Water Quality Assessment On The Spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro

Water Quality Assessment on the Spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro
Aparece, Toni Angieliene N.
Bela-ong, Jannel C.
Lago, John Marley V.
Montecillo, Jules Michael M.
Motol, Laurie Claire R.
Porras, Michelle E.
Sanglitan, Ann Marie B.
Talag, Carlos Emanuel B.
Grade XII – Kochanski
Mrs. Lolita S. Martinez
Instructor
Ms. Hannah Gwen E. Balasabas
Advisor
February 28, 2019

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to acknowledge the invaluable guidance that
Mrs.Lolita Martinez and Ms. Hannah Joy Balasabas provided throughout the
research making process. A heartfelt gratitude is also given to the barangay officials
in Barangay Agusan and the locals who were very significant to the success of the
research, their approval and cooperation made it possible for the researchers to be
able to gain insight and knowledge regarding the spring water near the highway. The
researchers’ friends, teachers, guardians, and parents also played a huge role in the
success of the research, their support, emotional, physical, and financial, was the
foundation that made the research happen and made it successful. This paper and
the whole research would not be possible without God, the assistance, blessings,
answered prayers, and guidance that He provided inspired the researchers to finish
the study despite the numerous obstacles that came along with it. Without the
guidance and support of the aforementioned people, this research paper would
cease to exist.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement 1
Table of Contents 2
Abstract 4
Chapter I - Introduction 5
1.1. Background of the Study 5
1.2. Statement of the Research Questions 6
1.3. Significance of the Study 6
1.4. Scope and Delimitation of the Study 7
Chapter II - Review of Related Literature 9

2.1. Introduction 9
2.2. Concept 1: Turbidity 9
2.3. Concept 2: Hardness 10
2.4. Concept 3: Total Dissolved Solids 11
2.5. Concept 4: pH level 11
2.6. Concept 5: Water Temperature 12
2.7. Related Studies 13
2.8. Synthesis 28
2.9. Conceptual Framework 29
Chapter III - Methodology 31

3.1. Research Design 31
3.2. Context and Participants 31
3.3. Instruments 32
3.4. Data-gathering Procedure 32
3.5. Data Analysis 34
Chapter IV - Results and Discussions 35

4.1. Introductory Paragraph 35
4.2. Results 35
4.3. Discussions 36
Chapter V 41
5.1 Conclusion 41
5.2 Recommendations 42
Limitations 43
Appendix 44
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Abstract
Water is an essential part in sustaining life on earth. This study aims to
examine the quality of the water coming from the spring located at Barangay
Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City, following a quantitative descriptive design. The
parameters that were considered were the pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, and total hardness analyzed in Fast Laboratories. 1000 mL of water from the
spring using a PET bottle was collected and transported immediately to the FAST
Labs. The test methods used show that the pH level is 7.3, the temperature is
18.1℃, the turbidity is 0.88 NTU, the total dissolved solids is 266mg/L, and the total
hardness as CaCO3 is 185mg/L. All the results presented falls within the normal
range according to the standards given by the Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water (PNSDW) with the exception of the total hardness, it showed that
there was a high level of CaCO3 found on the spring water sample which meant that
it could be a health hazard as exposure to hard water could pose as a health risk,
however no notable health risks were associated by the given results regarding the
remaining parameters.
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Chapter I
Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study
Water is one of the essential elements required to sustain life. The Human
Race has survived for years, drinking from streams, rivers and creeks, in
pre-civilization with the absence of contamination and pollution. With the dawn of the
Industrialization era, existing substances like plastic and metals such as Lead (Pb)
have been used for everyday consumption and have made their way into the water
supply. Man has refined a number of methodologies to treat and transmit clean, and
safe water into houses, and to several avenues in need of a good quality of water. In
this study, the researchers aim to examine the quality of the water coming from the
spring located at Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City which has been one of the
water sources of the residents in the barangay - particularly in terms of laundry,
personal hygiene purposes and consumption, and if it can be considered safe in
reference to the water standards namely: pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, and total hardness.
