HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE
reviewer
EMBODO, JE 2
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MODULE 1
PREHISTORIC TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

History of Architecture
“It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin,
growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands
and ages.”

Historic Styles of Architecture

“The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which
prevails at a certain place and time.”

Building
 A basic need
 A social act

Arki-tekton (Greek)
 master builder

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY AIM OF ARCHITECTURE?

Shelter
ARCHITECTURE had a simple origin in the primitive efforts of
mankind to provide protection against inclement weather, wild
beasts, and human enemies.

Influences of the Development of Architecture

a) Geographical: the study of the Earth and its lands, features,
inhabitants, and phenomena
b) Geological: the science and study of physical matter that
constitutes the earth
c) Climatic: encompasses the statistics of temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric
particle count and other meteorological elements in each
region over long periods of time
d) Religious
e) Socio-political
f) Historical

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PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Megalithic Sites in Europe MATERIALS

(describes structures made of large stones, utilizing an  Animal skins &
interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement) bones, trees &
plants, stones &
 Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering rocks
 The success of the human race was largely due to the
development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
 By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced - fertile  Existing or
soil and plentiful food excavated caves
 No organized religion  Megalithic, most
 Respect for the Dead: burial rites & monuments evident in France,
England and
3 CULTURAL STAGES Ireland
I. STONE AGE
a) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) DECORATION
b) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)  Cave’s paintings
c) Neolithic (New Stone Age)  Sculpture
II. BRONZE AGE
III. IRON AGE
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY
I. STONE AGE KNOWN TYPES OF
a) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) ARCHITECTURE
 concerned with the origins and development of early
human culture between the first appearance of man 1. Primitive Dwellings
as a tool-using mammal 2. Religious Monuments
 man was a food gatherer, depending for his 3. Burial Grounds
subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing,
and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries
1. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
b) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
 Hunters and
 gradual domestication of plants and animals and the
fishermen - rock
formation of settled communities at various times
caves, (manifestly
and places
the earliest form of
c) Neolithic (New Stone Age)
human dwellings)
 domestication of plants and animals
 Tillers of the soil -
 development of pottery, polished stone tools and
arbours of trees,
more complex, larger settlements such as Çatal Hüyük
and from them
and Jericho
fashioned huts of
wattle and daub
II. BRONZE AGE
 Innovation of the technique of smelting ore

III. IRON AGE

 prevalent use of iron
 introduction of alphabetic characters, and the
consequent development of written language which
enabled literature and historic record

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 WIGWAM - Domed structure

 Shepherds - coverings of skins which only had to be

raised on posts to form tents.

TEEPEE - Conical tent traditionally made of animal skins

or birch barks

2. RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS

MENHIR
 single, large upright monolith
 arranged in parallel rows, sometimes reaching
several miles, and consisting of thousands of
stones
 memorial of victory over one tribe

DOLMEN
 tomb of standing stone usually consisting of three
or more upright stones capped with a large flat
horizontal capstone

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 CROMLECH
 enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the
ground in circular form

Stonehenge, England

RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF STONEHENGE, ENGLAND

 made up of concentric rings with the following:

a) Outer ring – 106 ft. in diameter

b) Isolated blue stone
c) Innermost circle
d) Smaller blue stone

 Known in the 12th century as “Dance of the

Giants”
 Known today as the “Sarcen Circle”
 Druids celebrating summer solstice

3. BURIAL MONUMENTS

TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE)

 mound of earth & stones raised over a grave or graves
of ordinary persons
 dominant tomb type
 has corridor lined with large stone slabs leading to a
circular chamber with corbelled vault
 prototype of Egyptian pyramids

Treasury of Atreus, Greece

NEAR EAST (4000 BC to 4th century)

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 Near East/ West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed
in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates”
 also known as “Mesopotamia” (refers to Persia, Assyria &
Babylon)
 GREEK: mesos = middle; potamos = river
 One of the earliest seats of civilization, great fertility
 cradle and tomb of nations and empires
 The plain of Mesopotamia, once the seat of a high
civilization, was irrigated by numerous canals between the
above-mentioned rivers, and was highly cultivated,
supporting an immense population round Nineveh and
Babylon.

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GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE

Chaldea or Lower Mesopotamia

 alluvial - thick mud or clay
 usual building material - soil made into bricks
 ordinary sundried bricks - general body of the walls
 "kiln-burnt" and sometimes glazed or vitrified bricks of
different colors - used as a facing
Assyria
 followed Babylonians in the use of brick
 faced the walls internally and externally with alabaster or
limestone slabs carved with low bas-reliefs and inscriptions
Persia
 Hard, colored limestones (building of Susa and Persepolis)
 Roof-timbers (obtained from Elam)
 Persian tiles - world-famous for their beauty of texture and
colors
 Due to floods & heavy rains, it resulted in the conversion of
its earthen into clay to produce “bricks” in Assyria and
Babylon
 Due to rare experience of rain in Persia, they used timber and
colored limestone

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE

Chaldea and Assyria

 floods and heavy rains = “Ziggurats” Persia
 dry & hot climate = open columned type temples
 country of sunshine, gardens and deserts

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE

Babylonia and Assyria

 polytheism - worship of heavenly bodies, divisions of the
universe, and local deities
 chief gods:
a) Anu - sky god
b) Baal - earth god
c) Ea – water god

Persia
 Monotheism
 system of ethical forces, believers of good and evil

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SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE

Assyrians
 sturdy, warlike, but cruel people
 conquering monarchs took thousands of prisoners

Babylonian
 among the three were considered extraordinary because
achieved highest degree of civilization (e.g. irrigation, trade,
cuneiform, Law of Hammurabi)

Assyrian and Persian

 believed in military superiority thus manifested in their
buildings

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
 Chaldean Period (4000 to 1250 B.C.)
 Assyrian Period (1250 to 606 B.C.)
 Babylonian Period (606 to 538 B.C.)
 Persian Period

 Eannadu - earliest Babylonian king mentioned in the

cuneiform inscriptions who reigned B.C. 4500
 Sargon (B.C. 722-705) - the most celebrated Assyrian king;
erected the great palace at Khorsabad
 Reigns of Darius (B.C. 521-485); and Xerxes (B.C. 485- 465) -
most interesting palaces were erected at Susa and Persepolis.
 The country remained under the rule of the Persians until the
time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333, when it became a
possession of the Greeks. The conquest of Egypt by
Cambyses, B.C. 525, and the dazzling impression left by the
marvelous buildings of Memphis and Thebes, caused the
development of the use of the column amongst the Persians.
 In the seventh century A. D., the Arabs overran the country
and settled there Bagdad becoming a new capital of great
magnificence. Towards the close of the tenth century, the
Turks, a barbarous people pouring in from the east, settled in
the country, which is at the present moment in a desolate
state owing to Turkish misrule.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 Massiveness
 Monumentality
 Grandeur

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ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN

 Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips,
buttresses with glazed tile adornment
 colossal winged bulls, carved alabaster slabs, sculptured bas-
reliefs
PERSIAN
 Columnar and trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes
domed

EXAMPLES

BABYLON
ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains”
 chief building structure,
 square or rectangle in plan w/ steeply battered sides
 an open platform on top containing the “Fire Altar”
 The angles of these temples were made to face the cardinal
points
 surmounted by a richly decorated temple chamber, which
served as a shrine and observatory from which astrological
studies could be made
Development
 Archaic ziggurat - usually have one flat top rectangular
mound carrying the upper temple
 Two or Three-staged ziggurat - rectangular in plan, design w/
several tiers or stages
 Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period

ASSYRIA
Palace
Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad
 entrance portals flanked with statues of headed winged bulls
& lions
 contains 700 rooms
 with its various courts, chambers, and corridors is supposed
to have occupied an area of 25 acres

Palace Parts
a) SERAGLIO – palace proper which includes the king’s
residence, men’s apartment & reception courts for visitors
b) HAREM - private apartments of the prince and his family,
women’s apartment
c) KHAN - service chambers, a Moslem “inn” for travelers

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PERSIA

Palace

PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS

 occupies 1500 & 1000 ft. & is elevated 40 ft.
 one of the important capitals of Persia
 contains the following:
a) Palace of Darius
b) Palace of Xerxes
c) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes
 probably used as a throne room
 originally had seventy-two black marble columns, 67
feet in height, arranged in a somewhat novel manner
supporting a flat roof.
d) Hall of Hundred columns by Darius
 225 feet square
 probably used as an audience and throne-hall
e) Propylaea – entrance to hall designed by Xerxes

 Steps leading to the eastern portico of the Apadana

(Audience Hall) of Persepolis

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
PLAN
 A special character was given
to the temples of the early,
and the palaces of the later
period, by raising them on
terraces or platforms some 30
feet to 50 feet in height
 Angles of the Assyrian
ziggurats face the cardinal
points of the compass
 Assyrian palaces were
designed so as to be effective
internally and externally,
being raised on the platforms

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WALL
 Assyrians - used stone only as  In Persia - the walls which
a facing to their brick walls - were thin have
the massive walls, which were disappeared, leaving the
of cased brickwork, only massive stone or marble
remain, the columns being of blocks forming the door
wood having perished. and window openings,
immense columns, and
broad stairways which
alone have survived the
ravages of time.
 The slabs of alabaster with
which the walls of the
palaces were faced reveal
much of the social history
of the people.
OPENINGS
 Lighting to the temples is
conjectural, but it appears to
have been effected by means
of a “clerestory”
 Use of the arch, both circular
and pointed
 Doorways - of great size, give
buildings a sufficient supply of
light and air, and openings
may also have been formed in
the upper parts of the walls
ROOFS
 The roofing appears to have
been effected by means of
timber beams reaching from
one column to the next, and
resting on the backs of the
"double-bull" capitals
 Halls of the palaces were
covered with brick tunnel
vaults, but in many cases the
roof of considerable thickness
was flat, formed of very tough
but plastic clay and debris,
and kept in condition by being
occasionally rolled

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COLUMNS
 Primarily of wood, but in the
later period at Persepolis, built
them of the natural stone
 Capitals were double-bull,
double-unicorn, double-horse,
double-griffin type and the
Ionic scroll occurs in some
examples.
MOULDINGS
 Assyrian palaces sculptured  Persepolis - bead, hollow and
slabs and colored surfaces ogee mouldings in the bases,
while the volutes of the capital
were treated with plain
sinkings.
ORNAMENT
 Assyrian sculptures in
alabaster exhibit
considerable technical skill
and refinement
 Notable repousse pattern
work on bronze bowls,
shields, and gate fittings

EGYPTIAN (From 5000 BC to 1st century AD)

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 Egypt known as “The Land of Pharaohs”
 Nile River: means of communication, trade route & lifeline
 Egypt’s greatest wealth was its fertile soil

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
 STONE: abundant building material
 SAND DRIED BRICKS: made up of clay & chopped stone for
pyramids & temples
 DATE PALM: for roofing
 PALM LEAVES: for roofing materials
 ACACIA: boats
 SYCAMORE: mummy cases

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
 Flat roofs without drainage (no downspout or gutters) due to
absence of rain
 No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm
 Unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the
fierce heat of the sun

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RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
 Pyramids were built because they believed in “Life after
Death” & for the preservation of the dead body
 Pharaoh is not only king but also “god” both political &
religious ruler, when he dies, he becomes “Osiris”, god of
dead
 “monotheistic” in theory & “polytheistic” in practice

DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS

 AMUN-RA: chief god
 RAH: symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life
 ATUM: world creator
 OSIRIS: god of the dead
 ISIS: wife of Osiris
 HORUS: sky god, son of Osiris, also reincarnation of “Ra”
himself
 SET: dead god of evil, brother of pleasure
 THOT: ibis headed god of wisdom
 ANUBIS: jackal headed god of death
 PTAH: god of craftsmen
 SERAPIS: bull god

SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE

 MONARCHY - form of government
 PHARAOH - King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt
 VIZIER - King’s most powerful official
 CHANCELOR - controls the royal treasuries, granaries &
supervises the census
 CHIEF STEWARD - in charge of the King’s personal estate &
household

SOCIAL RANKS
a) NOBLE FAMILIES
b) SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS, CHIEF STEWARDS
c) FISHERMEN, FARMERS, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS –
ordinary Egyptians
d) SLAVES - lowest form

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
 30 DYNASTIES (started from 3rd Millennium BC to Roman
Period. Egypt was part of Persian)
 Empire for 2 Centuries, before the invasion of ALEXANDER
the Great

I. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH Dynasty)

 Development of two types of tombs
a) Mastaba
b) Pyramid

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 I. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th – 17th Dynasty)
 Important Personalities
a) MENTUHETEP II – developed the 3rd type of tomb:
Rock–cut Tomb
b) SENUSRET – erected the earliest known Obelisk,
Heliopolis
c) AMENEMHAT I – founded Great Temple of Ammon
Kharnak (grandest of all temples)

II. NEW EMPIRE (18th – 30th Dynasty)

 Important Personalities
a) THOTMES 1 - began the additions to the Temple of
Ammon, Karnak
b) HATSHEPSUT - queen of Egypt, famous for her
funerary temple at Mt. Deir el Bahari
c) AMENOPHIS III - erected the Colossi of Memnon, one
of the wonders of the ancient world
d) RAMESES I - began the construction of the Great
Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
e) RAMESES II - finished the construction of the
Hypostyle Hall & erection of the Rock Temple, Abu
Simbel

III. THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD

 Important Personalities
a) PTOLEMY II – built the Pharaohs or the “Light House”
b) PTOLEMY III – founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at
Alexandria
IV. The Roman Period (BC 30 - AD 395)
V. Later Periods (AD 395 to the present day)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 Simplicity
 Monumentality
 Solidity or massiveness

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 BATTERED WALL - inclination from base to top of the facade.
 HIEROGLYPHICS - used as ornaments, pictures & writings
from the walls
 DECORATIONS - mouldings such as “gorge” or “hollow and
roll” was inspired by reeds, Torus moulding
 SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION
a) POST & LINTEL
b) COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED
EXAMPLES
1. TOMBS
The Tombs were of three main types:

