Security

Lecture I -
State versus human security
realist :
politics driven by survival
•
Security =
freedom from anxiety IR

traditional security studies state centred

security + international
•
are

studies IEEE,
-
human feminist
gpgeua! Strategic
Security Security studies Studies

•
no neutral
definition possible
→ inneren
Hy matter of dispute
↳
always concern : status
quo , power, etc .

Buzan & Hansen

debate about what is work
studying
-

shows importeure of interdisziplinaeryapproach to Security

-

traditionalist s : state centre , focussed on militar

y (realist, positivist
ofmilitary force (e. nuklear weapons, NATO)
↳
security studies =

study of threat, use and contra

g.
(state vs state, militant vs military)

strategic Itudies focus external threat to state , state referent object influenced humanitarian law (diskretion btw solcher Kirilim) substantiell this still appliecable ?
↳
: post WWII, on
military as → .

y
→ is

↳ dis criminal
↳ how Kurs written time here this dominant situation that less der
vs indiswiminate
Rilling
can we use in a w was in
nowadays are

→ link to how much do we and to saure the state ?

economics
money
:

widenersldeeperers individual (not state) fpeace studies, post structural , feminist constructivist)
-

:
,

↳ human studies state centrum

security : direct
critique on
strategic
-
human as
referent object critique of ,
narrow
militant defned security
-

post cold wer era

(1994 UN Report on Human Development)
"
-

überspitzt : millennium gods vs

militant sperling
"

- =

? both field of study and

polig feld
-

Paris ( human ) weakness ? Landminen

critique on holistic & expansiveren :
strength -7 achievement : bar BUT it
everything fore nothing ?
& there
-
see or is
,

↳ can be used to
just fy policies weating securities
in (e.g. Australia :

refugee boats inseure , there fore do not a How

for asylum )
The Human
izing of Security protect (of institutions )
The trans national
responsibility to states →
of
-

-
UNSER 13258 WPS agenda
human the UN Council
Security
-

izing

Walt, Brand Hansen Paris

reading s :

×
µ
,
tv
traditional Wide I
Deep critique on human
Security

Widening moving beyond

: the state as the referent object of Security towards non
militwy concern

Deepehing :
discipline more like
, to consider the security of individual s &
group rather than
focus ing nwrowly on external threat to states
Defining Redefining Security Buzand Hanser
- -

International security studies : -

focus ed around
strategic studies but wider & deeper
-

after 1945

I.
security as
Key concept (opposed to & defense) →
relationship btw militar y & non mititary threat
-

war .
-

↳ broadness makes it
ambigous
: rhetorical & political free
2. shift from war to war avoi dann f) nuclew weapons)

(opposed studies)
3. civilian approach to militar, in
strategic

-
=
approaches hat
adopt strategic studies as core (t concept of Security or others)

questions : l .

refvenu object
2.
security intern
ally or extern
ally driven

3. security limited to
militant sector or
expand
4. what fundamental thinking about
politics to adopt
5.
epistemdogy methoddogy &

↳
wideningldeepering focus on I. and 3 .

absence of threat to reines

/ .

measuring
the nation + others &
•

mainly material (subjektive factors as distwbcnces)

their influence
empirical pdicy oriented
on militar
•
some
, ,

→
moving
anders
tanding of threat
away from purdy material istic caknlations towards more social &
political Harding
under
Lecture 2 Feminist to
approaches security
-

human
security crealed alot of polig Space concept night
-

but the have made it use less

broadening
Evolution
of security debate
Honorar)
I. referent object a. state b. human c.
gendered human (to
day) d. environment
extern ally intern
2. or
ally driven

3. limited to militar
y sector ?
4. what fundamental thinking about ( international ) to
pditics adopt
5.
epistemology &
nethodology to be used

Feminist security studies

↳
challenges fundamental debates around security /insanity
↳ lack of communication with traditional ists
↳ connection to real world ?
gender advisors in the field but lack of it in academia

Literature
→ demonstranten breadlh & depth of fein .
scholarship on
Security
→
arguments why gender feminin & is relevant to
security questions
→
feminist analysis relevant ,
if it is
missing
the
polig will be in complete
(
conuptualization )
Gender
essential theorie ist Sex '
natural
gender ly occuring
• '
-
=

direct bodies &behavior

relationship btw
-

↳sex determines social behavior

sign aspects of
.

