location, accommodation services. The respondents recorded their statement on five point likert
scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Moreover, following the study of Nunkoo and
Gursoy (2017) the researcher by tampering the measures construct the variable of political
factors in context of tourism development in Guinea. The researcher has adopted the nine survey
point to construct the measure of political factor. The survey point includes in measures are :
Democracy contributes in Tourism, absence of political violence, peace and justice, political
system supports for Tourists, well managed historical sites, Good Tourism policy, accessibility
in tourism, technology in tourism, and facilitation in tourism. All the responses of the
respondents on statements are recorded on five point likert scale from one to five, where one
denotes strongly disagree and five denotes strongly agree. For constructing the measures of
economic and social factors, the insights has been taken from the study of Kara, Tarim, and
Tatoglu (2003) which has measured economic and social factors in tourism revenue in turkey by
using multi-item scale. The economic factor in the study is measured by seven survey items such
as price affordability of tourist, tourist perception about living cost, tourist perception about hotel
cost, tourist perception about local attitude when making purchase, prices of goods and services,
cost of transportation, and real estate value. The responses of the respondents of these multi-
survey items are recorded on five point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Likewise, the construct of social capital is based on mulit-survey items. The respondents
measure social factors by eliciting responses on : locals’ perception about tourist attitude,
sexually transmitted diseases, locals’ perception about easy communication with tourist,
prostitution in tourism, Vandalism acts, robbery in tourism, social values improvement due to
tourism, and drugs in tourism. Finally, for measuring the cultural and historical factors
contributing in tourism development of Guinea the author took the idea of scales from the study
of Zhu, Liu, Wei, Li, and Wang (2017). Following the same pattern the author also recorded the
response of respondents on five-point Likert scale from one to five. Historical factors is
measured by five survey items that includes: natural landscape resources, Rich Stories, Museum
and arts, Artifacts abundance, and historical places. Cultural factors is measured by the eliciting
responses of respondents on cultural heritage of Guinea on following survey points such as:
social norms, Guinea heritage, Cultural activities, cultural objects, Guinean lifestyle, and
Guinean habits. The respondents have recorded their responses on five point Likert scale based
on their extent of consent with the statement. The responses are noted on the scale of strongly
disagree to strongly agree from one to five.
3.5. Data Analysis

In order to empirically explore the relationship between dependent and independent variables,
the author employed the SPSS and AMOS to analyze the data. The SPSS is the most efficient
software to transform the data into numeric and strings. The software efficiently code each
measures and survey points of variables with particular indicators that facilitates the empirical
estimation of model. The author has also summarizes the responses of each respondents by
presenting the frequency distribution of respondents based on the responses noted on five point
likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The frequency distribution of each response
indicate the degree of consent of respondents with particular statement. Moreover the author also
employed AMOS in the study to estimate the regression coefficient and significance of
hypothesis. In total, six different tests were performed on both software to analyze the primary
data on latent variables. SPSS was used for performing descriptive analysis, reliability analysis,
and frequency distribution. The descriptive analysis shows the characteristics of data by
illustrating the mean, median, maximum, minimum, and normal distribution of variables’ data.
The reliability test are conducted to examine the load factor and reliability of the measures of
variables, it shows that if testing process are repeated with a group of respondents, essentially the
same findings would be obtained. The frequency distribution indicates the share of participants
based on gender, age, and education. Besides, AMOS is used to estimate Structure Equation
Modeling, confirmatory factor analysis and model fitness test. Confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) is a statistical method of multivariate model to inspect that how well the
measured variables represents the number of constructs. Fundamentally, it explain that the
variable is actually relates with measures with which it should be relate and unrelated with
measures with which it should unrelated. Whereas, the structural equation model is designed to
measure regression coefficient for testing the hypotheses of latent variables. The use of SEM
model is common in the empirical research on socials sciences because compute the
unobservable variables such as latent variables from observable constructs (survey responses).
The SEM models test the proposed hypothesis by estimating the significance of relationship
between latent variables.
Chapter 4
4. Results and Data Analysis
Before switching towards formal estimation, the author measured the frequency distribution of
the respondents. The frequency distribution of respondents according to age, education, and
gender depicts the characteristics of the participants. The total participants in the survey was 318,
among which the share of male and female respondents are 52.2 and 47.8 percent, respectively.
It indicates that researcher has tried to include both genders for analysis with almost equal
proportion. Furthermore, the education wise frequency distribution of the respondents indicates
that share of intermediate participants are highest in the dataset, contributing 43.1 percent in the
total participant. Likewise, the share of respondents having graduate degree also constitute about
33.1 percent share in total participants. The proportion of participant having master degree and
above degree is just 11.3 percent. The author try to include the responses of participants having
different educational level and education background. Moreover, the age wise frequency
distribution of respondents indicates that most of the respondent were less than 45 years old, the
share of participant fall under the age bracket of 36-45 years are highest stands on 30.5 percent.
As far as the participation of young respondents, fall under the age bracket of 18-25, is concern it
constitute about approximately 25 percent of total respondents.
4.1. Demographical Profile