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 a) Mastabas
b) Royal pyramids
c) Rock-hewn tombs

A. MASTABA
 first type of Egyptian tomb
 Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full
length
 rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
side (angled at 75 degrees), covering a burial chamber
below ground
 Parts:
a) outer chamber
b) SERDAB: inner chamber with STELAE (stone with
name of deceased inscribed); contains statue of
deceased and offering table
c) chamber containing the sarcophagus, reached by an
underground shaft

Mastaba at Saqqara

B. PYRAMID
 massive funerary structure of stone or brick
 square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting at
the apex
 evolved from MASTABA
 with four sides facing the cardinal points
 made by 100,000 men for 100 years

STEPPED PYRAMID

PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER – built by IMHOTEP,

oldest surviving masonry building structure in the
world

BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID

PYRAMID OF SENEFERU

SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
 The four sides, which, as in all the pyramids,
face the cardinal points, are nearly equilateral
triangles
 The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a
man-lion protecting his country


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 PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX
 Elevated Causeway
 Offering Chapel
 Mortuary
 Valley Building

Pyramid of Cheops, Grand Gallery

C. ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT
 cut deep into the mountain rock or hillsides
 For nobility, not royalty

Tombs at Beni-Hassan
 Four out of the 39 tombs are accessible to the public:
Amenemhet, Khnumhotep II, Baqet III, Khety

Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan

Tomb of Baqet, Beni-Hassan

Tomb of Kheti, Beni-Hassan

2. OBELISK
 upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
pyramidion on top
 sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
 usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
 height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
 four sides feature hieroglyphics
Great Temple of Ammon Karnak, Luxor

Piazza of S. Giovanni, Rome

 Originally from the Temple of Ammon, Karnak
 oldest of its kind in Rome
 brought to Rome by command of emperor
Constantine II

Obelisk of Thutmoses I, Temple of Amun-Ra

 21.2 m high and weighs nearly 150 tons

3. PYLON
 monumental gateway to the temple consisting of
slanting walls flanking the entrance portal
 often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's
authority since it was the public face of a cult building

EMBODO, JE 16
 Pylon of Rameses II, Luxor Temple  Hatshepsut's
chancellor,
Temple of Isis, Philae royal architect
 150 ft. broad Senunmut
 6o ft. high oversaw
construction
4. TEMPLES
 sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate
 only a high priest can enter in both types of temple
 for mysterious rites and priestly processions which
took place within guarded precincts
a) CULT: built for the worship of the gods
b) MORTUARY: built in honour of the Pharaohs

PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE

a) Entrance Pylon - massive sloping towers fronted by
an obelisk known as gateways in Egypt
b) Hypaethral Court - large outer court open to the sky
c) Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest
on column.
d) Sanctuary - usually surrounded by passages &
chambers used in connection with the temple service
e) Avenue of Sphinx - where mystical monster were
placed
Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak
 grandest temple & work of many kings
 Originally commenced by Amenemhat about B.C.
2466
 occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft
Great Temple of Abu Simbel
 Example of rock-cut temple
 Constructed by Rameses II
 Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4
rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m
high
Inner sanctum
 The Abu Simbel Temple is aligned so that the sun's
rays penetrate an inner sanctuary twice each year.
They then illuminate the figures of Ptah, Amun,
the deified Ramesses II and Re.
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahari
 quite different from all others in Egypt, and consists
of three terraced courts stepped out of the rock and
connected by inclined planes
 Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She
reigned between 1473 and 1458 B.C. Her name
means “foremost of noblewomen”

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5. SPHINX
a) Androsphinx - a mystical monster with a body of a lion
and head of a man
b) Hieracosphinx - body of a lion & head of a hawk
c) Criosphinx - body lion & head of a ram

Great Sphinx, Giza

 The greatest monumental sculpture in the ancient world,
it is carved out of a single ridge of limestone 240 feet (73
meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high

6. CAPITALS & COLUMNS

a) Bud & Bell Capital
b) Volute Capital
c) Hathor – Headed Capital
d) Polygonal Columns
e) Palm type Capital
f) Osiris Pillars
g) Papyrus Capital
h) Square Pillars

7. MOULDINGS
 Gorge and Hollow Moulding
 Torus Moulding

8. ORNAMENTS
a) Lotus Papyrus & Palm – for “fertility”
b) Solar Discs & Vultures w/ wings – for “protection”
c) Spiral & feather ornament – for “eternity”
d) Scarab or sacred beetle – for “resurrection”

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

PLAN
 Externally the massive pylons ornamented with incised
decorations formed the chief facade, a contrast being obtained
by the /slender obelisks which usually stood in front of them,
while the approach was through an impressive avenue of
innumerable sphinxes.
 The walls, the pylons, and other features are placed on different
axes, free from any pretence of regularity.

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WALLS
 Immensely thick, and in important buildings were of granite,
while in the less important they were of brick faced with granite.
 The faces of the temple walls slope inwards or batter towards
the top, giving them a massive appearance
 For the purposes of decoration, the walls, even when of granite,
were generally covered with a fine plaster, in which were
executed low reliefs, treated with bright color.
 Simplicity, solidity, and grandeur, qualities obtained by broad
masses of unbroken walling, are the chief characteristics of the
style.
OPENINGS
 These were all square-headed and covered with massive lintels,
for the style being essentially trabeated.
 Window openings are seldom found in temples, light being
admitted by the clerestories.
ROOFS
 These were composed of massive blocks of stone supported by
the enclosing walls and the closely spaced columns.
 Being flat, they could be used in dwelling-houses as a pleasant
rendezvous for the family in the evening for the enjoyment of
the view and the fresh breezes which spring up at sunset, and at
certain seasons may have been used for repose. They may also
have been used in the daytime, if protected from the sun by
temporary awnings.
 The flat roofs of the temples seem to have been used in the
priestly processions.
MOULDINGS
 hollow and bead
ORNAMENTS
 This was symbolical, and was an important element in the style,
including such features as the solar disc or globe and the vulture
with outspread wings, as a symbol of protection, while diaper
patterns, spirals, and the feather ornament were largely used.
The scarab, or sacred beetle, was considered by the Egyptians as
the sign of their religion

EMBODO, JE 19
MODULE 2 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
GREEK TO ROMAN ARCHITECTURE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
 Early Period: Aegeans,
Minoans & Myceneans
GREEK ARCHITECTURE (3000 BC – 700 BC)
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Hellenic Period: Greek
 surrounded on three sides by the sea, possessed of many cultural influence and
natural harbours, and convenient for the development of power was at its peak
trade in Europe, Africa, and
 mountainous nature of the country separated the inhabitants Asia, experiencing
into groups or clans = rivalry Prosperity and
 rugged nature of the Greek Peninsula & its widespread progress in the arts,
exploration, literature,
islands = made communication difficult
theater, architecture,
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE music, mathematics,
 MARBLE - chief mineral wealth of Greece, the most philosophy, and
monumental building material in existence, and one which science
favours purity of line and refinement in detail
 The country was also rich in silver, copper, and iron. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
AEGEAN
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY
 intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat: PERIOD
favoured an outdoor life, most of public ceremonies took  roughness and
place in an open air, even in religious rites, due to limited massiveness of
public buildings other than temples structure
 hot sun and sudden showers = porticoes and colonnades GREEK ARCHITECTURE
which were such important features or HELLENIC PERIOD
 Simplicity &
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Harmony
 AEGEANS: worship “nature”, priestesses conducted the  Purity of Lines
religious rites  Perfection of
 GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues. They Proportions
worship natural phenomena, ancestors, and deified heroes  Refinement of
Details
SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  "carpentry in
 Chief diversion were music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, marble” - timber
gymnastic, and bullfighting often with religious connection. forms imitated in
Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games, as stone with
well as in craftwork remarkable
 National games and religious festivals united them in exactness
reverence for their religion, and gave them that love for
music, the drama, and the fine arts, and that emulation in ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
manly sports and contests for which they were distinguished. AEGEAN
 people led an open-air life, for the public ceremonies and in
ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY
many cases the administration of justice were carried on in
PERIOD
the open air
 Forms of government: tyrannic, aristocratic, & democratic  Low pitch or flat
roof on multi-
storey structure

EMBODO, JE 20
 Stairway was developed for vertical circulation
 principal building types: Houses termed as “Megaron” &
palaces
 4 Methods of walling surface finishes:
a) Cyclopean – a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks
laid mortar
b) Polygonal – a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones
having polygonal faces
c) Rectangular – block of stone cut into rectangular
shapes.
d) Inclined blocks – stones with inclined blocks
GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD
 Rectangular plan
 Propylaea - Temples gateways
 Colonnade surrounds the temple.
 Lacunaria - timber paneled coffers, no ceiling
 Walls were made up of stones.
 Marble sculptures
 Mural paintings on the walls of temples
 Entasis - optical illusions were corrected from horizontal
lines not to appear dropping or sagging from the center

EMBODO, JE 21
EXAMPLES

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD

1.) Megaron
Areas:
 Enclosed porch
 Living apartment or megaron proper
 “Thalamus” or sleeping room

The Megaron complex at Mycenae, view from the main hall (circular
hearth visible in foreground) through the anteroom and porch.

2.) Gate of Lions, Mycenae

 most ancient stone sculpture in Europe

3.) Palaces
 used by kings or local chieftain

King Minos Palace, Crete

4.) Tombs
2 Types of Aegean Tomb:

 Tholos – a stone-vaulted construction, shaped like an old

fashion beehive. It consists of a long passage known as
“Dromos” leading to domed chamber.
 Rock–cut or chamber tomb – rectangular chamber, cut w/ in
the slope hill -side approach by Dromos

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

 sometimes known as the Tomb of Agamemnon,
 largest and best preserved
 consists of a long passage or “dromos” (20 ft. broad by
115 ft. long)
5.) Temenos
 A sacred enclosure surrounding a temple or other holy spot

Acropolis at Pergamon

Acropolis at Athens

EMBODO, JE 22
GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD
Structures at Acropolis, Athens
 Propylaea
 Pinacotheca & Glypthotheca
 Statue of Athena Promachos
 Erectheion
o Architect – Mnesicles
o Sculptor – Phidias
o Caryatids – porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft
beam needed to support the southwest corner over
the metropolis
 Parthenon
o dedicated to the goddess Athena
o largest Greek Temple
o Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates
o Master Sculptor: Phidias
o a peripteral octostyle Doric temple with Ionic
architectural features stands on a platform or
stylobate of three steps
o Stylobate
o Stereobate
o Crepidoma
o Euthynteria
 Temple of Nike Apteros
o Architect – Callicrates
o Most exquisite small Ionic
temple dedicated to “Wingless
Victory”
 Old Temple of Athena
 Stoa of Eumeses
 Theater of Dionysus
 Odeion of Herodes Atticus

6.) Agora
 square city or marketplace, the Greek’s political business &
economic life

7.) Temples
 chief buildings
PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE
a) Pronaos – the inner portico in front of naos or cella
b) Naos – principal chamber containing the statue of the
god or goddess, w/ porticoes & colonnades
c) Epinaos or Opisthodomus – posticum which serves as
the treasury chamber

EMBODO, JE 23
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)
 According to the number of columns on the entrance front.
a) Henostyle - one column
b) Distyle - two columns
c) Tristyle - three columns
d) TetraStyle - four columns
e) Pentastyle - five columns
f) Hexastyle - six columns
g) Heptastyle - seven columns
h) Octastyle - eight columns
i) Enneastyle - nine columns
j) Decastyle - ten columns
k) Dodecastyle - twelve columns

 By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in

relation to naos

o IN ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns

between antae at the front.
o AMPHI-ANTIS – temples that have one to four
columns between antae at the front and rear.
o PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at
front.
o AMPHI-PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of
columns at the front & rear.
o PERIPTERAL – temples that have single line of
columns surrounding the naos.
o PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL – temples that have flanked of
cols. Attached to the naos wall.
o DIPTERAL – temples that have a double line of
columns surrounding the naos.
o PSEUDO-DIPTERAL – temples are like the last, but the
inner range of columns is omitted on the flanks of the
naos.
Intercolumniation: spacing between the columns
o Pycnostyle – 1.5 dia
o Systyle – 2 dia
o Eustyle – 2.25 dia
o Diastyle – 3 dia
o Areaostyle – 4 dia

8.) STOA
 covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage
 early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually
of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they
created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere

EMBODO, JE 24
9.) PRYTANEION
 a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city

10.) BOULEUTERION
 council house
 covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils

11.) THEATER
 for plays
 an open air structure, which consisted of orchestra,
auditorium or carved out of the slope of hillside, in or near
city

Theater of Epidaurus
 most beautiful example & well-preserved building
 Architect: Polycleitus
11.) ODEION
 for music
 carved or hollowed out of the hillside
 acoustically-efficient

Odeion of Herodes

12.) STADIUM
 sports arena

13.) HIPPODROME
 chariot race arena

14.) PALAESTRA
 wrestling school

15.) GYMNASIA
 exercise court
CLASSICAL ORDERS

A.) DORIC ORDER

 simpliest & the earliest among the 5 orders
 Without base, directly on crepidoma
 Height (including capital): 4 to 6 times the diameter at the
base
 Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises
 Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below

EMBODO, JE 25
3 main divisions:
 Architrave: principal beam of 2 or 3 slabs in depth
 Frieze
 Cornice, mouldings
B.) IONIC ORDER
 volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and
Aegean art)
 More slender than Doric
 Needed a base to spread load
 Height: 9 times the base diameter
 Has 24 flutes separated by fillets
 Upper and lower torus
Two parts:
 Architrave, with fascia
 Cornice
 No frieze
C.) CORINTHIAN ORDER
 Decorative variant of Ionic Order
 Base and shaft resembled Ionic
 More slender
 Height of 10 diameters
 Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root
of acanthus plant
3 parts:
 Architrave
 Frieze
 Cornice, developed type with dentils