The researchers will focus on the testing of the parameters - pH, temperature,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness (CaCo3) of the Spring located in
Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City, and asses if it is safe for everyday use
such as laundry, bathing and consumption.
Low income communities often lack the necessary piping - the conveying of
fluids from one location to another, and plumbing - any system that conveys fluids for
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a wide range of applications, that could provide them with clean and safe water into
the taps of their houses. Most of the residents of Barangay Agusan, especially those
who are in the midst of financial struggle rely on this water source for their everyday
endeavors. This water comes from an underground spring, which is then funnelled
into a piping system through a concrete wall that limits the water flow into a concrete
basin - where the residents collect water, do their laundry, and bathe themselves.
1.2. Statement of the Research Questions
This study aims to assess if the water being provided from the spring in
Barangay Agusan is safe for daily consumption, and to answer the following
questions:
1. What are the results of the water quality with the five testing
parameters according to the test report?
2. Does the water provide any possible health risks?
3. Is it necessary for the people involved to be aware of the substances
that is found in the water?
1.3. Significance of the Study
This study aims to examine the parameters that determines whether the water
from the spring in Barangay Agusan is safe for human consumption, considering
only the five chosen parameters. The findings from this study will be beneficial to the
residents of Barangay Agusan, the people from Bukidnon who come to collect water
from the spring, the Local Government Units, and future researchers. The residents
of Barangay Agusan and the people from Bukidnon will be informed of the water
composition of the spring through results of the study in accordance to the testing of
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the five parameters. The Local Government Units can make use of the spring as a
new water source for new water refilling stations for the public. Depending on the
results, the LGU can make proper movements in making sure that the water is safe
for public consumption, a drinking water filter can also be installed by the LGU to
further insure the safety of the public. For future researchers, to be able to gain
insights whether or not the water produces any form of future health risks and to
make use of the test results of the five testing parameters in their study for further
water testing and analysis. Untreated and unfiltered water is dangerous to humans.
Often times, water from springs both have organic and inorganic substances that
could trigger health risks after long term consumption and contact. However, in this
study the researchers focus mainly on the inorganic substances.
1.4. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study on Water Quality Assessment on the Spring at Barangay Agusan,
Cagayan de Oro City is descriptive in nature and focuses only on the assessment of
the spring water sample collected from Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City in
consideration of the five chosen parameters namely; pH, temperature, turbidity, total
dissolved solids, and total hardness. The results of which would be assessed based
on the Philippine National Standard of Drinking-Water of 2007 as the standard
parameters for water quality assessment and safe drinking water -this refers to the
standard requirement determining the safety and water quality of the local water
supplies. The study encompasses one specific goal which is to analyze the water
quality content of the water coming from the spring located along the highways of
Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City, and at the same time identify the possible
health risks upon consumption and usage in terms of laundry and bathing with said
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water source, with respect to the five chosen parameters. The researchers will test
the water source by acquiring a water sample of 1000 mL from the said spring. Data
collection and assessment will be acquired from the given data by the F.A.S.T (First
Analytical Services And Technical Cooperative) Laboratories located in Lapasan,
Cagayan de Oro City. This study will exclude the determination of other
physico-chemical parameters such as moisture, humidity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
alkalinity, lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), etc, and will only focus on the identifying of health
risks that are associated to the five parameters chosen and its effects upon
consumption.
There were limited information and related studies regarding the water
assessment especially here in the Philippines, particularly in Cagayan de Oro, and
the existing studies that actually undertakes drinking water quality and water
assessment have not assessed the water quality of the same spring located in
barangay Agusan which is why the researchers did not have a clear background and
any information regarding the spring, its point source, and did not have a direct
access to the source of the water from other studies.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
2.1. Introduction
This section contains literature and studies on water quality content and the
possible health risks in consuming water containing high value of riskful elements.
These contents gathered from reliable online sources such as journals, theses,
dissertations, and credible websites consist of concepts regarding the five water
quality parameters: Turbidity, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, pH level, and
water temperature. These sources provided the researchers with an extensive
review and background of the topic to pursue this study.