constructivist theorie constructed

Sex
biology but
gender soüally
• - = =

one isn ' it burn a wo man but be comes learned or social ized behavior f- behavior that is
appropriate to
gender)

post structural ist theorie s

gender
•
sex
-

body not ontologieally prior to gendered dis but is rauer

gendered through part of those discourse
-

course
,

↳ we
are
recognized as human because we are
gender
ed

Gender as variable or
logic
Variable essential ists
corresponds with countable
•
: →

•
logic constructivist /post structural ist
-
:

↳schema

↳
feminin.ly/mascnlinity gender :
expressed through behavior

multiple
-

hierarchie
ally organized
-

Public /Private
•

feminist critique of
the
public /private divide
↳
public :
economic , political ,
civil life , rational
private : domestic , familia ,
emotional

Continuum of violence
•
warf peace diskretion arbitrary and
meaning less for waren (maschine
• links
Gender to Violence on scale from personal to international , from home to lenk column

gendered phenomena persists from pre conflict, conflict, post conflict phases
The political economy of inseuwity
do not share have to
equal social & economic rights produktive
•
wo man not access some resources

↳ how does this impact risklexposure to in

security ?

Conflict related sexual violence

concepts gender logic

applying continuum
as
of
•
violence
-
-

public /private political economy of Sexual violence

-
-

International law

recognition of rape part of genocide d ethnie

deansing
-

as
,

againsf kumanity
-
sexual Violence considered crimes

Political
economy
used to contra
rape gain terri
over
tory resources & property
-

, ,

social & economic

inequalitiesunderp.in continuum of violence
-

↳
wlo address
ing inequality
-

Psychology
-

individual level

psychology of perpetrators why rape? Do they experiena it warm?

-

→ as

-
The Renaissance
of Security Studies -

Walt

Security studies :
interdisüplinary ,
broadened
from meteor issues to
grand strategy ,
conventionat
warfare ,
domestic sources
of
international conflict ,
etc .

↳ mich 705 : based on

systematic social scientific research

•
main focus :
war

and for reading effects societies (& individual)

always possible states and
↳ has - on

↳ what
policies to
prepwe, prerent engage ,
in war

•
mostly fit with real ist
paradign and issues can be controlled by national Kaders
↳
focus on manipulable variables

•
not
only militwy power ,
also ans contra , diplomacy ,
crisis
management → likelihood & character of war

to
↳
suggestive to broaden
nonmilitary issues → militar
,
does not
guarantee well
being
-

however
broadening the feld less like intellectual coherence
,
makes solutions
ly 9 diminishes

Golden
(1955-1965)age
: nuklear
weapons → how to use them as instruments of polig ?
↳ delerrence coercion , escalation
,
↳
stability ,
alternative
targeting strategies,
value
of arms castrol , rote
of convention al
for imited war

• little
information and lack
of historica records empirie → no evidence or backe d- up
suggestives
•

ignored nonmilitary sources

of international tension

assumption shifted away from Organizational psychologin

"

↳ alten tion and domestic

rational actor political
"
, ,

factor shape that a state 's behaviour

civilian
stratege ist peace research
•
vs

conflict spiralvalue of accomnodation

↳
strategies ,

The end of Golden

the
Age
• theorie didn't
off solutions for problems of credibility of extended deterence
Vietnam War studies of
security made
critique ungrounded
•
→ no concern s

challenge of realist
paradigm question utility of militant force :

important application of Organizations theory to national security issues

•
:

The Renaissance → neu

developments (based on
empirical data
(mid 1970)
great reliance on history
•

question d rational delerrence

theory (perfect information & rational cakulation)
•

↳ started debale on
requirements of detrrence
nuklear
weapons polig
•

↳
question obedienceofmilitary to state authorities nudear
re
garding weapons
• conventionat Warfare → nur theorie

vs
Grand strategy question
•

↳ state
theory for weating security through militant & diplomatie means

•
core
of studies shifted back to academic
setting

reasons : • End of Vietnam War could → now be studied

*

tapse of dieterle lincreased international tension )

•
increased access to data
•
increased outlets for publishing
•

financial support
•
Collaboration (methods) with social sciences
→ increased
appreciation of the
important of national security problems
Agenda for future research

•
the rule
of domestic politics
Peace and
causes
of Cooperation
•
.

the
•

power of idea (Changing altitude on war )

end
•

of the old war (neu

.

) challenges
economics and
security
•

prdecting database and access to it

refiningexisting theorie
•

(onclusion .