CLASSICAL MOULDINGS

EMBODO, JE 26
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
 In the Roman social
system, there were
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE only patricians,
 The central and commanding position of Italy in the plebeians and slaves
Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary and no middle class
in spreading art and civilisation over Europe, Western Asia,  Roman women were
and North Africa, they conquered first by war, dominated by held in high respect
force of character, and then ruled by laws and civilised by family life was
arts and letters. protected
 The Romans were not a seafaring people like the Greeks and
did not send out colonists in the same way to all parts of the
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
then-known world: they depended for the extension of their
 VASTNESS &
power, not on colonisation, but on conquest.
MAGNIFICENCE
 OSTENTATION &
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
ORNATENESS
Concrete
 Chief building material was which rendered finest example of ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Roman Architecture
TYPES OF VAULTS
 made up of stone or brick rubble & a mortar of which the
DEVELOPMENT
important ingredient was “pozzolana”
1) Semi-circular/ Wagon-
 ample supply of marbles, terra-cotta, stone, bricks, sand,
headed/ Barrel vault
gravel & timber
 borne on two
parallel walls
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
throughout its
 North Italy - climate of the temperate region of Europe length
 Central Italy - genial and sunny 2) Cross vault
 South Italy - almost tropical  formed by
 Diversity of architectural features & treatment in the intersection of two
peninsula itself semi-circular vaults
of equal span
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  used over square
 religion of ancient Rome was part of the constitution of the apartment or on
State square bays in long
 worship of the gods, adopted from the Greeks under Latin hallways
names 3) Hemispherical Dome/
 venerated more their emperors than their gods and because Cupola
of this attitude, there were less temples for worship  used over circular
structures
Important Emperors who patronize architecture in Rome:  semi-domes for
 NERO semi-circular
 HADRIAN recesses
 DIOCLETIAN
 VESPASIAN 5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
 SEPTIMUS SEVERUS a) Opus
 TRAJAN Quadratum –
 CARACALLA made up of
rectangular
blocks of stone

EMBODO, JE 27
 with or w/ out mortar joints but frequently secured
with dowels and cramps
b) Opus Incertum – made up of small stones laid in a
loose pattern roughly assembling the polygonal work
c) Opus Recticulatum – fine joints were in diagonal lines
like the meshes of a net
d) d) Opus Testaceum – triangular bricks (plan) specially
made for facing the walls
e) Opus Mixtum – consisted of bands of “tufa”
introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or
alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared
stone blocks

CLASSICAL ORDERS
COLUMN/ CAPITALS
a) TUSCAN
 counterpart of Doric capital
 About 7 diameters high
 With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain
entablature

b) COMPOSITE
 combination of Ionic & Corinthian
 Most decorative

EMBODO, JE 28
EXAMPLES
1.) FORUM
 open space used as a meeting place, market or rendesvouz
for political demonstrations
Forum Romanum
 oldest & most important
Forum of Trajan
 largest forum
 Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus
2.) RECTANGULAR TEMPLES
 used Pseudo–Peripteral, raised in a “podium”, oriented
towards the south
Maison Caree, Nimes
3.) CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL TEMPLES
 derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans
which became the prototype of the Christian baptistery
The Pantheon
 most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in
Rome.
 converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda
4.) BASILICAS
 halls of justice or assembly hall
Basilica in the Forum Pompeii
Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
5.) THERMAE
 palatial public bath
 Romans liked to keep clean and fit
 Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
 For as many as 30 men and women in the open
Parts of the thermae:
 Apodyteria – dressing room
 Laconicum (Sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil
 Tepidarium – warm bath
 Frigidarium – cold bath
 Unctuaria (Alipterion) – oils and perfumes room (unguents)
 Calidarium – hot room, or with hot water bath
6. BALNEUM
 private bath in Roman palaces & houses containing the
following:
a) Tepidarium
b) Calidarium
c) Frigidarium
7.) THEATERS OR ODEION
 Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete vaulting,
supporting tiers of seats, it was restricted to a semi-circle

EMBODO, JE 29
8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR COLOSSEUM
 use for gladiatorial combats, elliptical in plan

The Colosseum
 Also known as “Flavian Amphitheater”
 commenced by Vespasian & completed by Domitian
9.) TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
 erected to commemorate victorious campaign of emperors
and Generals

Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome

10.) PALACES
 used to house the Emperors

Palace of Diocletian
 Spalato largest palace & often called “a city in a
house” covered a total of 8 acres, almost the size of
Escorial, Spain.
11.) ROMAN HOUSES
a) Domus

 domestic dwelling
 private house
b) Villa
 Country House
 a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and
gardens, colonnades, theaters & thermae
c) Insula
 Apartment Block
 3 to 4-storey tenement also called “Werkmen’s Dwelling”

12.) AQUEDUCTS
 use for water supply, w/ smooth channels or “specus” lined
w/ hard cement & carried on arches, in several tiers

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

13.) BRIDGES OR “PONS”
 simple, solid & practical construction designed
to resist the rush of water
14.) FOUNTAINS
 striking features of ancient & modern Rome Types:
a) “Lacus” or Locus – designed similar to a large basin of
water.
b) “Salientes” – similar to a large basin of water with
spouting jets.

EMBODO, JE 30
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 Christianity had its birth in Judea, Eastern provinces of the
Roman Empire.
 Early Christian Architecture was influenced by the existing
Roman art
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
 Ruins of the Roman buildings provided quarry where
materials were obtained
 Influenced the style for construction, decoration for columns
& other architectural features as well as fine sculpture and
mosaic from older building which were turned into Basilican
churches of the new faith
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
 The climatic conditions of Roman provinces as Egypt, Syria,
and North Africa where Christianity was established were
more or less varied, and naturally modified the style in those
countries where the fiercer sun and hotter climate
necessitated small windows and other Eastern features.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
 Christianity spread out rapidly and was an important factor in
the development of early Christian architecture & inspired
the building of some of the greatest architectural
monuments
 Constantine & Licinus issued their celebrated edict of Milan
giving Christianity equal rights with other religions &
Constantine made it the official religion
SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
 Constantine was the prime character but was not proclaimed
Emperor; he removed his empire from Rome to Byzantium
and developed a new style of Architecture
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
 The final phase of Roman Architecture from 4th to 6th
Century, primarily in church building
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 Early Christian Architecture is basically Roman in character
but executed it through:
a) SIMPLICITY IN DESIGN
b) COARSENESS IN EXECUTION
 impressive and dignified

EMBODO, JE 31
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 contributed to the development of “ribbed vaulting &
arcades & timber trussed roof”
 used bell tower or “campanile” in their exterior
 usually with 3-5 aisles covered by a simple trussed roof.
 either closely spaced columns carrying the entablature
(trabeated) or more widely spaced columns carrying semi-
circular arches known as “archivolt”.
 Uses long rows of “off-repeated” columns from entry to
sanctuary for a long Church appearance.
 An “arch of triumph” (transaction thru death to life eternal)
gave entrance to Sanctuary with the high altar at the corner

EXAMPLES
1.) BASILICAN CHURCHES
 Roman basilicas as models
 Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it
was dedicated
 Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods, the
purpose of the Christian church was to shelter worshippers
 Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile, and
baptistery
 Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas
 Paid little regard to external architectural effect
 Entrance at west
 Priest stood behind altar, facing east
PARTS
 ATRIUM or open forecourt surrounded by arcades
 NARTHEX covered area for penitents
 NAVE lighted by a clerestory of small windows
 3 or 5 AISLES side aisles half-width of nave
 separate galleries for women on opposite sides of the nave
 “arch of triumph” symbolizing transition through death into
eternal life
 altar under BALDACHINO
 APSE (sanctuary) lined with marble slabs
 BEMA raised stage for clergy
 choir, enclosed by CANCELLI or low screen walls
 AMBO, pulpit on either side of choir, from which the gospel
and epistle was read

Old St. Peter’s Basilica

 erected by Constantine near the site of the
marytrdom of St. Peter in the circus of Nero

EMBODO, JE 32
Basilica of Constantine, Germany
 “Aula Palatina”
 contains the largest extant hall from antiquity
 World Heritage Site

St. Paolo Fouri Le Mura, Rome

 largest & most impressive among all basilican churches

Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome

 Built by Pope Sixtus III
 Only church where there is evidence that it was originally a
pagan basilica
 One of the most typical basilican churches

2.) BAPTISTERY
 Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of Easter,
Pentecost, and Epiphany
 Large separate building from church, sometimes adjoined
atrium

The Baptistery of Constantine, Rome

 by Sixtus III, dedicated to Constantine oldest among the
Italian Baptisteries

3.) TOMBS & CATACOMBS

 Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
consecrated ground
 Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
 Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
immortality
 Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground
 Several stories extending downwards
 Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic decorations
 Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible

Catacomb of Domitilla
 oldest
 one of the two largest of Rome’s 40 or so secret
underground Christian burial networks.
The Crypt of the Popes (Catacombs of St. Callixtus, Rome)
 most important and venerated crypt of the cemetery,
called "the little Vatican" as it was the official burial place
of nine popes and, probably, of eight dignitaries of
Rome's 3rd century Church

EMBODO, JE 33
TERMINOLOGY
 AMBULATORY – a passageway around the apse of church
 ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind the choir reserved for the clergy
 BEMA – a stage reserved for the clergy
 CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, & radiating terminal of a
church
 CLERESTOREY – an upper stage in the church w/ windows
above the adjacent roof
 CLERGY – priest with the religious elders
 DAIS – a raised platform reserved for the seating of speakers or
dignitaries
 ORATORY – a small private chapel furnished w/ an altar and a
crucifix
 REREDOS – an ornamental screen or wall at the back of an altar
 TRANSEPT –the portion of a church crossing the main axis at
the right angle & forming a cruciform plan
 TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated platform or dais for the speaker
 TRIFORIUM – roof over the aisles below the clerestory
 SEPULCHER – a tomb or a receptacles for relics especially in a
Christian altar

BYZANTINE
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after its Imperial
founder, and also called “New Rome”, now as “Istanbul”
 Has a commanding and central position for the government
of the expanding Roman Empire.
 at the intersection of two great highways of commerce: the
water highway between the Black Sea and Mediterranean,
and the trade route between Europe and Asia

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
 no good building stone
 local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble for concrete
were employed
 Other materials more monumental in character had to be
imported

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
 Semi– tropical climate: flat roofs used & combined w/
oriental domes, with small windows often high up in
unbroken walls, sheltering arcades surrounded the open
courts
 Adapted old methods of building to the climate of new
capital

EMBODO, JE 34
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
 Christianity was established as the state religion of the
Roman Empire - chief buildings erected in Byzantium, were
churches: basilican Early Christian type of church was merged
in the domical

Byzantine type
 Political Division between East and West, followed by the
division of Churches, due to “ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT”
(decree to ban the use of statues as means of
representations either of human or animal forms) & this
made painting figures in decoration a substitute.

SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
 Ways of life and corrupt conditions contributed greatly to the
fall of Roman Empire. Prominent Figures considered movers
of this Architecture:
 THEODOSIUS II - built several military gates and towers
(defense against the Goths & Huns)
 JUSTINIAN - responsible for rebuilding of St. Sophia “Divine
Wisdom” which now turned to a Moslem Mosque.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 Simplicity in external design w/c resulted in the use of clay &
rubble.
 Richness in internal treatment importing “marble”

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar style
 Domes of various types placed over square compartments
using pendentives
3 types of dome:
 SIMPLE DOME – dome & pendentives were part of the same
sphere.
 COMPOUND DOME – dome is not a part but rises
independently above them.
 MELON-SHAPED DOME/ONION OR BULBOUS – consist of
curved flutings which avoided the necessity of pendentives
 Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with capitals
able to support springing of arches
 Plans for churches & baptisteries; rounded arches,
elaborated columns & colours
 Features the grouping of small domes or semi-domes around
a large central dome
 Extensive use of “mosaic decoration”

EMBODO, JE 35
EXAMPLES GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
 The use of local
S. Sophia, Constantinople materials, whether
 Hagia Sophia "divine wisdom“ stone or brick, marble
 built by Emperor Justinian or terra-cotta, as well
 designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus as of ready-made
 Perfection of Byzantine style columns and other
 a former Greek Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later an features from old
imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey Roman buildings

S. Mark, Venice CLIMATIC INFLUENCE

 An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from  Northern Portion: Dull
many foreign lands climate contributed to
 Glittering, resplendent façade the use of:
 Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and o Large windows
marble decorations to admit light
 reflects the art of Byzantium which so largely influenced o High pitch roof
the architecture of Venice to throw off
 lies at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent rain & snow
and connected to the Doge's Palace  Southern Portion:
 For its opulent design, gold ground mosaics, and its status o Small windows
as a symbol of Venetian wealth and power, from the 11th to minimize sun
century on the building has been known by the nickname shading
Chiesa d'Oro (Church of gold) o Flat roof

S. Theodore, Constantinople RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE

 a perfect specimen of a miniature  Christianity, the chief
Byzantine church, although now a mosque source of education
and culture and the
The Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens erection of a church
 the smallest building in the world dignified by the name often resulted in the
of cathedral, (only 38 ft. by about 25 ft.) and the dome, foundation of a city;
supported on a high octagonal drum (only 9 ft. in for the Papacy had
diameter) been rising to great
power and influence
 Monastic Orders:
ROMANESQUE
promoted new
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
methods in agriculture,
 On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque
and exercised its
style grew up in those countries of Western Europe which
influence on
had been under the rule of Rome, and geographical
architecture; science
position determined many of the peculiarities of the style
letters, art, and culture
in each country.
were the monopoly of
 combination of Roman & Byzantine Architecture basically the religious Orders.
roman in style The schools attached
to monasteries trained

EMBODO, JE 36
 youths for the service of religion; monks and their pupils
were often the designers of cathedrals, and architecture was
almost regarded as a sacred science

CHIEF MONASTIC ORDERS:

 The Benedictine Order
 The Cluniac Order
 The Cistercian Order
 The Augustinian Order
 The Premonstratensian Order
 The Carthusian Order
 The Military Orders: Knights Templars and Knights
Hospitallers
 The Friars
 The Jesuits

SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
 Establishment of “Feudal System”: Landlord build “castle” to
separate them & protect them from the peasants. This castle
was made with man – made canals.
 Feudalism: a military and political system based on personal
loyalty (vassal and lieges)

EMBODO, JE 37
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
 Roman Empire in the West had already come to an end in
A.D. 475. The election of the first Frankish King Charlemagne
(A.D. 799) as Holy Roman Emperor marks the beginning of a
new era
 next two hundred years little progress was made, and it has
been suggested that this was owing to a popular superstition
that the millennium would bring the end of the world

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 SOBER & DIGNIFIED - Opposite of Roman character

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 Rib & Panel Vaulting - framework of ribs support thin stone panels
 Use of Massive wall structures, Round Arches & Powerful Vaults
 Latin Cross Plan in churches
 Use of Corbelled Arches found underneath the eaves of a church
Two Types of Vaulting - supported by tiers
1. Quadripartite (four – part vaulting)
2. Sexpartite (six – vaulting)

EXAMPLES
1.) CATHEDRALS
• Mostly Basilican in plan
2.) BAPTISTERIES
• Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and connected
to the cathedral by the atrium
• Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
3.) CAMPANILES
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch towers
4.) CASTLES
5.) FORTIFICATIONS & TOWNWALLS
6.) MONASTIC BUILDINGS

PISA CATHEDRAL
 The building depends for its artistic effect upon the
beauty and interest of its ornamental features rather
than the promise of logical into a new style which a
northern example possesses

EMBODO, JE 38
BAPTISTERY
 designed by Dioti Salvi
 39.3 m circular plan in diameter
 Built of marble
 largest Baptistery in Italy
 The lower part is 12th century Romanesque (with round
arches) and the upper parts are predominantly 13th
century Gothic (with pointed arches)
 dome is covered in red tiles on the west side and in lead
slabs on the east side
 Inside it is rather somber and plain
 attractive stained glass and a magnificent pulpit carved by
Nicola Pisano
 renowned for its perfect acoustics

CAMPANILE
 a circular structure 52 feet in diameter
 ornamented with eight stories of arcades
 During its erection the foundations gave way,
thus causing the tower to lean about 11 feet from the vertical
 Architect: Bonanno Pisano

Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire

 Britain's largest monastic ruin and most complete
Cistercian abbey is a World Heritage site
 The oldest part is everything west of the transept,
including the long nave with large cylindrical pillars and
round Romanesque arches.

Fortifications & Townhalls

 All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and 12th
centuries
 Began as motte and bailey earthworks
 Later became citadels with stone curtain walls

SPAIN
 Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
 Use of horseshoe arch

Santiago de Compostela
 Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain

EMBODO, JE 39
CENTRAL EUROPE

Worms Cathedral
 Eastern and western apses and octagons
 2 circular towers flank each
 Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof

ENGLAND

Durham Cathedral
 Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches

FRANCE
 Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they had
greater freedom of developing new style
 Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the nave
and aisles
 Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to throw
off snow

S. Madeleine, Vezelay
 Earliest pointed cross-vault in France

Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris

 Among the first instances of using the pointed arch
 Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses
successfully combined

TERMINOLOGY
 Motte – a steep mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and
surmounted by a timber stockade and tower
 Motte and Bailey – a Norman castle of the 10th to 12th
centuries, consisting of a motte placed within a bailey
 Bailey – the outer wall of a castle or the courtyard enclosed
by it
 Palisade – a fence of pales set firmly in the ground for
enclosure or defense
 Pale – a pointed stick of stake
 Fortification – a defensive military work constructed for the
purpose of strengthening a position
 Bastion – a projecting part of a rampart or other fortification,
typically forming an irregular pentagon attached at the base
to the main work

EMBODO, JE 40
 Sally port – a gateway in a fortification permitting a large  Wheel window – a rose
number of troops to move rapidly from the besieged position window having
and attack the besieges distinctly radiating
 Parapet – a defensive wall or elevation of earth or stone mullions or bars
protecting soldiers from enemy fire  Tympanum – the space
 Castle – a fortified group of buildings usually dominating the between an arch and
surrounding country and held by a prince or noble in feudal the horizontal head of
times a door or window
 Citadel – a fortress in a commanding position in or near a below, often decorated
city, used in the control of the inhabitants and in defense with sculpture
during attack or siege  Chevet – the rounded
 Keep – the innermost and strongest structure or tower of a east end of a Gothic
medieval castle, used as a place of residence, especially in cathedral, including
times of siege. Also called donjon the apse and
 Battlement - a parapet having a regular alternation of ambulatory
merlons and crenels, originally for defense but later used as a  Apse – a semi-circular
decorative motif. Also called embattlement of polygonal projection
 Merlon – one of the solid parts between the crenels of a of a building, usually
battlement vaulted and used
 Crenel – any of the open spaces alternating with the merlons especially at the
of a battlement sanctuary or east end
 Embrasure – an opening, loophole or crenel, through which of a church
missiles may be discharged  Cathedral – the
 Drawbridge - a bridge that can be raised, let down, or drawn principal church of a
aside to prevent access or to permit passage beneath it diocese, containing the
 Moat – a broad deep ditch, usually filled with water, bishop’s throne called
surrounding the rampart of a fortified town, fortress or castle the cathedral
as protection against assault
 Turret – a small tower forming part of a larger structure, GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
frequently beginning some distance above the ground. Also  The style of
called tourelle architecture
 Church - a building for public Christian worship originating in France in
 Bema – a transverse open space separating the nave and the the 12th century
apse of an early Christian church, later developing into the existing in the western
transept of later cruciform churches half of Europe through
 Nave – the principal or central part of a church, extending the middle of the 16th
from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked characterized by the
by aisles building of great
 Narthex – the portico before the nave of an early Christian or cathedrals, a
Byzantine church, appropriated for penitents progressive lightening
 Baptistery – a part of a church or a separate building in which and heightening of
baptism is administered structure, and the use
 Font – a basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in of pointed arch, ribbed
baptism vault and a system of
 Campanile – a bell tower, usually one near but not attached richly decorated
to the body of a church fenestration

EMBODO, JE 41
  a term used in reproach to this style a departure from classic
lines
 Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
 Also called “Medieval Architecture”

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 Western Europe formed into separate nations, by the end of
the twelfth century
 The Latin races of France, Italy, and Spain developed into
independent kingdoms
 Germany was the centre of the Holy Roman Empire
 England, under her Norman kings, possessed large domains
in France and was thus linked up with Western

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
Differentiating styles according to countries
 Italy: white and coloured marbles
 France and England: coarse-grained stone of
 northern Germany and Lombardy : the brick

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Northern Gothic
 slanting rays of the northern sun the most effective shadows
are cast by vertical features, such as the buttresses and
pinnacles

EMBODO, JE 42
  use of arcades and the size of door and window openings; 5) HOSPITAL – also
 steep Gothic roofs due to heavy snow-falls known as “MAISONS –
DIEU “, usually to
Italian Gothic
monasteries.
 The southern sun moves higher in the firmament and thus
6) HOUSES – first known
the deepest shadows are cast from horizontal cornices
as “castle”, earlier
called “chateaux”, later
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE called “private house”,
 adoration of the Virgin Mary was responsible for the townhouse & now
introduction of Lady chapels, either as a prolongation of the called “hotels”
eastern end, or as a lateral addition
 The extension of the sanctuary to provide for the increase in
the numbers of the clergy, chapels dedicated to special
saints, processional ambulatories, chantry chapels for masses
for the dead, all in turn modified and extended the original
plan in the different countries

SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
 rivalry between neighbouring cities which was expressed in
the erection of magnificent buildings both municipal and
ecclesiastical

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 “LOFTY AND ASPIRING QUALITY” (refers to Vertical Features)
 STRUCTURAL HONESTY
 ECONOMY IN THE USE OF MATERIALS

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 POINTED ARCH with VOUSSOIRS and KEYSTONES
 FLYING BUTTRESSES and PINNACLES
 TRACERIED windows
 ROSE WINDOWS
 TRIFORIUM and CLERESTORY
TYPES OF RIBS
 RIDGE RIB
 CROSS RIB
 TRANSVERSE RIB
 DIAGONAL RIB
 TIERSERON
 LIERNE RIB
 BOSS
EXAMPLES
1) CATHEDRALS
2) FORTIFIED TOWNS
3) HOTELS DE VILLE – Town halls or Municipal Halls
4) PALAIS DE JUSTICE – function same as the Roman Basilica

EMBODO, JE 43
FRANCE
 In French, “L'architecture Ogivale”
Primaire
 Also called “a lancettes”
 Distinguished by pointed arches and geometric traceried
windows
Secondaire
 Also called “Rayonnant”
 Characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery
Tertiare
 Also called “Flamboyant”
 Flame-like window tracery or free-flowing tracery

AMIENS CATHEDRAL
 famous for its carved woodwork in the choir stalls
 Designed by Robert de Luzarches

REIMS CATHEDRAL
 coronation church of France
 west façade is famous for its 500 statues

CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
 dominated by two contrasting spires –
a 105- metre plain pyramid completed
around 1160 and a 113-metre early
16th-century Flamboyant spire on top
of an older tower
 famous for its 176 stained glass windows

NOTRE DAME, PARIS

 One of the oldest French cathedrals
 Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
 Façade features successive tiers of
niches with statues: Christ and French kings
 Central wheel window
 Two western towers with high pointed
louvered openings

CASTLES
 Built on mounds above rivers
 Thick walls and small windows to resist attack
 Many were adapted to make convenient residences in later
periods

EMBODO, JE 44
FRANCE
Carcassone
 built in 13th Century AD
 double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
 50 towers and moat
 two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge,
and portcullis
 One of these towers housed the Catholic Inquisition in
the 13th Century and is still known as "The Inquisition
Tower". Today there is a museum "Musée de la Torture",
which shows some of the original torture employed by
the Catholic Church.

ENGLAND

EARLY ENGLISH
 Equivalent to High Gothic in France
 Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long narrow
pointed windows
DECORATED
 Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later, flowing
tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
 Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style
PERPENDICULAR
 Also called "Rectilinear” or "Third Pointed”
 fan, palm or conoidal vault
TUDOR
 application of Renaissance detail
 four-centered arch

SALISBURY CATHEDRAL
Westminster Abbey
 Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds
 Most important medieval building in Britain
 widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft)

MANOR HOUSES
 Erected by new and wealthy trading families
Parts:
 great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine chamber,
service rooms, kitchens, central hearth

EMBODO, JE 45
  Later, in Tudor Manor Houses: increased rooms,
quadrangular court, battlement parapets, and gateways,
chimneys, buttery (butler’s pantry), oven, pantry, serving
area and storage, larder (food storage), wardrobe, oratory-
study, private chapel with altar and crucifix, scullery, brew
house

Penhurst Place, Kent

GERMANY
COLOGNE CATHEDRAL
 largest Gothic church of Northern Europe
 approximately an area of 91,000 sq. m.

SPAIN
 Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches and
rich surface decoration
 of intricate geometrical and flowing patterns
 Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
 Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive character

Burgos Cathedral
 Irregular in plan
 Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals

Seville Cathedral
 Largest Medieval church in Europe
 Second largest church in the world

ITALY
 Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices and string courses
 Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
 Small windows without tracery
 Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like beasts
Siena Cathedral
 One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
of the Pisa cathedral
 Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
their works to its building and adornment
 Cruciform plan
 Zebra marble striping on wall and pier

EMBODO, JE 46
 Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
 Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
 Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical
features of Gothic
 Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
 pointed dome added by Brunelleschi
 lantern in 1462 by Giuliano Majano
 The Florence Cathedral is composed of three buildings:
the "Duomo," which is famous for its huge dome roof and
is the fourth-biggest cathedral in the world; the
"Baptistery of San Giovanni," an octagonal building
famous for the "Gates of Paradise;" and "Giotto's Bell
Tower," which stands to the side of the Duomo. The
white, green, and red marble exterior of the Cathedral is
decorated with beautiful sculptures and mosaic works
from many different artists.

Milan Cathedral
 Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
 3rd largest cathedral in Europe

TERMINOLOGY
 GARGOYLE – a waterspout projecting from the roof gutter of
a bldg., often carved grotesquely.
 MACHICOLATION – an overhanging defensive structure at
the top of a medieval fortification, w/ floor openings thru
boiling oil, missile, etc. w/c could be dropped on attackers.
 TRACERY – the ornamental intersecting work in the upper
part of a window, screen or panel, use decoratively in blank
arches and vaults.
 FINIAL – a formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable &
pinnacle.
 SPIRE – the tapering termination of a tower.
 STEEPLE – a tower crowned by a spire.
 CLOISTERS – a secluded place of covered passages around an
open space, connecting the monastic church w/ the domestic
part of the monastery.

EMBODO, JE 47
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
 RENAISSANCE known as “Rebirth” or “Revival” of the Roman
Classical Arts

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
 The Eastern Empire, with its capital at Byzantium, was
gradually falling before the Turk, and therefore these districts
did not come under the influence of the new movement.

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
 Geological formation varies so widely in different parts of
Europe that its influence cannot here be taken into account
with regard to the whole of Western Europe, but must be
considered under each country.

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
 The countries of Italy, France, Germany, Belgium and
Holland, Spain, and England were subject to special climatic
influences which affected the character of the architecture

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
 The whole trend of religious activities in Europe was affected
by the invention of printing, and the consequent spread of
knowledge engendered a spirit of inquiry and freedom of
thought
 This renewed vigour in intellectual life led to Reformation in
religion, and Renaissance in literature and architecture, with
a consequent outbreak of building activity

SOCIAL-POLITCAL INFLUENCE
 The new intellectual movement manifested itself earlier in
literature than in architecture, and thus had influenced public
taste. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, by their writings, aided
the spread of the newly discovered Classic literature which
prepared the ground for a revolt against Mediaeval art, in
favour of a revival of ancient Roman architecture, while the
capture of the old Classic city of Constantinople by the Turks
(A.D. 1453) caused an influx of Greek scholars into Italy, and
their learning further influenced an age already ripe for
change.