Frequency Percent
Gander Male 166 52.2
Female 152 47.8
Total 318 100.0
Education High School or Below 39 12.3
Intermediate 137 43.1
Graduation 106 33.3
Master or Above 36 11.3
Total 318 100.0
Age 18-25 Y 79 24.8
26-35 Y 93 29.2
36-45 Y 97 30.5
46-55 Y 49 15.4
Total 318 100.0
Table 1 presents the normality of all measures based on the skewness and kurtosis of the data.
The table depicts the skewness and kurtosis values of each measures of variables. The total
survey item of political factors used to measure the variables are nine, negative values for
skewness symbolizes the elongated tail from left hand side. The skewness is the measure of tail
size which shows the tendency of responses towards lower or higher values. The elongated left
hand size tail indicate that most of respondents were agree or strongly agree with the statement.
However, the acceptable value of skewness for normality lies between -1 and 1. Therefore, we
can infer that most of measures of variables is skewed towards right hand side and elongated tail
from left hand side, but the values lies in the threshold range of normality. Based on skewness
values it may infer that variables are normally distributed with slight asymmetry in data values.
The kurtosis is another test of normality which is referred to the peakedness of histogram. The
acceptable values of kurtosis for normal distribution lies in the range of -2 and 2. The kurtosis
with low values shows that little data in the tail of distribution. The values of kurtosis of all the
measures are negative and in the threshold range, therefore it may infer that most of the measures
have the normality in the data.
4.2. Item Wise Normality

Table 1: Item Wise Normality
Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
PF1 -.581 .137 -.766 .273
PF2 -.635 .137 -.730 .273
PF3 -.682 .137 -.677 .273
PF4 -.683 .137 -.718 .273
PF5 -.625 .137 -.822 .273
PF6 -.744 .137 -.524 .273
PF7 -.567 .137 -.777 .273
PF8 -.673 .137 -.656 .273
PF9 -.623 .137 -.847 .273
EF1 -.537 .137 -.950 .273
EF2 -.571 .137 -.805 .273
EF3 -.593 .137 -.836 .273
EF4 -.523 .137 -.968 .273
EF5 -.540 .137 -.886 .273
EF6 -.503 .137 -.924 .273
EF7 -.483 .137 -.962 .273
HF1 -.693 .137 -.730 .273
HF2 -.582 .137 -.779 .273
HF3 -.642 .137 -.809 .273
HF4 -.587 .137 -.738 .273
HF5 -.708 .137 -.515 .273
SF1 -.615 .137 -.861 .273
SF2 -.589 .137 -.719 .273
SF3 -.646 .137 -.565 .273
SF4 -.572 .137 -.873 .273
SF5 -.652 .137 -.692 .273
SF6 -.565 .137 -.800 .273
SF7 -.631 .137 -.597 .273
SF8 -.509 .137 -.958 .273
SF9 -.649 .137 -.687 .273
CF1 -.456 .137 -.889 .273
CF2 -.449 .137 -.851 .273
CF3 -.455 .137 -.804 .273
CF4 -.439 .137 -.777 .273
CF5 -.456 .137 -.721 .273
CF6 -.476 .137 -.738 .273
TD1 -.610 .137 -.659 .273
TD2 -.623 .137 -.702 .273
TD3 -.622 .137 -.689 .273
TD4 -.664 .137 -.627 .273
TD5 -.650 .137 -.653 .273
TD6 -.637 .137 -.645 .273
TD7 -.632 .137 -.677 .273
TD8 -.637 .137 -.665 .273
Before formally moving towards the formal estimation of model, author measured the
descriptive statistics of the variables to describe the characteristics of the measures. Table 2
shows the descriptive statistics if each variables that includes mean, median, minimum,
maximum, and normal distribution of the data. The Minimum values of all the variables is 1 and
the maximum value of all the variable is 5, which illustrate that variables response are recorded
on five point Likert scale. The mean values of all the variables hovering around 3.5 which
shows that most of the participants are agree and strongly agree with the statements. Likewise
the negative values of skewness of each variables also illustrate that data is skewed toward tight
hand side of the scale, mean most of the respondent responses are tilted towards agree and
strongly agree on five point Likert scale. Besides, the values of skewness fall under the
acceptable threshold of normality in data.
4.3. Descriptive Statistics