Security studies fomssed external current events →

important!
-

on

borrowing from discipline petition 9 convergenu

-

other com
,

importeure of independent national Security scholars

-

rote
of (financial
& structural ) research
support
-
norms : collaboration , relevant , Commitment to democratic discourse

- - - - - - - - -
-

Lecture 3 -

AuthorHarian
regimes & authoritarian
practices

History of Studying authoritarianism

empirically has been the default setting since the ewliest pdities
' '
-
:

concept ally co-ismfasa.sn before studie d before author itarianism

-
:

)
Linz (1964) first to Etcüiäüisüinism
study author
-

↳ i. e. a short
fall of democracy
↳ container btw totalitarianism &
i. e .
a
concept .

democracy
-

after 1989 demoralisation studies

& democratic
since 2000 authoritarian residence
backsliding
-

Definition authoritarian
regime
=
Lack of democracy
democracy
: I. a
free competitive for a
free will

2. free elections t civil

rights

anlhoritarianism .
absence of free and fair elections and civil right
autowacy

}
→
subtyp es : •

militwy
party no
regime f- ts only completely
•
one or one

personal ist
•
-
monarch
y

studyauthoritarianism@probIemS.l.secrecy
→ how to

2.
preferenu falsification had to True '
'
→ assess
opinion
risk
3. →
for researchers &
people questiond
• methods : . remote data collection

softly softly fiel dwork

-
How to aulhoritarian
regimes andere ?
three
pillars of stability
-

•
cooptation : -
selectorates : reed for large enough group of people to
Support
)
(economic
-

neopatrimonialism :
g. Putin
e. 's
regime
-
rentier states (no representation wlo taxation) : elite not to be taxed →
support
in
quality
-

authorHarian

h
within the state institutions /Symbols ( g.
legitimation →
ideologie religion total itarian contras
• e.
: : vs :
-

-
elections everything
inindividual's

Parties & parliament

-

-
courts

in
society :
-
civil society

Gender
-

norms

-
media

-
internet

mitHary &
repression :
-

polin
-

surveillance
-

pnvatized repression
sub Her
forms (e.
g. diffamation )
-

International dimension (additional 4 " pillar)

makes authoritarian Stable

regimes
more
-

support Stability
•

protect material &

geostralegic
•

interest

sometimes support ethnie Kin

•

only when

→ horizontal diffusion : NGO riestriction in

Egypt adapted in
surrounding countries

Definition of authoritariamism
mostly impliüt
•

struggle to de
fire and understand illiberal electocracies (Turkey ,
Hungry ,
Venezuela)

beyond
cannot
distinguish the state between democratic
deficits & authoritarianism
•
, ,

•
cannot take account of political power ocated beyond the national rennert (i. cooperation s transnational
organizations)
go
e.
,

residual ,
negative

}
↳ are

↳ statist
"
⑨ Hansea

↳
focus almostexdus.ve/yone,ecn.on ,

=D
ability (explain justify questions Judgement
account &
purpose
:

↳
sabotage : .

disabling
voice

disabling access to
information
=D aulhoritarian practices : a
patten of action , embedded in an
organized context X
Redefinition of authoritarianism should : a .
describe a. substantive phenomenon not just ,
an absence

b. step any from elections as the

primary focus
c.
capture its character when not embodied in states alone

=D illiberal practices :
a
patern of action , embedded in an
organized context , infringing on the autonom
y
and dignity of individual

Corporate in anti res

for aulhoritarian practices
deependet on
cheap dangerous derneaning labour
-

, ,

Condition practice approach gets any from state as only structure

from dictator as
only actor

Tutorial I
tearsts

A. Chile very divide d fand displaament during Pinochet 's

Santiago city due to rote
e. as

distribution of wealth power, traditional Marxist"

"
↳ uneren →
protests
quality )
"

uprising against im 0
yens not 30 pesos
•

B. XR •

peauful ü → nanni
• Leader less
get → a Heston of governments & broader public
•

important global problem global protests

: -
>

question why it growing this quückly ?

: is name ?

C.
Hongkong •

conflict not only between citizen and national

government ( i. e. China 's
government)
•
difficutt legal situation an extradich on to main land China

↳ Iead to
kidnappings by Chinese internat
security agencies in
Hong Kong to be
brovght to Chinese
jurisdiction → can for extradiüon bill

less based economics but about and

political System
•
on
power

course set -

up
•
presentation : 15 min .
present text OHA
, ,
15 min debale on
prepared questions
(whole group)
•
research
project

presentation Just theory

war
:

↳ when is war
justified?
justf- ed during ?
↳ what action are wars
Lecture 4

Copenhagen school : moves

away from realist view on state & Security
, focused on discourse

Paris school security sequence of different policies & practices

con
• :