EMBODO, JE 48
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Proto-Baroque, where
Three great inventions there was more
 Gunpowder changed the method of warfare. confidence in using the
 Mariner's compass acquired vocabulary
o 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by freely (represented by
Spain and Portugal Michelangelo)
o For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more
lands
 Printing
o mass production of books
o contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
 Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the
beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church
 Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
 Martin Luther and John Calvin
 Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had begun to
crumble
 Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
 Medicine and Astronomy
 Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
 Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values, literary,
artistic forms and architectural forms
 "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
 Renaissance had its birth in Florence

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 DIGNITY & FORMALITY shown through “symmetry”

PERIODS
 Early Renaissance
 High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque
 Baroque
 Rococo

EARLY RENAISSANCE
 Period of learning
 Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of
Roman elements

HIGH RENAISSANCE OR PROTO-BAROQUE

 Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
 Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high
respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)

EMBODO, JE 49
  Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent
were interspersed with the usual buildings, or entire
buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
 Mannerists used architectural elements in a free, decorative
and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent

BAROQUE
 Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
knowledge
 The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to
emerge
 Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor
arts being used in harmony to produce the unified whole

ROCOCO
 Style which is primarily French in origin
 Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
 Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
 Light in color and weight

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
 Reintroduction of the (5) Classical Roman Orders of
Architecture - Standardized by Renaissance Architects;
Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi & Chambers
 Use of the rusticated masonry.
 Parapets are usually with balusters.
 Dome on a drum

ARCHITECTS
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
 LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI - De Re Aedificatoria
 ANDREA PALLADIO
 GUILIANO DA SANGALLO
 DONATO BRAMANTE
 RAPHAEL SANTI
 ANTONIO DA SANGALLO
 MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI
 GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA
 LEONARDO DA VINCI

EMBODO, JE 50
EXAMPLES

FLORENCE, ITALY
1.) PALAZZI
 With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
 Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval cloister
 Ground floor and piano nobile
 Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to use
of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins
 Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
 Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or boldly
protruding roof cornices

Palazzo Strozzi
 By Benedetto da Majano
 Open cortile and piano nobile
 Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
 Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection

ROME, ITALY
2.) TEMPLE

Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio

 Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
columns
 4.5 m internal diameter
 Site where S. Peter was martyred
 Designed by Donato Bramante
 Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
shell-headed niches

3.) CHURCH COMPLEX

S. Peter, Rome
 Most important Renaissance building in Italy
 With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group
 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope
 Largest in the world

EMBODO, JE 51
S. Peter: 12 Architects
a) Donato Bramante
 His design was selected from several entries in a competition
 He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the
Pantheon in Rome
b) Giuliano da Sangallo
 a student of Bramante, designed the Pauline Chapel
c) Fra Giocondo
d) Raphael Santi
 Proposed a Latin cross plan
e) Baldassare Peruzzi
 Reverted to Greek cross
f) Antonio da Sangallo
 Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile, and
elaborated the central dome
g) Michelangelo Bounarotti
 Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building owes
most of its outstanding features to him
 Greek-cross plan, designed & strengthened dome,
redesigned surrounding chapels, crossing, and exterior
excluding the nave and facade
h) Giacomo della Porta
 Designed the cupola
i) Domenico Fontana
 Completed dome in 1590
j) Vignola
 Added sided cupolas or side domes
k) Carlo Maderna
 Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic
façade
l) Gian Lorenzo Bernini
 Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
colonnade
 Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of 183
m, width of 137 m
 At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
 Added the Cathedra Petri, and the Baldacchino
 The dome was brought to completion by Giacomo della Porta
and Domenico Fontana
4.) CHATEAU OR CHATEAUX
 Country houses took the place of fortified castles
 Residence for noble families
Chateau de Chambord
 Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
 Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district

EMBODO, JE 52
 Chateau de Maisons
 One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
 Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan

5.) PALACES

Palaise du Louvre, Paris

 Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
 Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
most imposing palaces in Europe

ENGLAND

ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)

 During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
 Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed
Tudor architecture
 Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail

JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)

 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Renaissance
 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French
Renaissance

GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)

6.) ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS

 Statesmen, merchants and gentry-built mansions in the
countryside to suit their positions
 E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan

Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire

 Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand
staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar,
towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks,
oriel and bay windows

7.) STUART BUILDINGS

Banqueting House, London

 Designed by Inigo Jones

EMBODO, JE 53
St. Paul's Cathedral, London
 Designed by Christopher Wren
 Area of 6000 sq. m and a large central space under dome
for big congregations
 dome painted by Sir James Thornhill

8.) GEORGIAN HOUSES

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire

 Most monumental mansion in England
 Example of central block with wings

SPAIN
EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)
 Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms
 In Spain:
 Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its similarity
to silversmiths' work – plateria
 Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative,
from the minuteness of detail
 In Portugal:
 Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
 Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by the
voyages of discoverers
CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)
 Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art

BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD)

 Classical rules disregarded
 Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression, by
Josede Churriguera (1650 to 1723 AD)
ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
 Returned to ancient classical models

The Escorial, Madrid

 Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
college, church and palace with state apartments
 Juan Bautista de Toledo & Juan de Hererra
BAROQUE
 Curvaceous, daring forms
 Ornate and richly gilded
 Individual elements were secondary to overall effect
 Ideal integration of the art, architecture, painting and
sculpture

EMBODO, JE 54
  Dramatic use of light 18TH & 19TH ARCHITECTURE
 Illusory effects like TROMP L’OEIL  Revolutionary changes
 large-scale ceiling FRESCOES affecting every aspect
of life
Palazzo Spada, Rome (Francesco Borromini)  The Industrial
Revolution started in
Britain - new machines
Scala Regia, Vatican, Rome (Lorenzo Bernini)
and innovative
processes helped
St. Johannes Nepomuk, Munich change nations from
 By Asam Brothers agricultural to
industrial ones
ROCOCO  Spread to continental
 term Rococo from the French ROCAILLE meaning shell Europe and to North
 an exuberant and delicate flourish of decoration America
 was an essentially interior style—playfully decorated with  Created a new type of
flowers, birds, ribbons, etc. worker – the wage
 vivid colors replaced by pastel shades laborer or proletarian
 also referred to as "Late Baroque"  Home-based cottage
industries were
The Basilica at Ottobeuren, Bavaria
rendered obsolete by
 architectural spaces flow together and swarm with
the invention of the
life
steam engine by Watt
in 1785
Hall of Mirrors, Munich
 Goods could be made
more cheaply
TERMINOLOGY  Factories sprouted all
 QUIONS – hard stone or brick used w/ similar ones to reinforce over Britain where coal
an external corner or edge of a wall. was available to fuel
 SCROLL – contains spiral wind band or “volutes”. WREATH – or the engines, other
Swag or Festoon, twisted band, garland, or chaplet countries followed suit
representing flowers, fruits, leaves for decoration.
Social and Political Changes:
 CHAINES – vertical stripe of a rusticated masonry.
 Centuries-old
 BOSS – a lump or knob, projected ornament at the intersection
monarchies gave way
of the ribs of a ceiling.
to democratic
 RUSTICATION – a method of forming a stonework w/
institutions – American
roughened surface & recessed joints.
Declaration of
 CORTILE – Italian name for internal court surrounded by an Independence (1776)
arcade. and French Revolution
 ASTYLAR – a treatment of façade without column. (1789)
 PIANO NOBILE – several steps going up & 3 steps going down  Urbanization and rise
before the principal flooring of an Italian palace. in population
 PIETRA SERENA – a blue grey stone of fine quality.  Growth of the
 PIETA FORTE – a brown stone more suitable for exterior work. bourgeoisie or middle
 CANTORIA – a singer’s gallery or “choir”. class

EMBODO, JE 55
  Professionals and businessmen
Technological Innovations:
 Railways to easily transport people and goods
 Improved drainage and sanitation
 Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
 Lift or elevator
 Growth of communications
 Ship-building and the Suez Canal
 International exhibitions of science and industry
New Building Types:
 town halls
 hospitals
 public banks
 industrial buildings
 warehouses
 department stores
 fire and police stations
 exhibition halls
 art galleries
 university buildings
 transport buildings

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 The need to create an imposing effect – research into old
styles
 Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun

EMBODO, JE 56
  Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, the
Renaissance, the Baroque
 “Age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
 “Age of innovation” - use of newly available materials
 Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)
 Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new
materials became available for building:
o structural iron and cast-iron
o iron and glass
o zinc
o steel
o reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret

EXAMPLES

The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, UK (Isambard Brunel)

 Pylons of Egyptian Character

Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London (Sir

Charles Barry)
 Designed by Sir Charles Barry
 Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
 King’s tower, Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
 First major public building of Gothic revival

Crystal Palace, London (Sir Joseph Paxton)

 One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
 Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854

The University Museum, Oxford (Benjamin Woodward)

 Landmark of High Victorian Gothic

The Entrance Pavilion, International Exhibition, Paris, 1878

(Gustav Eiffel)
 an iron lattice tower
 most prominent symbol of both Paris and France
 tower has three levels for visitors.
 The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300
steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level.
 The first and second levels have restaurants

EMBODO, JE 57
ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
 Britain
 New emerging style
 in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
 led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip Webb
and writer John Ruskin
 furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc. – decorated with
repeating stylized floral patterns
 an international design movement that flourished between
1860 and 1910, especially in the second half of that period,
continuing its influence until the 1930s
 largely a reaction against the impoverished state of the
decorative arts at the time and the conditions in which they
were produced
 stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and
often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration
 advocated economic and social reform and has been said to
be essentially anti-industrial
EXAMPLES

The Red House, London

 designed for Morris in 1859 by architect Philip Webb,
 well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof,
pointed window arches, brick
 fireplaces and wooden fittings.
 Webb rejected the grand classical style and based the
design on British vernacular architecture expressing the
texture of ordinary materials, such as stone and tiles,
with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition.
VICTORIAN STYLE
PERIODS IN BRITAIN
 Early Victorian (1830 to 1850 AD)
 High Victorian (1850 to 1870 AD)
 Late Victorian & Edwardian (1870 to 1914 AD)
 Aftermath (after World War I)
 the time when Queen Victoria ruled Britain
 The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals
of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east
and Asian influences
FEATURES
 Bay windows
 Iron Railings
 Flemish brick bonding
 Patterns in the brickwork made from coloured bricks

EMBODO, JE 58
  Stained glass in doorways and windows.
 Roofs made of slate.
 No garage
 Sash windows

ART NOUVEAU (1893 TO 1906 AD)

 Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in Britain
 An art free of any historical style
 Deliberate simplification of structural elements in buildings
and interiors, handmade objects, and furniture
 Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
 Floral style, freely shaped writhing vegetal forms
Versions
 France – Le Modern Style
 Germany – Jugendstil
 Austria – Sezessione
 Italy – Stile Liberty
 Spain – Modernismo
Art Nouveau Architects
 Victor Horta in Brussels
 Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
 Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
 Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
 Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow

EXAMPLES

Paris Metro Entrance (Hector Guimard)

 iron and glass
 roofed variety, known as édicules (kiosks) feature a fan-
shaped glass awning and an enclosure of opaque
panelling decorated in floral motifs

The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome (Giuseppe Sacconi)

• Neo-Classical

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin (KF von Schinkel)

• Greek-revival style

The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris (Paul Abadie)

• Neo-Byzantine

The Votivkirche,Vienna (Heinrich von Ferstel)

• Neo-Gothic

EMBODO, JE 59
 The Opera House, Paris (Charles Garnier)
 Neo-Baroque
The Palau Guell, Barcelona (Antoni Gaudi)
 Seems to presage Art Nouveau in its forms

EXAMPLES

Casa Mila, Barcelona (Antoni Gaudi)

 bold forms of the undulating stone facade and wrought
iron decoration of the balconies and windows
 Architecturally it is considered an innovative work for its
steel structure and curtain walls – the façade is self-
supporting.
 Other innovative elements were the construction of
underground car parking and separate lifts and stairs for
the owners and their servants.
Casa Batlo, Barcelona (Antoni Gaudi)
 local name is Casa dels ossos (House of Bones), as it has a
visceral, skeletal organic quality
 roof is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon or
dinosaur
Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family, Barcelona
(Sagrada Familia) (Antoni Gaudi)
 Combination of Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms
 Capacity: 9000
 90 m long, 60 m wide &170 m High

PERIODS IN USA
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD)
 Neo-Classic elements
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)
 Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles
SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)
1st Stream:
 Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
 Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
 Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Henry Sullivan and Frank
Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
 Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and
Roman, late Gothic inspiration
 Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes

EMBODO, JE 60
  Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
 Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
contribution to architecture

EXAMPLES

The White House, Washington DC

 President’s official residence
 Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
 English Palladian Style

Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia

 Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
 Palladian style

Robie House, Chicago (Frank Lloyd Wright)

Prairie style houses usually have these features:
 Low-pitched roof
 Overhanging eaves
 Horizontal lines
 Central chimney
 Open floor plan
 Clerestory windows

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois (Frank Lloyd Wright)

The United States Capitol, Washington DC

 First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
lines
 Numerous modifications after the war
 Crowning dome
 One of the world's best known buildings

The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia (Thomas Jefferson)

 First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
 Ionic order

Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC (Henry Bacon)

 Greek Doric style

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois (Dankmar Adler and

Louis Sullivan)
 Neo-Byzantine Interior

EMBODO, JE 61
 The Reliance Building, Chicago (Daniel Burnham & Root)
 from 4 to 16 storeys

The Woolworth Building, NY (Cass Gilbert)

 Gothic style

The Wainwright Building, St. Louis (Adler and Sullivan)

 10 storeys

Empire State Building (Shreve, Lamb and Harmon)

 85 storeys

ART DECO
 a popular design movement from 1920 until 1939
 Celebrates the Machine Age - distinguishes it from the
organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art Nouveau
 an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs
with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is
often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes,
and lavish ornamentation.
Chrysler Building, NYC (William Van Alen)
 319 meters tall
 the structure was the world's tallest building for 11
months before it was surpassed by the Empire State
Building in 1931
 constructed of masonry, with a steel frame, and metal
cladding. In total, the building currently contains 3,862
windows on its facade and 4 banks of 8 elevators
designed by the Otis Elevator Corp.
 renowned and recognized for its terraced crown - seven
radiating terraced arches, a cruciform groin vault
constructed into seven concentric members with
transitioning setbacks, mounted up one behind