2.2. Concept 1: Turbidity
Turbidity is the measure of the loss of transparency in water due to the
presence of dispersed solid particles such as mud, silt, sand, small pieces of dead
plants, aquatic organisms and chemical precipitates. As defined by the
Environmental Protection Agency in the United States, turbidity is referred to as the
murkiness of water. There are no health effects identified for high levels of turbidity.
According to the Southeast Kelowna Irrigation District, this parameter is important in
assessing the quality of water as it can be used as an indicator for detecting the
presence of organisms. This includes bacterias, virus and parasites such as Giardia
and Crytosporidium which attach themselves to the suspended particles in the turbid
waters. With the naked eye, an average person can begin to see turbidity levels
starting at around 5 NTU and greater. Other procedures used in measuring turbidity
are 2130 B. Nephelometry (also known as Turbidimeter), Jackson Candle
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Turbidimeter, Secchi Disk and Turbidity Tube (Transparency Tube). Stated in the
“Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environment”, the World Health
Organization (WHO) suggests a turbidity standard with an upper-limit guideline of 0.5
NTU in terms of waters used for bathing and recreation. For drinking waters, it is
preferred to have a turbidity value of as low as 0.1 NTU and must not exceed beyond
5 NTU.
2.3. Concept 2: Hardness
Hardness is due to the presence of multivalent metal ions which come from
minerals dissolved in water. In fresh water the primary ions are Ca (Calcium) and
Mg (Magnesium); however Fe (Iron) and Mn (Manganese) may also contribute.
Carbonate hardness is also equal to alkalinity but a non-carbonate fraction may
include nitrates and chlorides. Generally, the harder the water, the lower the toxicity
of other metals to aquatic life. If a stream or river is a drinking water source,
hardness can present conflicts in the water treatment process. It must also be
removed before certain industries can use the water. For this reason, the hardness
test is one of the most frequent analyses done by facilities that use water.
Oftentimes, small water supplies using groundwater encounter significant
levels of hardness. Ca (Calcium) concentrations up to and exceeding 100 mg/l are
common in natural sources of water -groundwater in particular. (Mg) Magnesium is
present in natural groundwater usually at lower concentrations, and that is why
calcium-based hardness usually predominates (National Research Council, 2002).
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2.4. Concept 3: Total Dissolved Solids
Total dissolved solids (TDS) represents the total concentration of dissolved
substances in water. It is made up of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic
water. These solids can originate from a number of sources, both natural and as a
result of human activities such as agricultural and urban runoff that can carry excess
minerals into water sources. In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the
sum of the cations and anions ions in the water -that is according to Mr. Brian Oram,
Professional Geologist (PG) Water Research Center.
Alone, a high concentration of dissolved solids is usually not a health hazard,
however, can have negative effects on humans. This could cause an early onset of
hairfall, due to its nature of having high levels of minerals such as Calcium (Ca),
Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Nitrates (NO3),
Phosphates (PO43-) and etc present in water. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), which is responsible for drinking water regulations in the
United States, includes TDS as a secondary standard, meaning that it is a voluntary
guideline in the United States. In a study by the World Health Organization, a panel
of tasters came to the following conclusions about the preferable level of TDS in
water: less than 300 mg/L, Excellent; 300 to 600 mg/L, Good; 600 to 900 mg/L, Fair;
900 to 1200, Poor; and above 1200, Unacceptable.
2.5. Concept 4: pH level
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14,
with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than
7 indicates a base. It is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and
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hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas
water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since pH can be affected by
chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing
chemically. (IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2017)
According to A Citizen's Guide to Understanding & Monitoring Lakes and
Streams (Obsolete), the pH of water determines the solubility which is the amount
that can be dissolved in the water, and biological availability which is the amount that
can be utilized by aquatic life of chemical constituents such as nutrients and heavy
metals. Excessively high and low pHs can be detrimental for the use of water. High
pH causes a bitter taste. Low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other
substances.
2.6. Concept 5: Water Temperature
In the discussion of Exploring the Environment: Water Quality (2004), the
most common physical assessment of water quality is the measurement of
temperature. Temperature impacts both the chemical and biological characteristics of
surface water. It affects the dissolved oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis of
aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these
organisms to pollution, parasites and disease.