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Skewness
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error
PoliticalF 318 1.00 5.00 3.5493 1.09815 -.829 .137
EconomicalF 318 1.00 5.00 3.4699 1.15734 -.623 .137
HistoricalF 318 1.00 5.00 3.5516 1.10670 -.772 .137
SocialF 318 1.00 5.00 3.5073 1.07603 -.788 .137
CulturalF 318 1.00 5.17 3.4114 1.04622 -.244 .137
TourismD 318 1.00 5.00 3.4458 1.11949 -.569 .137
Valid N 318
(listwise)
The researcher has also presented the frequency distribution of the responses of participants on
five point Likert scale. Table 3 presents the distribution of responses on the measures of political
factors which influence the tourism development in Guinea. The political factors is the
independent variable, which is measured by nine survey items each on Likert scale. The
distribution of the statement that, Guinean democracy contributes to the development of tourism,
indicates that 40.6 and 20.8 respondents are agreed and strongly agreed with the statement and
9.1 respondents are strongly disagree with the statement. The second measure of the political
factors elicit response on, no political violence in Guinea, on this 43.3 and 21.4 percent of
respondents, respectively show consent and strong consent with the statement. On the measure of
peace and justice in Guinea, the 44.7 and 19.5 percent of respondents are agreed and strongly
agreed with the statement, respectively. Likewise, approximately 65 percent of respondents are
strongly agreed and agreed with the accessibility, technology, and facilitation in tourism in
Guinea. Besides on the measure, guinea political system made it a spot for tourists, only 9.4
percent respondents are strongly disagreed with statement, while most of the respondent are
agree and strongly agree with statement. Therefore, based on above discussed distribution of
responses it may infer that most of respondent agree and strongly agree with the measures of
political factors that contributes in tourism development in Guinea.
Table 3: Political Factor

Items Strongly Disagree Neither Agre Strongly
Disagree e Agree
Guinean Democracy contributes to the 9.1 17.0 12.6 40.6 20.8
development of Tourism
There is no political violence in Guinea 6.9 19.5 7.9 44.3 21.4
Peace and justice 11.0 14.8 10.1 44.7 19.5
Guinea political system made it a spot for 9.4 16.4 8.2 41.2 24.8
Tourists
Guinean historical sites are well-managed 5.3 19.5 9.1 35.5 30.5
and protected
Guinea Tourism policy made it a stable 6.9 17 7.5 45.3 23.3
country
Accessibility in Tourism of Guinea 5.0 19.5 11.6 39.3 24.5
Technology in Tourism of Guinea 7.9 17.3 9.1 43.4 22.3
Facilities in Tourism of Guinea 11.3 15.7 9.4 38.7 24.8
Table 4 presents the distribution of responses on economic factors which influence the tourism
development in Guinea. The economic factors is the independent variable, which is measured by
seven survey items on five point Likert scale. The distribution of the first measure, tourist think
prices are affordable when shopping, indicates that 40.6 and 24.5 respondents are agreed and
strongly agreed with the statement. Where 5.0 percent respondents are strongly disagree that
prices are affordable for shopping. On second measures of low living cost 42.8 and 21.4 percent
respondents, respectively are agreed and strongly agreed with the statement. On the measure of,
Tourists think that we treat them rightly when making a purchase, the 61 percent respondents are
agreed and strongly agreed with the statement. Approximately 60 percent of respondents are
strongly agreed and agreed with the low prices of good and services and cheap transportation.
Thus, based on distribution of economic factors it may infer that most of respondent agree and
strongly agree with the measures of economic factors that contributes in tourism development in
Guinea.
Table 4: Economical Factor