•
dis course : specific ensemble of ideas
, concepts,

•
dis course
of Climate
Charge security
National Security threat threat & undermines the national
way of life
→
climate Threat like militant and
growth
"

charge
"
:
as a economic

displaced people positiondas threat to security rather than victims

→ Human
Security threat : climate
charge Hrealens human
life & dignity
under on
agency
: who can Echoes stuft?
ambiguity creates space for co -

option of human
security into state
Security

→ International security threat climate threat to international and rates

charge as
:
norms

international
society threatened →
strengeren global governance institutions

rote
of UN
security council ? → should
join general assembly ?

themsdres
Ecological security climate of how human
→ threat :
charge
as result
organized
Sphere)
""

charge dana
ging
social , political & economic
practices & Structures
relationship
environmental
re structure
society between and

to
go beyond mitigation and

Searitization of migration 1951

refugee convention (political opinion, rau , religion nationality membership of particulier social group )
• -
or a
,

international law selective 9pol.info med

:
interpretation &
application
nowadays nexus of terrorism
migration crime
illegal ity
-
- -
-

amend to indude climate

→ limits of international law disarsi reconstruction
of climate refugees →
refugee law refugees
-

↳ Mc Adam :
nen
category in dead
of misintrpreting displaced people be .
auf climate
Charge as
refuge
Thromben p 132. : •
Security paradigm oonfuses human Security and how states
Speed their many with
Keeping people
"

when
they belong
"

• adresse
implications when dis course on
migration & discourse on climate
charge nett
Tutorial 2

Porticipation &success of Violent vs non -

violent movement
→
difference
• coercion • internat sanctions & external
.

support more
liked for non -

violent, material support more

for violent
•

loyalty swifts •
tactical
diversity
•

backfiring • erosion & resilience

Pacifism vs Nonvidence
→ paüfism ideologieal
: violence is urethical

method used for &

nonviolena tactics &
strategies purswing social political
→
goal
→ :
,

Types of paüfism I. absolute

2. realist c : violence allowed in some Situation ( g. self defense protection)

e.
,

3.
technologie at : violence justified past not anymore
in

t.fallibilityi.hu mars cannot

feuly understand war neuer folly justified,

Types of non violence A.

principled : most ethical
way
to be solved collective
problem as
joint problem ly
no coercion but persvasion Konversion

B.
prag matic : most effizient way

for Violence I
public support
reasons charles
higher
non .

2. widespread pwtiäpation
violett civil
3. create non
society
other
4. violence =

negative consequences ( g. infrastructure) e.

impractical (
5. violence
g. ineguality of resources state &protestes)
e.

response

¥5+

Tutorial 3

Civil disobedienu -

features -

consciertiousnlss
-

Communication

publicity
}
-

Pro Icon
-
non -
violence

Contras Communication Lwl Wide public)

to ordinary offen Us
- -

accept legal con sequence (can impress public but it is a

privileg to be wrestedwlohom)
-

,
 Justification > mode of action
illegality llinkwmorality)
-

-
last or
first resort (when is it a last resort? is it possible to await
)
?
-

coordination w
/ other dissen INS
-
likelihood of Success

directness of action

expected harm

> motivation for action mer it

}
-

cause

all 3 need to be met

•
reasons for defending a
cause

•
reasons
for engaging in
specific mode of action

Elite based
-

vs citizen based power

-

+ tv

most cannon in authorilarian

regimes but not only

Tutorial 4

Crisis
of hegemony
•

Social movements
from bdow
•

↳ reed
for theory that changes not
just theorie
theory too to
go beyond particulier operieren
•
as a
a

•
Pre
figurative pditics →
theory of practice that allows for revolutionary practices
↳ Heari n Reno
no
space to just purpose

Does the influence international pressure has on a state

reaction deepend on historic
proximity ?
Does historic proximity of two countries effect the

influence international press we has on a state 's response

to a social movement ?

yperceiredas
Is historic proximity asuffiüentjstification for an other
county
to interne in a social movement ?
↳ shared territory /traditions / . .
.

↳ colonial history ?
justfiction / legitimation
→ causa I relationship :

→ internen →
justifiction of intern community (opium poll ?)
.

→ historic
proximity
Author itarian
regimes
4
defning trails
-

•
limited , nonresponsibk , political plural isn
elaborate
•
absence
of an
8guidingideology-insteaddistinctivementak.fi es
of mobilisation
absence intensive & extensive
political
•

•
exercise
of power within formalIy ill -

defined ,
but predictasle limits
, by leader or small
group