20TH CENTURY - MODERN ARCHITECTURE

More innovations:
 Curtain wall
 Steel and plate-glass
 Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
 Flat slab by Robert Maillart
 Laminated timber
 Functionalism in design

EMBODO, JE 62
CHARLES-EDOUARD JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)

Notre Dame du , France

Villa Savoye, France

Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividing the space
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
elevating the mass off the ground

MARCEL BREUER
 Architect and designer
 Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
 Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924

UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris

Whitney Museum of Art

EERO SAARINEN

TWA Terminal, JFK Airport

 Undulating shape was meant to the excitement of high-
speed flight
 Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and telephone
booths harmonized with the curving “gull winged” shell

Dulles Airport

Gateway Arch, Missouri

OSCAR NIEMEYER
 Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and build
Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four years
 Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete dominate
his designs

EMBODO, JE 63
 Parliament Building, Brasilia Bank of China,
Hongkong
Cathedral, Brasilia

ERICH MENDELSOHN

Einstein Tower, Potsdam

FRANK LLOYDWRIGHT
 organic architecture Falling Water, Pennsylvania

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City

Johnson Wax Building

BUCKMINSTER FULLER
 Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for living” -
a portable home inside from metal alloys and plastics

Geodesic Dome

WALTER GROPIUS
 Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
curtain wall
 First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in 1918
 Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to relate
art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of
modern life

Bauhaus School, Germany

FREI OTTO
 The seminal figure in the development of tensile architecture
 Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and built
organic free forms that could respond to complex planning
and structural requirements

IEOH MING PEI

Entrance to Louvre Museum, Paris

EMBODO, JE 64
 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame & Museum, Ohio

LOUIS ISADORE KAHN

Salk Institute for Biological Studies, California

Kimbell Art Museum, Texas

National Parliament House, Bangladesh

MICHAEL GRAVES

Portland Building, Oregon

Disney World Dolphin Resort

MOSHE SAFDIE

Habitat 67, Montreal

NORMAN FOSTER

HSBC Building, Hongkong

London City Hall

30 St. Mary Axe, London

EMBODO, JE 65
MODULE 3
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES
HISTORY
 The religion of Islam began in Arabia
 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
 Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and to
accept the will of god “Islam”
 Arabs of Mecca rejected this message
 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and
converted the people into Islam
 Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military
organization tasked with spreading the faith was established
 Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all its
idols and converted it to Islam
 Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers were
ready to spread his teachings
 Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread Islam
 North into Central Asia
 Westward to Africa
 Along trade routes into India
 Among the Turks and Mongols
 Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and
racial movements
 Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca

SOCIETY
 Tribal groups
 Public life was reserved for men (women had a secondary
role - for domestic and agricultural work)
 Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given the
freedom of worship and self-government
 Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
learning
 Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings from
Greek, Persian and Indian
 Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science

EMBODO, JE 66
RELIGION
 Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
 Complete philosophy of life and government
 One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet
 Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation
 Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life
 Personal humility
 Abhorrence of image worship
Koran
 Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
him messages from Allah
 After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
 book
 Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to
 praise him
 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting,
 Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca
 Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to
 spread the faith and defend it from attack

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
 Countries already rich in building tradition
 Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
 Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
different circumstances

Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:

 No essential difference in techniques between religious and
non-religious buildings
 Important architectural endeavor is normally expended on
buildings having a direct social or community purpose
 Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform
field of decoration rather than a focal element
 Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
 Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation)
 Centered upon God
 Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards Mecca

EMBODO, JE 67
DECORATION
 in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and geometric
motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas relief,
stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork, ceramic and
glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay, Arabesques, screen or
pierced grilles in marble

EXAMPLES
MOSQUE
 The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah in
prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread
 Principal place of worship
 Building used for Friday prayer
 Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer
 Could also be used as a school, place for transactions, storage
for treasures, place for hearing official notices
 Masjid - small prayer house
 Madrassah - religious college and mosque
 Inward-looking building
 Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer
chambers and porches
 No positive object of attention or adoration
 Conceived around an axis towards Mecca
 In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut into
it, showing the direction of Mecca

PARTS OF A MOSQUE
 Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental
feature
 Fawwara - fountain
 Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
 Dikka - reading desk
 Maqsura - screen
 Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
 Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
 Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
 Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca

Personalities:
 Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
 Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
 Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
spiritual leader of Islam
 Sufi - holy man

EMBODO, JE 68
 The Great Mosque, Damascus
 Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
 Stood in a walled temenos

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo

 876 to 879 AD
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)
 688 to 692 AD
 Most important Islamic structure
 Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah (from
where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to
heaven)

The Great Mosque,

 785 AD

SARAY or SERAI
 Palace with courtyard

The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)

 Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
 One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic palaces

TOMBS

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

 Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife Mumtaz
Mahal
 Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
 Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing colors
of the sun
 Sits in a well-landscaped garden

Tomb of Humayun, Delhi

 1565 AD

EMBODO, JE 69
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES
HISTORY
 Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley
 Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and Northwest
India
 Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
 Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city
 Lasted only 800 years
 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
 Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
 Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all other
kingdoms
 Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King Ashoka

Links:
 Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
 Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
 Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)
 Successive military and economic incursions brought art and
architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman, Sassanian,
Muslim, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION
Hinduism
 Main religion of India
 Along with Judaism, the world’s oldest surviving religion
 From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
 Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
 Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
different body
 Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
traders, laborers and servants, untouchables

Buddhism
 Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided people
into castes
 Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his princely life to
search for wisdom
 After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment through
a deep-thinking process called meditation
 Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
 Salvation or nirvana

EMBODO, JE 70
STAMBHAS or LATHS SOCIETY
 Monumental pillars standing free without any structural  Foreign trade by land
function and sea
 Circular or octagonal shafts  Theorists, schools of
 Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned with philosophy Confucius,
animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law Lao-Tzu
 Writing, calendar and
MANDIRA
money
 Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana  Arts, painting,
 Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara calligraphy,
 Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music architecture
VIHARAS
 Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock RELIGION
 Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by  Religious and ethical
verandah influences:
 Small sleeping cells on the sides  Confucianism, code of
 In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa social conduct and
CHAITYAS philosophy of life,
 Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock family and ancestor
 Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end worship
 Taoism, universal love
STUPAS
as solution to social
 Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
disorder
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
 Buddhism
spot
 Regarded as symbols of the universe
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
 Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus
 Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform  Larger than Europe in
 With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning umbrella area, 1/13 of total land
called a chattri area of the world
 Mountainous with
extensive fertile
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
valleys, great plains
INFLUENCES and deserts, excellent
HISTORY harbors
 Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day  Metals, trees, bamboo,
 Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring states clay
 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of the
Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty EXAMPLES
 Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller kingdoms PAGODAS
 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became the first  Buddhist temple, most
emperor of China typical Chinese
 Ruled with armies and officials building of religious
 Organized huge number of laborers to work for him significance
 Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies  Later gained a secular
 Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and nature: monuments to
chariots was buried with the emperor victory or a memorial
 Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced by to hold relics
Han and western Jin dynasties  Based on the Indian
stupa and stambha

EMBODO, JE 71
  Octagonal in plan
 Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
 Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up
eaves
 Slopes inwards to the top
PAI-LOUS
 Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
structure in Chinese architecture
 Erected as memorials to eminent persons
 Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
 Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
 Trabeated form, in stone or wood
 Bold projecting roofs
 1, 3 or 5 openings
TEMPLES
 Chief feature was the roof
 Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls
 A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
 Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments
 Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each
 Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, refectories,
sleeping cells for priests

EMBODO, JE 72
PALACES & HOUSES  Earthquakes &
 Imperial places and official residences volcanoes
 Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples
 Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions and
number of columns
 emperor - 9 bays
 prince - 7
 mandarin - 5
 ordinary citizen – 3
FORTIFICATIONS
The Great Wall of China
 Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
 by Shi Huangdi
 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
 Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever materials
were available in the locality
 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
 Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
 Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
apart)

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
 Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the present
emperor
 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
 Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
military, people
 More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
fighting with each other
 In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan was
united and brought to peace
 The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
 In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
 The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed Christian
converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the outside world
until 19th century
 Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence
RELIGION
 Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
 Buddhism
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
 Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
 Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
EMBODO, JE 73
  Hilly and forested country
 Stone, timber, bamboo
EXAMPLES
TEMPLES
 Shinto temples and Buddhist temples Featured the torii
gateways
 Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine
 Derived from the Chinese pai-lou
 Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more horizontal
beams, usually curving upward
 Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be
effective
PAGODAS
 Derived from the Chinese pagoda
 Square plan
 Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
 Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable against
earthquake shocks)
 Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved

DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES

 No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic

qualities of wood
 Unpainted wood without any surface treatment

Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:

 Vestibule
 Veranda, engawa
 Living and dining
 Guest rooms
 Recess for flowers and art
 Rooms for host and hostess
 No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
 Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ ken
 (1.8 x 0.9 m)

EMBODO, JE 74
MODULE 4
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

HISTORICAL INFLUENCES
Pre-Colonial
 immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters
 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from Indonesia
 barangays as tribal system
 converted to Islam in 1300 AD
 trade center of the Orient

Spanish Rule
 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
 until 1900's
 nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by
Aguinaldo

American Rule
 islands ceded to America, as a result of Spanish war with USA
 fighting
 self-government

Japanese Invasion
 December 1941
 puppet government
 liberation by Gen. McArthur in July 1945
 independence in 1946
 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world
 citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia
 mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
 Roman Catholics
 Islam
 Protestants
 Aglipayan
 Iglesia ni Cristo

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 tropical architecture
 open and transparent
 light

EMBODO, JE 75
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE BACKGROUND
SCHOOLS
1) Escuela PracticaY Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila
(1890): taught maestros de obras
2) Liceo de Manila
 MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
 MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”
3) Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura: closed after one year
4) Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925): 1st school of
Architecture
5) Adamson University: 2nd school of Architecture
6) UST College of Architecture (1930): 3rd school of architecture
ORGANIZATIONS
1) Philippine Architects Society
2) Philippine Institute of Architects
3) League of Philippine Architects
4) Association of Phil. Government Architects
5) PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the Philippines
(1975)
EXAMPLES
PRE-SPANISH HOUSES
 Bahay Kubo style of dwelling
 well- adapted to tropical climate
 made of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves
Cordillera Region
Isneg
Kalinga
Kankanai
Ifugao
Bontoc
Mindanao & Sulu Region
Samal
Maranao
Badjao
Yakan
Island of Panay
Bahay Kubo
CORDILLERA REGION
ISNEG BINURON
 homes of the Isneg boatpeople
 pyramidal or hipped roof
 annex on one or both ends
 removable sidings for special occasions
KALINGA BINAYON
 octagonal or rectangular
 painted round human figures
EMBODO, JE 76
  roof ridge perpendicular to river  In the 16th century,
 loft or granary hides roof bahay kubo were used
for only a few years
BONTOC HOUSE (SAGADA) then abandoned
 house within a house  Example: Tagbanuas of
 shelter for rice, chickens, pigs, and people Palawan – agricultural
IFUGAO HOUSE soil wears out; when a
 built on the rice terraces near a spring or grove family member dies to
 entry faces down slope avoid misfortune
KANKANAI BINANGIYAN  Varies across regional
 Similar to the ifugao house and ethnic lines
 ridge parallel to front  Structure of light
 made of narra or pine materials supported by
posts elevated from
2.5 m. to 5.0 m. from
MINDANAO & SULU REGION
the ground
BADJAO  Moist ground and the
 ladder serves as wash area flood
 mirrors symbolize the number of children  Protection from
 lipa, djenging, and dapang houseboats vermin and other
SAMAL HOUSE animals of the low
YAKAN HOUSE ground
 elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground  Built close to each
 kitchen annex other as a community
 door faces east and to serve the
defensive need of the
 rooms and steps are odd
inhabitants.
MARANAO TOROGAN
Construction method and
 House built for sultans and datus
features:
 Arranged in a line along the river
1. Assembling is like
 Elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground
basket making
 Windows face front and right
2. Parts are woven, fitted,
 Panolong and okir carvings
inserted, coiled, tied or
 A lamin or tower built atop the torogan hides the sultan’s basket. Stitched
daughter together using nearly
ISLAND OF PANAY the same materials in
BAHAY KUBO producing a basket.
 bamboo house on stilts 3. Consists of various
 home to an extended family kinds of wood, rattan,
 often surrounded by a garden cane, bamboo, palm,
 Bahay evolved from the word “BALAI” - which means house nipa, bark, or cogon.
 Southheast Asian type of domestic architecture 4. Roof can be assembled
 Hill, sea, mountain, river, field, plains, etc. on the ground
BAHAY KUBO, Nipa Hut/House 5. Steep roofs either of
gable (dos agues) or
 Lowlands all over the Philippines
hip (quarto agues) type
 “Kubo” derived from “cubo”, a Spanish word for “cube”
made extensively of
 Height of the walls is equal to its width - gives a boxy
nipa shingles or cogon
appearance or a cube-shaped house.
thatched

EMBODO, JE 77
6. Molave is the favored wood for house post (haligi)
7. Posts stand in a variety of ways:
 Holes may be dug, and posts inserted in, sometimes kept
firmly in place by a circle of buried rocks
 Mount the posts on flat on stone slabs
8. Floor is of bamboo slats spaced from each other at regular
intervals
 Light and air to pass through even if the windows are
closed
 Vegetables to ripen
 Conducive for sleeping
 Even to throw waste matter out through the gaps
9. Wall sidings are assembled on the ground and are made of:
 Flattened split bamboo woven together into herringbone
patterns to form sawali
 In Papangkol - two panels of vertical-split bamboo are
clamped together for the panels to grip each other,
keeping the rain from coming in
 Samil refers to several layers of nipa leaflets that have
been combed lengthwise over bamboo slats
 coconut leaves, cogon grass and anahaw palm leaves
 Wall sidings surround the house posts and stand
independently.
 Sidings of the walls are kept in place with the help of the
rattan lashings, horizontal bamboo studs clamp the
sidings together on both sides and at the same time, the
studs enter through holes into the sidings' vertical
support: the