Disagree e Agree
Tourist think prices are affordable when 5.0 23.3 6.6 40.6 24.5
shopping
6.0 20.8 9.1 42.8 21.4
Tourist think hotel and restaurant costs are 10.7 16.7 10.4 40.6 21.7
reasonable
Tourists think that we treat them rightly 10.7 18.9 9.4 39.0 22.0
when making a purchase
Goods & Services’ price level. 8.8 19.5 10.1 40.6 21.1
Tourist think that transportation cost is 8.8 20.1 10.7 39.9 20.4
cheap
Tourism increase the value of Estate 9.7 19.2 11.9 37.1 22.0
Table 5 shows the distribution of responses on historical factors of tourism development in
Guinea. The historical factors is measured by five survey items on five point Likert scale. The
distribution
of the historical factors measures such as abundance in natural landscape, rich storie in Guinea,
museums, artifacts, and historical places, the percentage of respondents agree and strongly agree
with the statement hovering around 60 percent. Hence, in terms of frequency distribution of the
responses it may deduce that most of respondent agree that historical factors contributes in
tourism development in Guinea.
Table 5: Historical Factor
Disagree e Agree
There are lots of natural landscape 10.4 17.0 6.0 46.2 20.4
resources in Guinea.
Guinea Storie is rich 4.7 21.4 8.5 44.3 21.1
Museums are full of historical and art 7.2 19.2 7.2 38.7 27.7
objects
Guinea have a lot of Artifacts 5.0 20.4 9.7 44.0 20.8
Guinea have a lot of historical places 7.9 15.4 11.3 55.3 21.1
Table 6 presents the frequency distribution of “degree of consent” with social factors which
contributes in the tourism development in Guinea. The social factors is measured by nine survey
items on five point Likert scale. The distribution of the first measure of variable, I feel that they
treat me good when I interact with tourist, specifies that 39.3 and 28.9 percent respondents are
agreed and strongly agreed with the statement, respectively. Where only 3.5 percent respondents
are strongly disagree with statement. On second measures of, tourists felt that we have helped
them when making a purchase, 43.1 and 19.5 percent respondents, respectively are agreed and
strongly agreed with the statement. Furthermore, about 60 percent respondents are agreed and
strongly agreed that it is so easy to communicate with tourist. However, approximately 60
percent of respondents are also strongly agreed and agreed with the measures of prostitution,
vandalism act, robbery, and sexually transmitted disease due to tourism. Thus, based on
distribution of social factors it may infer that most of respondent agree contribution of social
factors in tourism development in Guinea.
Table 6: Social Factor
Disagree e Agree
When I interact with tourist, I feel that they 3.5 22.0 6.3 39.3 28.9
treat me good.
Tourists felt that we have helped them 7.2 18.6 11.6 43.1 19.5
when making a purchase.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Guinean 6.6 16.7 12.9 43.4 20.4
Tourism
When I interact with tourist, I feel that is 10.7 18.2 9.1 43.4 18.6
so easy to communicate with them.
Prostitution in Tourism of Guinea 8.2 17.0 10.1 41.5 23.3
Vandalism acts 8.5 18.9 11.0 42.8 18.9
Criminality (robbery, violence) in tourism 7.5 16.4 13.5 43.1 19.5
of Guinea
Drug consumption in Tourism of Guinea 10.4 19.8 9.4 41.5 18.9
Guinean tourists have improved our social 7.5 17.6 9.7 42.1 23.0
values.
Table 7 presents the frequency distribution of cultural factors measures’ on five point Likert
scale. The cultural factors is measured by six survey items on five point Likert scale. The
distribution of the first measure of variable, tourists from Guinea have diﬀerent habits than we
do, specifies that 40.3 and 17.3 percent respondents are agreed and strongly agreed with the
statement, respectively. Where only 8.2 percent respondents are strongly disagree with
statement. The distribution of measures such as social norm, cultural objects, cultural activities,
Guinean lifestyle, and Guinean heritage which attract the tourists, around 60 percent of
respondents shows that cultural factors has contribution in development of tourism. Hence, it
may deduce that most of respondent agree that cultural factors contributes in tourism
development in Guinea.
Table 7: Cultural Factor
Disagree e Agree
Tourists from Guinea (referred as Guinean 8.2 20.4 13.8 40.3 17.3
tourists) have diﬀerent habits than we do.
Social Norms 7.5 20.4 15.1 40.6 16.4
Cultural objects 6.6 2.01 16.0 40.6 16.7
Cultural activities and events 5.0 20.4 17.0 40.9 16.7
Guinean lifestyle 6.0 18.9 18.6 39.9 16.7
Guinea heritage 6.3 19.2 17.0 40.9 16.7
Table 8 shows the distribution of “degree of consent” with tourism development measures in
Guinea. The tourism development is measured by eight survey items on five point Likert scale.
The distribution of the first three measures such as attractiveness of place, hospitality of
residents, and tourists’ staff treatment, specifies that around 44.0 and 17 percent respondents are
agreed and strongly agreed, respectively. Where approx. 10 percent respondents are strongly
disagree with statements. On measures of, reasonable entrance in Guinea, quality information,
and security in Guinea, the around 44.0 and 18 percent respondents show their consent and
strong consent with the statements, respectively. Furthermore, about 60 percent respondents are
agreed and strongly agreed that accommodation services such as food, hotel are good in Guinea.
Thus, based on frequency distribution of tourism development it may infer that most of
respondent agree with the measures of tourism development in Guinea.
Table 8: Tourism Development
Disagree e Agree
Attractiveness of the destination 9.4 16.0 14.2 44.0 16.4
Hospitability of the local residents 10.1 16.0 12.3 44.0 17.6
Tourism staff treatment of tourists and 9.7 16.0 12.6 43.7 17.9
local residents
Reasonability of entrance fee to attraction 9.1 16.0 11.3 45.0 18.6
sites
Quality of information offered at attraction 9.4 16.0 11.6 44.7 18.2
sites
Safety and security of the destination 9.1 16.0 12.6 44.0 18.2
Accessibility of the destination (in terms of 9.7 16.0 12.3 44.3 17.6
physical distance, price, information)
Accommodation (quality of food and 9.7 16.0 12.3 45.0 17.0
drinks, customer handling, price fairness)
in service sectors
Table 9 shows the findings of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s Test. The KMO test is
a measure to determine how suited data is for Factor Analysis. KMO test checks the sampling
adequacy of each variable and of complete model. The KMO test results confirm adequacy in
sample data as value of test lies in threshold range of 0.6 - 1.0.The observed of KMO for model
is 0.93, which confirms adequacy in data. Whereas, Bartlett's test checks the assumption that that
variance of population derived from different samples are same. The chi square values also
validate that the assumption is true in this scenario.
4.4. KMO and Bartlett's Test

Table 9: KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .933
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 19333.363
Df 946
Sig. .000
Table 10 depicts the findings of rotated component matrix of measures. The statistics of rotated
components support that all measures have valid construct as the load factors are higher than 0.7,
which is based value for measure’s validity. Also, this the problem of cross loading has also not
identified in measures’ construct.
4.5. Rotated Component Matrix