Thermal pollution is the introduction of water that is warmer than the body of
water into which it flows. It generally occurs near power plants. These industries
discharge hot water that has been used to cool equipment directly into streams.
Another source of thermal pollution is urban runoff. This is water that has been
heated as it flowed over parking lots, streets and sidewalks. In addition to increasing
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the amount of solar radiation reaching the water's surface, removal of vegetation
near streams often results in increased erosion and increased amounts of sediments
in the water. Furthermore, the sediments absorb heat from sunlight rather than
reflect it. This heats the water further.
2.7. Related Studies
Study 1. Water Quality of Traditional Communal Drinking Wells: The Case of a
Fishing Community in Panukulan, Polillo Island, Quezon, Philippines
Lagbas A. and Habito C. DI.
According to Arthur J. Lagbas and Consuelo DI. Habito (n.d.) adequate supply
of freshwater and potable water is becoming a problem due to increasing population
and climate change. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were
characterized to assess the water quality of three traditional communal drinking
wells in Barangay Libo and Barangay Pandan in the Municipality of Panukulan,
Polillo Island, Quezon. Physico-chemical analysis showed that water samples are
within the limits recommended by the Philippine National Standards for Drinking
Water (2007). Microbiological analysis indicated total coliform and fecal coliform
contamination and the possibility of the presence of water-borne pathogenic
microorganisms. Data from the barangay health station showed that incidence of
diseases associated with consumption of contaminated water are rare possibly
because the local people may have developed partial immunity.
This study indicates that well water if consumed untreated is not suitable for
human consumption due to fecal coliform contamination. Use of disinfectants and
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implementation of protection measures to wells is necessary to improve the
groundwater quality.
Study 2. The Effect of deforestation on Water Quality: A Case Study in Cienda Micro
Watershed, Leyte, Philippines
Dessie A. & Bredemeier M.
According to the study done by Bredemeier M. and Dessie A. (2013),
Deforestation has an impact on the quality of water flowing through the watershed
and alters the discharge, chemical and physical properties of water. This study aims
to present the effect of deforestation on water quality, particularly on the physical and
chemical characteristics of water and evaluates the community based watershed
management schemes in Buyhang micro watershed. People are continuously
changing the forest area for abaca plantations, rice fields, and other agricultural
crops in very steep slopes and most of them judge the quality of water by its
aesthetic properties of colour, taste, odour and turbidity. They described by
analyzing disease causing organisms, taste, odor, color, turbidity, excessive
minerals, gases and the pH value. The pH values of the water samples ranged within
standard values. Total hardness was trace except one sample from agricultural land.
Turbidity was found to be less and ranging from 5 to 22 FTU. Sediment is recorded
from agricultural water samples and higher during peak flow. The highest
concentrations of PO4- were measured from the forest water samples. The mean
Ca++ concentrations ranged from 10 to 11.6 mg/L. There is no significant difference
between the three water samples in Mg++ concentration. Total K+was also found
below 6.6 mg/L. Na concentrations were ranging from 6.5 to 8.7 mg/L.
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Generally, the results from this study show no significant difference between
waters from forest and deforested area in terms of chemical analysis but clear
contrast in physical properties. The nutrient concentration of water from the forested
site is relatively higher and untypical in the case of nitrate concentrations than
deforested and agricultural water samples.This analysis confirmed that forests
regulate soil erosion, reduce sediment load, turbidity, the need for treatment and
costs to supply clean water to the local community. Even though many studies show
that forests have an impact on water quality in the watershed, the results from this
study shows no significant difference between waters from forest and deforested
area in terms of chemical analysis but clear contrast in physical properties.
Study 3. Association between domestic water hardness, chlorine, and Atopic
Dermatitis Risk in Early Life: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study
Perkin M.R., Craven J., Logan K., Strachan D., Marrs T., Radulovic S., Campbell
L.E., MacCallum S.F., McLean W.H., Lack G. & Flohr C.
According to Campbell, Craven, Flohr, Lack, Logan, MacCallum, Marrs,
Mclean, Perkin, Radulovic, and Strachan (2016), domestic water hardness and
chlorine have been suggested as important risk factors for atopic dermatitis (AD).