EMBODO, JE 78
 bamboo poles that stand between the roof beams and
the floor sill.
10. Silong, the space underneath the house is an any siding
woven by passing bamboo strips that are long and thin over
and under horizontal studs in alternate sequence, called
“salá”
11. Doors are of “salá” and are attached to a post with rattan
hinges
12. Windows of the awning-type have nipa or bun-palm window
coverings that can either slide from side to side or pushed
out by a pole that serves also as support when at rest.
13. Usually no ceilings nor room divisions, however when
required, room partitions are low and do not reach the
underside of the roof or the ceiling to allow the circulation of
air within the house.
TERMINOLOGY
 Gililan: floor sills rim around the outermost periphery of the
soleras to support the walls
 Halige: house posts
 Kahab-an: connects the bottom ends of the rafters together
 Kilo: rafters
 Palatpat: bamboo strips tied on to the rafters with rattan
vines as the main supports of the roofing
 Palupo: ridge pole
 Patukuran: beam laid over the yawi at right angle, thus
completing the perimeter.
 Pawid: nipa shingles made by stripping leaves from the
petiole and bending them Sahig - platted floor. Rattan or
bamboo strips tie the different parts to each other.
 Ilkang - poles which cross the rafters halfway down the slope
 Soleras: floor joists are laid
 Tarugo: wooden peg over a narrow bamboo slats
 Yawi: master beam which runs from one post to the other
and is lashed to with rattan

PARTS OF THE HOUSE

1. Bulwagan (Living Room)
 The custom was to sit on mats spread out on the floor,
sometimes around the dulang, low table. Chairs and
tables were still unknown.
2. Silid (Sleeping Area)
 Sawali partition divides the bulwagan and silid where
chests and woven trunks (tampipi) keep clothes and
personal belongings. Some houses have no furnishing
except for a few - papag or built-in bed, dulang, a low
table, bangko or bench
3. Paglutuan or "gilir" which may sometimes be a separate
structure where food is prepared
4. Dapogan: consists of table, river stones and a shoe-shaped
stove(kalan)
EMBODO, JE 79
 5. Bangahan later hispanized into a banguerra: pots, dishes and
other utensils are kept
6. Batalan: porch which opens from the paglutuan
7. Silong: Lower part of the house which is used as an enclosure
for keeping domesticated animals such as swine and fowl,
and storage for household implements, goods, crops, and in
some cases as burial grounds for the dead
8. Kamalig: separate storehouse on stilts where unhulled rice is
kept

SUMMARY
 The bahay kubo is well adopted to the tropical condition
 Although small has many kinds of edible plants
 The idea of a Bahay Kubo connotes a one-room or an
open space which can be transformed into different
spaces at different times of the day
 It is common to see an altar with religious icons and
photos of deceased family members adorned by candles,
flowers, and other offerings
 Bahay Kubo has evolved during the Spanish Period and at
present
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN MINDANAO
PEOPLE OF MINDANAO
1. Lumad
 Katawhang lumad - Cebuano term meaning native or
indigenous.
 Group of non-Islamized (neither Muslim nor Christian)
indigenous peoples of the southern Philippines
 Considered as "vulnerable groups, they live in
hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas
 18 Lumad ethno-linguistic groups in 19 provinces
2. Muslims
 Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-
Christian ethnic group in the Philippines
 Moro: Spanish word who lived in a region dubbed as
Bangsamoro.
 Led by the sultans or datu. Islamic influence brought the
concept of having a sultan as leader in the community
 Polygamy is permitted but rarely practiced
 Pork is not eaten, considered as taboo under the Quran

HOUSES
1. GUNU BONG (T’boli House)
 Located near the banks of Lake Sebu or on a hilly portions;
 House vary according to difference in economic stability;
 As polygamy is practiced - adds to the number of residents in
a house; 3 -4 houses form a cluster. Large two-level house is
home to an extended family averaging between 8-16
persons.

EMBODO, JE 80
  Remain cool in tropical weather because it is elevated on o Diverse
stilts and has a roof with overhang. spaces are
 2.0 m. above - bamboo stilts or timber post support with created by
additional poles for stability - Tree stumps - used posts in the means of
interior. several chest
 Laid out on rectangular plan of about 14.0 x 8.0 m. used as
 Lower central space is integrated with the elevated side dividers or by
areas
using sapiyay
o Area for honor
(wooden split
o Sleeping
rattan) and
o Vestibule
the kulambo
 Shape of house is appropriate for the weaving area of the
sacred tinalak fabric (mosquito bar
 Animals are kept underneath the houses such as chickens or screen)
and pigs.  Porch
 Dos aguas roof made of bamboo frames and thatch, not (kinansad):
steep usually
 Walls are made of split bamboo finely worked into a flat wall fenced with
 Few openings. Awning doors and windows opening outward bamboo to
with hinge at the bottom prevent
 Ladders - made of bamboo or wood are drawn up at night to children
keep animals and intruders out. from falling
2. MARANAO off
 Homes are lined along flyers, lake shores and roads;  Silong
(space
 Three major typology of a Maranao House:
below the
a. Lawig: small houses
house):
b. Mala-a walai: large houses, a necessity in the
walled with
polygamous culture
split
c. Torogan: ancestral home of the upper-class
bamboo
 Ranggar/langgal: small Islamic prayer housed would be
woven in
located in the community.
crisscross
 Kota/Kuta or fortress: early Filipino constructed forts in
pattern.
Mindanao, Sulu as well as in Manila and Mindoro against
o Wo
enemy attacks. Inside the Kota is the Torogan
men
MALA-A-WALAI
wea
 Made of lumber and raised on piling from 0.3-2.10 m.
ve
above ground
mats
 Roofs, walls, floorings, doors and windows are made of
duri
bamboo materials latched together by rattan strips
ng
 Usually has 9 to 12 posts and a rectangular room
dayti
covered by a steep roof sometimes shaped like a
me
carabao horn
whe
 Rectangular measuring about 7.5 x 18 m. (25 x 60 ft)
n it
 One big room with no ceiling and no permanent
is
partitions
hot
o Spatial divisions and functions are marked by
upst
movable objects such as chest, mats, brass trays airs
o Sleeping area is filled with bundles of rice stalks o Stor
which are changed every harvest, covered with age
riyara (woven mat) to prevent mildew
EMBODO, JE 81
 for farming and fishing equipment, plow,
harrow, mortar and pestle and big vessel
for storing rice.
 Steep roof
 thick cogon grass
 sometimes bamboos which are cut into
halves called rangeb
 wood shingles but uncommon today
 Two windows
o Front: watch neighbors pass by
o Right side: to check on the carabao which
is usually kept in the coral below the house
at night
TOROGAN
 Ancestral home of the upper class People.
o Kept their young daughters hidden
o Exclusive right to the okir
 Residence of the Muslim chief - datu or sultan
o Sovereignty over the sultanates includes:
a) Pegawidan (royalty)
b) Pegawid (governed)
c) Oripen bisaya (slaves)
 No structure should be larger than the torogan
 Large, noble, and dominating house with a single
large room
 Torogan (place for sleeping): serve many purposes
such as the residence of the royal lily, the
warrior's den, storage house, ammunition areas as
well as ceremonial
 Character and Construction Method:
a) Appearance of floating like a royal vessel.
b) Sculptured to look like the prow of a boat.
c) Has a soaring, salakot-shaped or
ceremonial umbrella design roof, ornate
beams and massive posts, to identify
status of its occupants
d) With okir designs: internal & external
beams, posts, floor panels and window
sidings, sometimes painted

EMBODO, JE 82
e) Windows are narrow horizontal slits from o
2 m. long and about 15 cm. wide between n
the panalongs. l
f) Floor beams are supported by around 25 y
thick posts or trunks not buried into the w
ground but are freely standing on large h
stones to allow the house flexibility to e
sway with earthquake tremor. n
o Bunga trees - posts t
o Barimbingan - flooring h
o Gisuk – walls e
g) Center post or tapuwilih is put first r
followed by the four big tukud (corner e
posts). Center beam or tinai a walai or a
"intestine of the house" holds up the king r
post of the roof e
h) Cloth that hangs from the rafters were i
used as ceiling which also absorbs heat m
from roof p
i) Huge posts made from tree trunks signify
power. Plain and massive or may be carved
to look like clay pots or huge chess pieces
j) Panolong: one of the most important
feature
o Row of carved projecting beam ends in
ornate motifs usually five in front and
two smaller ones on the sides,
o Protrude from the side with the
configuration of giant nagas (snakes)
outline in fernlike motifs. Appear in
high spirited wavelike patterns of
okir/okil/okkill design and are
sculptured to look like the prow of a
boat. It gives the torogan the
appearance of floating like a royal
vessel.
k) High steep roof similar to a Malacca house
at the Batak and Minagkabau houses of
Sumatra.
o Ceremonial umbrella design for its
roof, soaring and flaring to identify
status of its occupants.
 Additional Features:
a) Gibon: A special space for the daughter
of the datu; 5.0 x 10 m. temporary
room, has one entrance (front) and exit
(back) near the kitchen
b) Lamin: lady's dormitory which serve as
another hideaway for the datu's
daughter and her raga or ladies; used

EMBODO, JE 83
ortant gatherings in the torogan; way
of

EMBODO, JE 84
 announcing the presence of a royal TYPES OF FILIPINO HOUSES:
lady in the community and serves to 1. Nipa Hut
preserve and protect the girl's 2. Ifugao House
modesty, virtue, virginity and chastity; 3. Maranao House
constructed atop the torogan; 4. Ancient Malay Tagala
entrance is located near the datu's House
bed. 5. Indonesian House
 OKIR, OKIL, UKKIL 6. Badjao House
o Central to all visual arts of the 1. Nipa Hut
Muslim groups;  Also known as
o Refers to both the act of carving or “bahay kubo”
engraving and to a particular type  Supported by stilts
of curvilinear design which or posts (above the
combines scrolls, leaf and vine ground)
elements organized in varying  Walls - nipa
methods of abstract compositions;  Stairs - polished
o Include geometrical and angular bamboo ladder
decorative woven designs on  Window sliding
various surfaces Siyabit design on sashes - sawali
cloth and mats from Sulu  Floorings made of
o Two types: bamboo slats w/
 Okir-a-dato (gentlemen's art): spaces in between
curvilinear motif on a man's  Built from 2.0 to
work on wood and other hard 4.5 meters
surfaces and engraving on  Located in lowlands
metal. Motifs found carved on all parts he
houses, boats, working tools, country.
weapons, grave markers, 2. Ifugao House
saddle looms.  An enclosed
 Okir-a-bai (ladies' art): structure resting on
geometrical configurations four tree trunks as
found on the hand-woven columns
textiles or mats produced by  Square in plan,
women. Motifs embroidered covered by four
on blankets, pillow cases, and steeply pitched
canopies, or painted on roof made of
various surfaces thatch
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT  A stair which can
be drawn & kept
EARLY PERIOD OR PRE-SPANISH ERA
from the ground
 During this period, Filipinos established their villages near bodies for protection
of water where mostly food were taken from the sea, also from  The floor height is
agricultural environment. In both environment houses were not about 1.50 to 2.00
built permanently& therefore it & flexible materials were used. meters
 Earliest type of shelter: LEAN-TO, consisted of a simple, single  Can be found in the
pitched roof resting on an inclined series of rafters made- up of mountains of
tree branches with the end resting of the ground & the other end Cordillera
resting horizontal wooden lintel supported by tree trunks and 3. Maranao House
roofed with grass  “Datu House”, a
royal house used

EMBODO, JE 85
 for political & social ceremonies by the Datu; also an
ancestral house for the Datu & his family.
 Built from 0.30 to 2.20 meters. above the ground.
 Most important feature: wood carvings & the use of
colors red, yellow and blue.
 Located in the lakeshore of Mindanao.
4. Ancient Malay Tagala House
 rectangular in plan
 Raised on wooden post about 2.00 meters above the
ground
 Open roofless veranda extended from the whole front of
the house.
 With low partitions, projected window & bamboo slots
for floorings
5. Indonesian House
 Tree dwelling type of shelter
 Square in plan supported by four wooden posts & capped
with a rounded, pyramidal thatch roof
 Sunk 1.00 meter into ground
6. Badjao House
 Built on stilts right above the water
 Flooring is made of bamboo.