Table 10: Rotated Component Matrixa
Component
1 2 3 4 5 6
PF1 .646
PF2 .737
PF3 .804
PF4 .819
PF5 .809
PF6 .812
PF7 .804
PF8 .807
PF9 .811
EF1 .745
EF2 .777
EF3 .795
EF4 .872
EF5 .857
EF6 .854
EF7 .865
HF1 .805
HF2 .817
HF3 .861
HF4 .803
HF5 .765
SF1 .752
SF2 .807
SF3 .813
SF4 .821
SF5 .799
SF6 .811
SF7 .804
SF8 .824
SF9 .804
CF1 .709
CF2 .704
CF3 .846
CF4 .761
CF5 .825
CF6 .755
TD1 .827
TD2 .845
TD3 .843
TD4 .850
TD5 .853
TD6 .855
TD7 .836
TD8 .802
Table 11 shows the correlation matrix of variables, which denotes the extent of relationship
between variables. The correlation coefficient of economic and political factors, indicates that
correlation between two variables is positive, strong, and significant at 1 percent significance
level. The coefficient denotes the 55.5 percent correlation between economic and political
factors. Moreover, the correlation of political factors with historical factors, social factors,
cultural factors, and tourism development is positive, significant and strong. In addition, the
correlation between economic factors and tourism development is 32.5 percent and significant at
1 percent significance level. Likewise, the correlation of tourism development with political,
social, economic, and cultural factors are positive, significant, and strong. Therefore, it may infer
that all the variables has strong and significant correlation with each other.
4.6. Correlations
Table 11: Correlations
Economical
PoliticalF F HistoricalFSocialF CulturalF TourismD
PoliticalF Pearson 1 .555** .482** .540** .518** .479**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
Economical Pearson .555** 1 .583** .536** .296** .325**
F Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
HistoricalF Pearson .482** .583** 1 .431** .342** .390**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
SocialF Pearson .540** .536** .431** 1 .436** .437**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
CulturalF Pearson .518** .296** .342** .436** 1 .677**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
TourismD Pearson .479** .325** .390** .437** .677** 1
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
N 318 318 318 318 318 318
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The table 12 presents the convergent and discriminant validity” test statistics. These test are the
check of validity of measures. The convergent validity indicates that measures are actually
related with constructs with which it should relate. Where, the divergent validity AVE indicates
that measures are actually unrelated with constructs with which it should not relate. Finally, the
values of CR and AVE also authorize the convergent and Divergent validity and support that
construct of political factor, social factors, economic factors, cultural factors, and historical
factors are actually relate with measures with which it should relate, and unrelate with measures
with which it should not relate. In addition, the higher diagonal values than off diagonal values
also support that variable are variables are relatively more related with itself than other variables.
It also confirms the discriminant validity of indicators.
4.7. Convergent and Discriminant Validity

Table 12: Convergent and Discriminant Validity
CR AVE MSV CF PF EF HF SF TD
CF 0.937 0.712 0.506 0.844
PF 0.964 0.751 0.328 0.555 0.866
EF 0.914 0.793 0.384 0.326 0.573 0.890
HF 0.936 0.779 0.384 0.374 0.502 0.620 0.882
SF 0.958 0.716 0.336 0.475 0.567 0.580 0.466 0.846
TD 0.968 0.794 0.506 0.711 0.487 0.355 0.403 0.455 0.891
Table 13 indicates the results of model fitness tests to check the health of the model. CMIN/DF
in table 7 shows the ration of minimum discrepancy and degree of freedom. For model fitness
the value of ratio should not higher than three, where the value for this model is significantly less
than 3.0 stands at 1.9. Moreover, GFI is also a measure of fitness between the observed
covariance matrix and hypothesized model. For goodness of fit the values should equal or greater
than 0.8, where in this case the value of GFI for model is 0.8. The CIF referred to comparative
Fit Index also examines the inconsistency between the data and the hypothesized model. The
measure also deals the issues of sample size inherent in the chi-squared test of model fitness and
the normed fit index. The threshold range for CFI is 0.9, where the value of CFI for this model is
higher than 0.9 stands at 0.95, which endorse that model is fit. Finally, the values of “root mean
square error of approximation” (RMSEA) also validates the model fitness. Thus, based on all the
model fitness test it may infer that the model is fit and valid.
4.8. Model Fitness Test

