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Chemistry For Engineers 1 Basic Concepts Topic 01 Chemistry and Matter
Chemistry For Engineers 1 Basic Concepts Topic 01 Chemistry and Matter
ve been all wrong. What we have called matter is really energy, whose vibration
has been lowered as to be perceivable to the senses. There is no matter. There is only light and sound.”
CHEMISTRY & MATTER Albert Einstein
Chemistry
deals with
can either be can be
Matter Energy Kinetic
exists in
characterized by its can also exist as
States Potential
either as Properties
may change Chemical Energy
Solid states can either be
Mechanical Energy
Liquid Chemical Properties Physical Properties
Electrical Energy
Gas
can either have
Heat Energy
Plasma
Fermionic Condensate
cONCondensates
combines
through to form
Pure Substance Physical Change Mixture
separates into through
can either be can either be
through combines
classified as Suspension
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this lesson, the student will be able
1. Recall basic concepts of Chemistry on matter, its classification, properties and changes;
2. Define
a. Mass
b. Volume
c. Density and Specific Gravity
d. Atomic Weight and Molecular Weight
e. Mole
3. Discover the systems of measurements and units of dimensions.
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
– A branch of science concerned with the study of matter, its composition, structure, properties, changes
and energy that accompanies these changes.
Properties – refers to those characteristics that are distinct for each material that helps in their identification.
Weight – The force that gravity exerts on an object. It changes depending on location.
Chemistry touches our life every moment. It is concerned not only with the composition and changes of matter
but also the energy changes associated with it. It is energy that causes changes in matter to occur.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
The science of chemistry is so broad that no one can be expert in all its aspects.
It is necessary to study the different branches of chemistry separately and these are:
Organic Chemistry – study of the compounds of carbon.
Inorganic Chemistry – study of all elements and compounds other than carbon.
Analytical Chemistry – study of what is present (qualitative chemistry)
and how much is present (quantitative chemistry).
Physical Chemistry – studies the theories, laws, or principles governing physical and chemical changes of
matter.
Biochemistry – concerned with chemistry that takes place in living organisms.
Environmental Chemistry – chemistry of our surroundings.
Industrial Chemistry – concerned with the application of chemical principles in manufacturing processes.
Nuclear Chemistry – study of the properties and reactions of atomic nuclei.
BASIC CONCEPTS 1-3
CHEMISTRY & MATTER
MATTER
Matter – anything that occupies space (has volume) and has mass.
Matter includes all things living and non-living, visible and non-visible to the naked eye. The entire physical universe
is made up of matter and energy, thus chemistry begins in the stars. The stars are the source of the chemical
elements, the building block of matter which is the core of chemistry.
To the naked eye matter appears to be continuous and unbroken. Actually, it is discontinuous and composed of
discrete, tiny particles.
Matter is characterized by its properties. Thus, we need to classify matter according to its properties or
characteristics that would be distinct for each material and thereby identify them.
Properties of Matter:
A. Based on the change involved when property is observed:
1. Physical Property – property when observed or measured will not change the composition of matter.
Ex. Boiling point, density, etc
2. Chemical Property – property when observed or measured will change the composition of matter.
Ex: corrosion resistance, flammability, etc
2. Extrinsic or Extensive Property – property whose value varies and depends on the amount of matter
used.
Ex: volume, mass, etc.
2. Chemical change – involves changes in composition, where original substances undergoing change
are transformed to new substances.
– usually known as chemical reaction or chemical processes.
Ex: combustion, corrosion, etc.
Classification of Matter:
Physical States
Gas
Solid
Metalloids Organic
Nonmetal
s
• Homo is a prefix that means “the same”, and Hetero is a prefix that means “different.”
CHANGE OF STATE
Phase – A region with homogeneous (uniform) properties.
Change of State – A change of a substance from one of its physical states to another in which it can exist.
Matter exists in three physical states at ordinary condition as solid, liquid or gas.
Plasma is much like a gas except that the particles are electrically charged.
Plasma is not a common state of matter here on Earth, but it may be the most common state of matter in the
universe
Bose-Einstein Condensate is condensed super-cooled atoms of gas that the particles entered a merged state.
Fermionic Condensate is a cloud of cold potassium atoms forced into a state where they behave strangely.
Researchers cooled potassium gas to a billionth of a degree above absolute zero – the temperature at which
matter stops moving. They confined the gas in a vacuum chamber and used magnetic fields and laser light to
manipulate the potassium atoms into pairing up and forming the fermionic condensate.
Molecular weight or Molar Mass is computed equal to the algebraic sum of the atomic weights of all
elements in the formula of the compound.
b.) Fe2(SO4)3
In Equation Form:
(𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆) 𝑴
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆) = 𝑽
Conditions:
a. The specific gravity (unitless or dimensionless) of a substance is numerically equal to the density of
the substance strictly in g/mL unit.
b. The density value serves as a direct conversion factor between mass and volume
NOTE: Absolute temperature scale refers to the scale that gives a reading of zero at the absolute
temperature.
Absolute Temperature refers to the hypothetical temperature where velocity of motion of
particles is zero.
BASIC CONCEPTS 1-8
CHEMISTRY & MATTER
Conditions:
1mol of any substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles of the substance
ENRICHMENT/ASSIGNMENT:
EXERCISES
Correctly complete each of the following sentences by placing the word physical or chemical in the blank.
(a) The fact that the metal gold is yellow in color is a _______________ property of gold.
(b) The process of water evaporating from a lake represents a _______________ change.
(c) The stirring of orange juice using a wooden spoon is an example of a _______________ technique.
(d) Lighting a match is an example of a _______________ change.
The following are properties of the metal beryllium. Classify them as physical or chemical.
(a) In powdered form, it burns brilliantly on ignition. (c) It has a density of 1.85 g/cm3 at 20oC.
(b) Bulk metal does not react with steam even when red hot. (d) It is relatively soft silvery-white metal.
Assign each of the following descriptions of matter to one of the following categories: heterogeneous mixture,
homogeneous mixture, pure substance.
(a) two substances present, two phases present (c) three substances present, one phase present
(b) two substances present, one phase present (d) three substances present, three phases present
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture
(a) seawater (c) table salt (e) milkshake (g) concrete (i) sugar
(b) helium gas (d) a bottle of soft drink (f) air in a bottle (h) gold (j) bronze
Give the name of change of state associated with each of the following processes:
(a) water is made into ice cubes (c) dry ice disappears without melting.
(b) the inside of your car window fogs up (d) perspiration dries.
Give the names of the elements represented by the following chemical symbols:
(a) Li (c) P (e) As (g) Cl (i) Mg (k) Al (m) Ne (o) Ds (q) Uuq
(b) F (d) Cu (f) Zn (h) Pt (j) U (l) Si (n) Mt (p) Uup (r) Uuo
In which of the following sequence of elements do all of the elements have two-letter symbols?
(a) silver, gold, mercury (c) cobalt, chromium, sodium
(b) copper, helium, neon (d) potassium, iron, lead