EMBODO, JE 86
  One important item found in the sala is the mirror (not to
check the appearance but to indicate the number of
children the family has & to drive away evil spirits)
TYPICAL PARTS OF A BAHAY KUBO
1) 1BULWAGAN: living room or receiving area, with a low table
called dulang
2) SILID: sleeping area with “tampipi” instead of closets
3) GILIR or PAGLUTUAN: kitchen area containing the following:
a. DAPOGAN or kalan: cooking apparatus w/ a shoe shape
stove
b. BANGAHAN or banggera: place where pots are kept
c. BATALAN: an exposed porch where child- size jars are
kept & washing, drinking & bathing took place
4) SILONG: where farm & fishing tools, pestles, pigs & cattle are
kept.
5) KAMALIG: a storage house detached from the house where
unhulled rice is kept
SPANISH PERIOD
BAHAY NA BATO
 a permanent house made of stone for ground floor and wood
for second floor
 Patterned after the stone-constructed, huge antillan house
 improved version of bahay kubo in terms of materials &
space allocations.
PARTS from GROUND FLOOR:
a) ZAGUAN: where wine carriages & saint's floats are usually
kept.
b) CUADRA: horse table.
c) BODEGA: a storage room for keeping old furniture & palay
bins.
d) ENTRESUELO: a mezzanine elevated 1.0 meter above the
ground usually located on the floor of the masters bedroom
right underneath his bed
e) PATIO: an enclosed courtyard open to the sky & adjacent to
Zaguan
PARTS from SECOND FLOOR:
a) CEREMONIAL STAIRS: 1st 3 steps made of stone concrete
then succeeding steps made of wood.
b) CAIDA: an antesala, an all-purpose room for dining, sewing, &
dancing
c) SALA: a living room
d) COMEDOR: dining room.
e) COCINA: kitchen which sometimes built separately but
connected to the house
f) DISPENSA: use as a food storage, adjacent to kitchen.
g) BANO or paliguan: bathroom separately from the toilet.
h) CUARTO: sleeping area.
i) AZOTEA: open terrace open to the toilet, use for laundry
drying spao

EMBODO, JE 87
 j) BALCON: overhang balcony, overlooking the streets.
k) ALJIBE: cistern storage of collected rainwater, underneath
azotea

CHURCHES
BARASOAIN, BULACAN
 Early builders: Augustinians (1859)
 Restored by: Fr. Miguel de Vera (1894)
 Combination of Romanesque & Renaissance Arch

BINONDO CHURCH, MANILA

 Early builders: Dominicans (1596)
 Supervision of the dome by: Domingo Cruz y Gonzalez (1781).
LAS PINAS CHURCH, RIZAL
 Original design by: Fr. Diego Cerra (1792)
 Restored by Arch. Francisco Manosa (1975)
MALATE CHURCH
 Early builders: Augustinians (1591)
 Rebuilt by Columbian fathers (1950's)
MANILA CATHEDRAL
 Early builders: Dominicans, then converted into cathedral by:
Fr. Domingo Salazar
 Today, it is known as Basilica of Immaculate Concepcion.
QUIAPO CHURCH
 Early builders: Franciscans, then original plan redesigned by:
Juan Nakpil (1933)
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, INTRAMUROS
 Early builders: Augustinians,
 Reconstructed by: Juan Macias (1607)
 Oldest stone church in Metro Manila dates back to 1571.
 An intricately carved door opens to the church.
 Baroque pulpit, molave choir stalls, and an 18-century pipe
organ.
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH
 1st all-steel church in the Philippines & in Asia; 2nd in the
world
 Builders: Augustinian Recollects
 Engr. Don Genaro Palacios y Guerra designed the present
STA. CRUZ CHURCH, MANILA
 Early builders: Jesuits
 Reconstruction: Fr. Agustin de Mendoza (1868)
STO. DOMINGO CHURCH
 Church by: Bishop Domingo Salazar
 Redesigned by: Arch. Jose Ma. Zaragosa

EMBODO, JE 88
OUR LADY OF PEACE AND GOOD VOYAGE (Antipolo, 1. MO - P (practical
Rizal) experience of 5
 Antipolo is known to be the home of Our Lady of Peace and yrs.)
Good Voyage
BACLAYON CHURCH (Bohol)
 Oldest stone church in the country, built by Jesuits in 1595
DAUIS CHURCH (Bohol)
 One of Bohol's beautiful churches, which fled its Spanish
architecture although it has a semi-modem facade.
LOBOC CHURCH (BOHOL)
 The second oldest church in Bohol, built in 1608, with a
three-storey convent.
LOON CHURCH (Bohol)
 25 kilometers from the city proper
 The crowning glory of the Recollect churches in Bohol
PAOAY CHURCH (Laoag, Ilocos Norte)
 This fortress-like church is probably the most popular in this
area
BACLAYON CHURCH
 Church by: Bishop Domingo Salazar
 Redesigned by: Arch. Jose Ma. Zaragosa
BAGUIO CATHEDRAL
 The cathedral is but one of religious landmarks which dot the
city.
 There is the Bell Temple, north of the city, the Maryhurst
Seminary with its brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with
its 252 steps to heaven
SHRINE OF THE NUESTRA SENORA DE MANAOAG (Pangasinan)
BARASOAIN CHURCH
 The seat of the Revolutionary Congress where the First
Filipino Constitution was drafted and ratified.
DARAGA CATHOLIC CHURCH (Albay)
 Built in 1773 by Franciscan missionaries
 Highly prized by art enthusiasts because of baroque
architecture
MILITARY BUILDINGS
1) FORT SANTIAGO (“Shrine of Freedom”): Fr. Antonio Sedeno &
Engr. Diego Jordan. Also known as Walled City of Manila.
2) FORT PILLAR, ZAMBOANGA: Fr. Melchor de Vera.
3) FORT OF ILIGAN: Fr. Francisco
SCHOOLS
1) COLLEGIO de STO. TOMAS: Fr. Roque Roano.
2) SAN AGUSTIN COLLEGE, ILOILO: Joaquin Diaz.
3) SAN JUAN DE LETRAN COLLEGE: Fr. Miguel Narro
AMERICAN PERIOD
 In 1900, the Americans came & had established a School for
Builders, "LICEO de Manila" with 2 Classifications:

EMBODO, JE 89
 2. MO - A (completion of academic training of the Master
builder's course)
 Then graduates from Liceo de Manila established school
“Escuela de Inginiera y Arqui-tectura.” Then other schools
that offered the course were:
1. Mapua Institute of Technology (1925)
2. University of Sto. Tomas (1930)
3. Adamson University (1931)
 CARLOS BARRETO: First Filipino Architect under the
American Period with Academic title of MO-A
 TOMAS MAPUA: First Registered Architect
 Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas: First
Architectural Society in the Philippines
 In 1903, it was amended to Academia de Ingineria
Arquitectura y Agrimensura Filipinas
 In 1933, Juan Nakpil founded the Philippine Architects
Society & became the President
 In 1945, it was amended to Philippine Institute of Architects
 Other societies established: League of Philippine Architects &
Association Of Philippine Government Architects (APGA)
 In 1975, the organizations merged into United Architects of
the Philippines (UAP)
 First training school for Maestro De Obras is ESCUELA
PRACTICA DFECCIONAL DE ARTES OFlClO DE MANILA.
 Filipino Architects brought to Europe to study Master Builder
Course:
a) Felix Roxas y Arroyo
b) Diego Hervas

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

PABLO S. ANTONIO
 FEU Building
 Philippine National Bank
 Manila Railroad Co.
 IDEAL Theater
 Bel-Air Apartments
 Manila Polo Club
 Galaxy Theater

LUIS MA. ZARAGOZA ARANETA
 Times Theater
 Manila Doctors Hospital
 Makati Medical Center
 Santa Catalina College

EMBODO, JE 90
JUAN M. ARELLANO
 Legislative Building
 Manila Central Post Office Building
 Villamor Hall, UP Taft Ave.
 Manila Metropolitan Theater

DANIEL H. BURNHAM
 Baguio City Planning
 Burnham Park, Baguio Landscaping Works
 Manila Hotel
 Army-Navy Club
 Philippine General Hospital
 Manila Central Post Office

LORENZO L. CALMA
Interior Works
 Development Bank of the Philippines, Buendia
 Philippine National Bank, Escolta
 Silahis Hotel, Roxas Blvd.
 Development Academy of the Philippines

CESAR H. CONCIO
 Melchor Hall & Palma Hall, UP Diliman
 Protestant Chapel, UP Diliman Landscape
 Padre Burgos Avenue
 Harrison Park
 North & South Port Areas

OTILLO A. ARELLANO
 NBI, Taft Avenue
 Palacio del Governador, Intramuros
 Restoration of Metropolitan Theater
 PSBA, Quezon City
 RCBC Building, Makati
 San Municipal Center

CARLOS D. ARGUELLES
 Ateneo de Manila Campus
 Philam Life Building, UN Avenue
 Manila Pavilion (Manila Hilton)
 Holiday Inn
 Philippine National Bank, Escolta
 600 Units Philam Life Homes, Quezon City

EMBODO, JE 91
LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
 Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
 Cultural Center of the Philippines
 Folk Arts Center
 PhilCite 1976
 PICC
 Philippine Plaza Hotel
 Manila Hotel (1st Hotel in Asia & 1st with Elevator)

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO

 Legarda Elementary School
 Malacañang Palace
 San Vicente de Paul Chapel, Manila
 Natividad Building, Escolta
 Regina Building, Escolta

FRANCISCO T. MAÑOSA
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office
 Tahanang Filipino at the CCP Complex
 Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace, EDSA
 UP College of Forestry Building
 Insular Life Building, Makati
 Children’s Memorial Hospital, QC

WILLIAM COSCOLLUELLA
 Robinson’s Commercial Complex
 26 Storey Ayala Twin Towers
 32 Storey One Beverly Place
 30 Storey Wack-wack Twin Towers
 The Atrium, Makati
 Quezon City Sports Club
 Centro Escolar University Complex
 SM North Edsa

FELIX A. ROXAS
 Restoration of Sto. Domingo Church
 Jesuit Church of San Ignacio

ROQUE RUANO
 UST Main Building
 Dominican College, Lingayen
 Church of Our Lady of Manaoag

EMBODO, JE 92
ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS  UP University Library,
 Batulao Village Club, Batangas Padre Faura
 Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna WILLIAM E. PARSONS
 Eternal Gardens, Caloocan City  Philippine Normal
 Quezon Memorial Circle School (with W. E.
 Landscaping of Corregidor Island Parsons)
 Baguio Plan (with D.
FELIPE M. MENDOZA Burnham)
 Batasang Pambasa Buildings, Quezon City  Manila Hotel
 Development Academy of the Philippines  Army-Navy Club
 RCBC Building
 YMCA Building
 FEU Hospital
 Mormon Temple, Quezon City
TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE
 Glorietta, Pampanga
PHILIPPINES
PBCOM TOWER, MAKATI
ANGEL E.S. NAKPIL
 Height: 259 meters
 National Press Club Building
 Former PLDT Head Office  55 floors
 Lopez Museum, Pasay  Year 2000
 Architect: SOM/
JUAN FELIPE H. OCAMPO Gabriel Formoso &
 Manila Metropolitan Cathedral Partners
 Cathedral of Immaculate Concepcion, Pampanga GT INTERNATIONAL TOWER,
 Church of Our Lady of Most Holy Rosary, Angeles City MAKATI
 Central Seminary Building, UST Camp  Height: 217 meters
 43 floors
 Year 2001
CARLOS SANTOS-VIOLA
 Architect: Kohn
 Iglesia ni Cristo Buildings
Pederson Fox
 Our Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City Associates/Recio+Casa
 Franciscan Church of Singalong s Architects
 Nuestra Senora de Guia, Ermita
PETRON MEGAPLAZA,
MAKATI
ANTONIO SINDIONG
 Height: 210 meters
 SM Megamall
 45 floors
 Harrison Plaza Shopping Center
 Year 1998
 Farmers Plaza Shopping Center
 Architect: SOM
 Ali Mall II, Cubao
BSA TOWER 1 & 2,
 43 Storey Pacific Plaza
 22 Storey Metrobank Plaza MANDALUYONG
 20 Storey Cebu Plaza Hotel  Height: 197 meters
 51 floors
ANTONIO M. TOLEDO  Year 2000
 Philippine Normal School (with W. E. Parsons)  Architect:
 Manila City Hall ONE SAN MIGUEL AVENUE,
 Department of Tourism PASIG
 Department of Finance  Height: 183 meters
 UP Padre Faura Campus  54 floors
 Year 2001
EMBODO, JE 93
  Architect: Philip Recto
LKG TOWER, MAKATI
 Height: 180 meters
 43 floors
 Year 1998
 Architect: Kohn, Pederson & Associates and Recio+Casas
Architects
PACIFIC PLAZA TOWER I & 2, MAKATI
 Height: 179 meters
 52 floors
 Year 1999
 Architect: Recio+Casas Architects

EMBODO, JE 94
ARCHITECT’S PHILOSOPHIES

Leandro Locsin
“Creating Architecture that is both modern & undeniably Filipino.”

Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa

“Architecture must respond to local conditions.” The philosophy
started out with the "Nipa Hut". Local conditions include the climate,
the materials on hand, the techniques & the budget available.

Gilbert Yu
“A pragmatic approach to architecture.”
Famous equation: 0 + 0 + 0 = 100
0 = Landowner who owns property but idle & undeveloped
0 = Man who has money in the bank but inflation is eroding its real
worth faster than the interest it accrues.
0 = Architect without land & money & still considered = 0
Add up all the 0s and it will add up to perfect 100

Ramon S. Licup
“Good Architecture is not based on Design but on the building’s
function.”

Felipe Mendoza
“He makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation.”

William V. Coscolluela
“More on vertical approach”

Cesar H. Concio
“The structure must be well-oriented.”

Claude Edwin Andrews

“Office buildings are no longer simply spaces but are now termed
intelligent buildings.”

CeasarYatco & Joey Rufino

“Creativity and innovation in Real Estate”

Ley Construction & Development Corporation

“Laying the past, shaping the present and framing the future.”

EMBODO, JE 95
FAMOUS WORKS

LEANDRO LOCSIN
 Cultural Center of the Philippines
 Makati Stock Exchange
 Manila Hotel
 Davao Insular Hotel
 Ninoy Aquino International Airport
 Philippine International Convention Center
 Istana Nurul Iman, Brunei
 Ayala Museum
 Church of St. Andrew
 Parish of the Holy Sacrifice
 Folk Arts Theater
FEDERICO ILUSTRE
 Quezon Monument
JORGE RAMOS
 Quiapo Mosque
 Philippine Heart Center
 Lung Center of the Philippines
JOSE ZARAGOSA
 Meralco Building
CARLOS SANTOS-VIOLA
 Iglesia Ni Cristo
CESAR H. CONCIO
 Church of the Risen Lord, UP Diliman
FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MAÑOSA
 San Miguel Head Office
 Coconut Palace
 Las Piñas Bamboo Church
 Our Lady of Peace Shrine, EDSA
 Moonwalk Church, Las Piñas
 National Eucharistic Congress Altar
GILBERT YU
 Manila Stock Exchange Center
 Landmark Shopping Center, Makati
 Gaisano Country Mall, Cebu
 Manila Diamond Hotel
 Ever-Gotesco Grand Central, Caloocan
FELIPE MENDOZA
 Batasang Pambansa Building, QC
 Development Academy of the Philippines
 National Library, Manila
 FEU Hospital
 Mormon Temple, QC
 National Government Center, Constitution Hills, QC

EMBODO, JE 96