Table 13: Model Fitness Test.
Indicators Threshold range Current values
CMIN/DF Less or equal 3 1.941
GFI Equal or greater .80 .808
CFI Equal or greater .90 .957
IFI Equal or greater .90 .958
RMSEA Less or equal .08 .054
Figure 1: CFA
Table 14 represents the findings of the SEM model, which is run on AMOS. The SEM estimates
the impact of political, social, economic, historical, and cultural factors on the tourism
development in Guinea.The results indicate that the impact of histrorical factors on the toursim
develoepmnt in Guinea is positive and significant. The coeffcient value indicates that one unit
increase in histrorical factors will incraese the tourism developemnt about 12.5 percent.
Moreover, the relationship between cultural factors and toursim develoepmnt in Guinea is also
significant. The coeffcient value indicates that one unit increase in cultural factors will incraese
the tourism developemnt about 58.7 percent. Besides, the association between social factors and
toursim develoepmnt in Guinea is significant. The coeffcient value shows that one unit increase
in social factors will increase the tourism developemnt about 11.0 percent. Contrary to this, the
impact of political and economic factors on the tourism developemnt in Guinea is not signficant.
Therefore, based on emprical findings it may infer that the social, cultural, and historical factors
facaliate the toursiim developemnt in Guinea.
4.9. SEM
Table 14: Structural Equation Modeling
Pat Untenderized Standardized S.E. C.R. P
h Estimate Estimate
Tourism <--- PoliticalF .088 .086 . 1.560 .119
D 056
Tourism <--- Economical -.014 -.014 . -.253 .800
D F 053
Tourism <--- HistoricalF .125 .123 . 2.431 .015
D 051
Tourism <--- SocialF .110 .105 . 2.044 .041
D 054
Tourism <--- CulturalF .587 .548 . 11.45 ***
D 051 2
Figure 2: SEM
Chapter 5
5. Discussion and Conclusion
5.1. Discussion
in Guinea, to identify the influence of economic factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to examine
the effect of historical factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to study the consequences of social
factors on tourism growth in Guinea and to investigate the results of cultural factors on tourism
growth in Guinea. The researcher has gone through the relevant past studies and has proposed
some hypothesis. The hypothesis was exposed to different testing techniques based on the data
collected for the study. The first hypothesis proposed by the study was that “The impact of the
political factors on the tourism development in Guinea is significant.” The first hypothesis is
rejected by the results of the study as the value of p was not less than 0.05 and it turns out to be .
119. Moreover, the past studies also approved that the impact is insignificant as political unrest
situations, is directly linked to the happenings of such events such as terrorism (Boafo, Asiedu,
Addo, Antwi, & Boakye-Danquah, 2014), war and other intense events. Specifically, it is
directly associated with the image of the country and with a bad impact of the country declined
the tourism development. Because of this, the tourism industry requires the involvement of
politics. With the help of the Governments, the decisions and policies regarding tourism
development have been improved and could create enough environment to establish the tourism
industry (Bricker, Black, & Cottrell, 2013). (Dredge, Airey, & Gross, 2014) have identified five
characters of administration that are necessary for the achievement of the tourism industry such
as coordination, planning, legislation and regulation, entrepreneurship, and stimulation (Dredge,
Ford, & Whitford, 2011). Countries must make better policies regarding tourism development
and analyze them properly because Policy manufacturing is a political project which is implanted
within the economic and social features of humanity (Dredge & Jenkins, 2011). As such it
imitates the societal values, philosophies, distribution of power, organizations and decision-
making. Moreover, this seems to be more of a lack of coordination and the planning system and
less of the lack of political stability, also this fact is proved by the study as well. The political
factors are not significantly impacting the tourism development in Guinea (Dwivedi, Yadav, &
Venkatesh, 2011). The second hypothesis proposed by the study was that “There is a significant
impact of economic factors on tourism development in Guinea.” The second hypothesis is also
rejected by the study and the same results are also supported by past studies. However, some of
the past studies supported that there is an impact of the economic factors (Fernando, Bandara,
Liyanaarachch, Jayathilaka, & Smith, 2013), it is seen from the findings that investing in tourism
in and of itself seem to be inadequate for economic growth. For the long-term growth of an
economy, tourism participation plays its role as an essential part of a wider development strategy
that is more generally concentrated on primary income factors (Fourie & Santana-Gallego,
2011). In view of this, the tourism development has become a major incentive of the
establishment of economy. The effect of this tourism industry on the development of economy
depends on the precise features of each state. With the development of the tourism industry
(Ghosh & Siddique, 2017), the economy grows which eventually leads to the development of
other sectors of the country. The growth performance of Guinea is not completely disappointing
with regard to macroeconomic factors. But the Government failed to give the profits of this
partial growth, and the recipients have become restricted and thin. As an outcome, in respect of
the standard of living of its population (Guaigu, Prideaux, & Pryce, 2012), Guinea continued to
be one of the underprivileged states in the world. Tourism can become the conventional
economic action of this country by developing a new tourism strategy. If the strategies are not
carried out properly it will affect the development of the tourism industry and create struggles for
the economy and economic interests (Harrison, 2015). The economic factors do matter when it
comes to taking care of the old spots and where it comes to the development of the new spots for
the sake of attracting new tourists and more individuals from around the world for the
enhancement of the economy of Guinea (Harrison & Prasad, 2013). It is seen that more than the
economical factors are impacting the tourism development, the tourism seems to be impacting
the economical factors even morenot the other way around. The third hypothesis proposed by the
study was that, “The impact of historical factors on the tourism development is significant.” The
hypothesis is accepted by the results of the study and these results are supported by the past
studies as well. There are a number of studies from the past that are supporting the fact that the
historical factors impact the tourism development (Imbal & Fitina, 2011). Now, the histroical
factors can be studied in two contexts, the first context is that, the historical factors are related
with the history of the country and the historical events of the country (Keppel et al., 2012). The
facts like war, protests and death or destruction rates is what forms the image of a country and
the reputation is also developed in the same way. The fact that people and tourists are not very
big fans of the history and the background of Guinea it can be seen that it is significantly
impacting the tourism development of Guinea (Korstanje, 2014). Moreover, the impact of the
historical factors can also be taken into account according to the fact that there are a number of
historical points and places to visit in Guinea which is not being protected by the government
and the proper measures are not being taken over here (Lohmann & Nguyen, 2011). So, yes it is
proved that the historical factors are playing a big and very significant role in tourism
development. The fourth hypothesis proposed by the study was that “The impact of social factors
is significant on the tourism development in Guinea.” The hypothesis is accepted and approved
by the results of the current study because the social factors are seen to be very significantly
impacting the tourism development in Guinea as the interactions in community or society at
different levels with the tourists can affect the traditional values of them where they are traveling
(MacCarthy, 2016). Having good vibes with tourists can bring positive social changes in the
country (Markwell, 2015). Tourists who get good care from the community spread awareness
and the social viewpoint also transformed due to tourism development. It is a duty of the
communities to bring positive social changes to welcome the tourists for its development. Social
factors have a strong influence on tourism development in Guinea (Moreki & Seabo, 2012).
Social factors are the ways that contribute to the changes in tourism development. It brings
changes in value systems, individual behavior, family relationships, collective lifestyles, moral
conduct, artistic expressions, traditional rituals and community organizations (Navas-Camargo &
Zwerg-Villegas, 2015). In other words, it highly affected the people of host communities of their
direct and indirect links with tourists. (Reggers, Grabowski, Wearing, Chatterton, &
Schweinsberg, 2016) have described that in Guinea the socio-cultural effects on tourism
development are tough to measure, or even unknown to some extent. Most of the studies showed
that social factors have a great impact on the host communities rather than on the tourists
themselves. Overall, community attitudes, education and perceptions of the people of Guinea
bring the development of tourism (Saufi, O'Brien, & Wilkins, 2014). In Guinea, the tourism
industry is affected by social factors as their people are uneducated and they have poorly
organized communities. These factors tend to impact involve in the tourism development in
Guinea to a great extent and these also tend to play a big role in either improving the quality or
decreasing the value of tourism development in Guinea (Scheyvens & Russell, 2012), in both
ways, it is believed that the role played is very significant and important. The fifth hypothesis
proposed by the study was that, “The impact of cultural factors on the tourism development in
Guinea is significant.” The hypothesis is accepted and it is also approved that these exists
significant impact as wel as the success of tourism development depends not only on substantial
base (Shakeela & Becken, 2015), but also on distinctiveness of historical and cultural heritage.
Therefore, it is necessary to correct, maintain and restore the cultural heritage of man-made,
natural and traditional landscapes which are timeless cultural values and national property. With
the improvement of cultural factors, the tourism industry tends to grow (Silverman, 2012) have
described that cultural factors include works of entertainers, actors, architects, musicians,
singers, writers etc. which give value to any country and attract tourists. Cultural factors cover
the creativity of people (Stasch, 2014), languages, customs, beliefs, property. Usually, travelers
visit festivals, representations, theaters, monuments and the museums which follows the
successful development of tourism.Cultural factors have a significant impact on tourism
development (Smith, 2015).
5.2. Conclusion
in Guinea, to identify the influence of economic factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to examine
the effect of historical factors on tourism growth in Guinea, to study the consequences of social
factors on tourism growth in Guinea and to investigate the results of cultural factors on tourism
growth in Guinea. The researcher has gone through the relevant past studies and has proposed
some hypothesis. In this study, the researcher constructed the hypothesis based on the existing
research and literature of the aforementioned variables. The formulated hypotheses are subject to
rejection and acceptance totally based on data and statistical analysis. The data is collected by
conducting a survey from the residents of Guinea in Conakry.The researcher elicited the
responses of respondents on various prospects of tourism development in Guinea. The sampling
framework used in the survey is majorly based on purposive sampling technique. The sampling
techniques are centered on the objectives of the research and particular characteristics of the
population. The researcher disseminated questionnaires to 400 respondents in the target industry.
Among 400 respondents, 25 respondents abandoned the survey and 29 respondents half-filled the
questionnaires. After disposing of the wrong filled questionnaires, 340 questionnaires are
finalized for acceptable data size. The researcher used SPSS and AMOS for the analysis and also
used CFA and SEM for further authentication and analysis of data. The results of the study
showed that the impact of political factors and economic factors is insignificant on the tourism
development in Guinea. But the impact of historical, cultural and social factors is significant in
tourism development in Guinea.
5.2.1. Implications of the research
The study has got its practical, theoretical and policy-making implications. First of all, the study
has taken up a very important topic of tourism development in Guinea. The problem was that
there has been a certain level of decline in tourism development in Guinea and there are also a
number of factors that are the reason for it. It was important to conduct proper research and give
out results accordingly to clearly present them on the table. The research significantly increased
the knowledge and theory about the factors that impact tourism development in a significant
way. The researcher has elaborated everything with the help of which, the factors that do not
impact tourism development can be eliminated out of consideration and the factors that impact
the tourism development in Guinea. In this way, the tourism department can use some help to
add up the necessary improvements. The study has some practical implications as well, the
tourism department of Guinea can use the findings and the ideas highlighted in the study in order
to enhance the efficiency of the tourism department. Moreover, the study has significantly
elaborated that why and where the political factors and economic factors do not impact the
tourism development in Guinea, those factors can be eliminated out of the consideration of the
tourism department, moreover, the factors that have significant impacts can be taken into full
consideration by the department of tourism in Guinea so that the hurdles in the tourism can be
removed and its smooth development can be ensured. Moreover, after this study, the tourism
department will invest more and will also keep a great eye on the historical and visitable places
in Guinea and moreover, the development of infrastructure and new visitable buildings will also
be initiated. As far as the policy-making issues are concerned, the government can take steps to
preserve the historical places in Guinea, the government can also take care of the problems going
on with the current tourism and its development can be made with proper supply of funds and
proper supply of resources so that the funds can be spent on the infrastructure and the
infrastructure can be preserved and improved as well. The government can make short term and
long term plans in order to reconstruct some spots and in order to change the infrastructure, all of
this will have a great impact on the tourism department of Guinea and tourism development of
Guinea.
5.2.2. Limitations and future research recommendations of the research
The study has a very significant contribution in the theoretical, practical and policy-making
sector; however, it has its own limitations as well. The first limitation is that the sample size that
the researcher selected for the current study is very small, because, the study is about the whole
problem of the visitors and tourists coming to Guinea that declined rapidly, the researcher was
supposed to take a larger sample size, in order to generalize the results and in order to implement
all of the current results on Guinea. The study also is limited where it comes to the segregation of
the information about all of the factors that are discussed, from the secondary sources as well, the
study did not discuss in a very thorough way and also the study did not stress much about the
facts that why certain factors impact the tourism and why certain factors do not impact in the
same way. The study has its limitations which are also the recommendations to future
researchers to fill in the gaps.
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Factors affecting tourism development in Guinea

1.1. Background of the study.......................................................................................................3

1.2. Problem statement.................................................................................................................6

1.3. Justification rationale............................................................................................................7

1.4. Research objectives...............................................................................................................7

1.5. Research questions................................................................................................................7

1.6. Scope of the research............................................................................................................8

1.7. Significance of the research..................................................................................................8

1.8. Structure of the thesis............................................................................................................9

2.1. Political factors and Tourism development........................................................................10

2.2. Economic factors and Tourism development......................................................................12

2.3. Historical factors and Tourism development......................................................................13

2.4. Social factors and Tourism development............................................................................15

2.5. Cultural factors and Tourism development.........................................................................16

3.1. Research Strategy and Approach....................................................................................18

3.2. Population and Sampling.................................................................................................19

3.3. Data Collection Procedure...............................................................................................19

4. Results and Data Analysis......................................................................................................23

4.1. Demographical Profile....................................................................................................23

4.2. Item Wise Normality.......................................................................................................24

4.3. Descriptive Statistics.......................................................................................................26

4.4. KMO and Bartlett's Test..................................................................................................32

4.5. Rotated Component Matrix.............................................................................................33

4.7. Convergent and Discriminant Validity............................................................................36

4.8. Model Fitness Test..........................................................................................................37

5. Discussion and Conclusion....................................................................................................39

5.2.1. Implications of the research.........................................................................................43

5.2.2. Limitations and future research recommendations of the research..............................44

1.1. Background of the study

1.2. Problem statement

1.3. Justification rationale

1. To analyze the impact of political factors on tourism growth in Guinea

1.5. Research questions

1. What is the impact of political factors on tourism growth in Guinea?

1.6. Scope of the research

1.7. Significance of the research

1.8. Structure of the thesis

Third chapter is Research Methodology in which research philosophy, approach, methods,

2.1. Political factors and Tourism development

So, this study has proposed following hypothesis

H1: Political factors have a significant impact on tourism development.

2.2. Economic factors and Tourism development

The growth performance of Guinea is not completely disappointing with regards to

So, this study has proposed following hypothesis

H2: Economical factors have a significant impact on tourism development.

2.3. Historical factors and Tourism development

So, this study has proposed following hypothesis

H3: Historical factors have a significant impact on tourism development.

2.4. Social factors and Tourism development

So, this study has proposed following hypothesis

H4: Social factors have a significant impact on tourism development.

2.5. Cultural factors and Tourism development

So, this study has proposed following hypothesis

H5: Cultural factors have a significant impact on tourism development.

3.5. Data Analysis

4.1. Demographical Profile

4.2. Item Wise Normality

4.3. Descriptive Statistics

Table 3: Political Factor

Table 4: Economical Factor

4.4. KMO and Bartlett's Test

4.5. Rotated Component Matrix