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic, hereditary skin disease affecting 15%–25% of
children; in 30% or more, it will persist into adulthood, causes stem from genetic
mutations that impair the skin barrier, which allow greater permeability for allergens
and pathogens, enhancing Th2 immunity (Kaufman A., 2018). They sought to
examine the link between domestic water calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and chlorine
concentrations, skin barrier dysfunction (increased transepidermal water loss), and
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AD in infancy by recruiting 1303 three-month-old infants from the general population
and gathered data on domestic water CaCO3 (in milligrams per liter) and chlorine
(Cl2; in milligrams per liter) concentrations from local water suppliers. Infants were
examined for AD and screened for filaggrin (FLG) skin barrier gene mutation status
at enrollment. Transepidermal water loss was measured on unaffected forearm skin.
Results were CaCO3 and chlorine levels were strongly correlated. A hybrid
variable of greater than and less than median levels of CaCO3 and total chlorine was
constructed: a baseline group of low CaCO3/low total chlorine (CaL/ClL), high
CaCO3/low total chlorine (CaH/ClL), low CaCO3/high total chlorine (CaL/ClH) and
high CaCO3/high total chlorine (CaH/ClH). Visible AD was more common in all 3
groups versus the baseline group: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.87 (95% CI,
1.25-2.80; P = .002) for the CaH/ClL group, AOR of 1.46 (95% CI, 0.97-2.21; P =
.07) for the CaL/ClH, and AOR of 1.61 (95% CI, 1.09-2.38; P = .02) for the CaH/ClH
group. The effect estimates were greater in children carrying FLG mutations, but
formal interaction testing between water quality groups and filaggrin status was not
statistically significant. In conclusion, high domestic water CaCO3 levels are
associated with an increased risk of AD in infancy.
Study 4. The Effect of Water Hardness on Surfactant Deposition after Washing and
Subsequent Skin Irritation in Atopic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Control Subjects
Danby S.G., Brown K., Wigley A.M., Chittock J., Pyae P.K., Flohr C. & Cork M.J.
According to the study about the effect of water hardness on surfactant
deposition after washing and subsequent skin irritation in Atopic Dermatitis patients
and Healthy Control Subjects done by Brown K., et. al. (2018), a greater risk of
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atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated living in a hard water area. Combined with the
large calcium levels of hard water and/or large chlorine levels, higher skin barrier
skin impairment after exposure to surfactants in wash products is a compelling
mechanism for this escalation. The purpose of this study was to examine the said
mechanism in people with and without a predisposition to skin barrier impairment.
The researchers enlisted 80 people that are healthy control subjects and AD patients
with and without FLG mutations. The skin of each person was washed with sodium
lauryl sulfate in water of differing chlorine concentrations and hardness levels that
are rinsed and covered with chambers to determine the effects of surfactants
residues. Significantly greater sodium lauryl sulfate deposits are found on the sites
that are washed with hard water. These deposits heightened transepidermal water
loss and caused irritations, especially, in AD patients that are carrying FLG
mutations. A clear effect on chlorine was not noticed. The negative effects of hard
water was alleviated by the process of water softening by ion-exchange. Barrier
impairment resulting from the interaction between hard water and surfactants is a
factor that contributes to the development of AD. Installation of a water softener in
early life may be able to prevent AD development. An intervention study is required
to test this study’s hypothesis.
Study 5.Water Pollution and its Impact on the Human Health
Halder J.N. & Islam M.N.
This study was conducted to know the pollution state and the health issues of the
residents nearby the Turag river, Dhaka of Bangladesh. It can be seen in the results
that the water quality of Turag river may not suitable for domestic purpose, and
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industrial uses. This is indicated by the very low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and
other measured parameters in the river. The values recorded for pH, color, turbidity,
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS),
chloride (Cl-), carbon-dioxide (CO2) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were
7.1 mg/L, 625 ptcu, 97.2, 4.65 mg/L, 1816 mg/L, 676 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 15.5, and 78
mg/L, respectively. The maximum concentration of turbidity, BOD, hardness, TDS,
and COD found in the Turag river is much higher than the standard permissible limit
set by the World Health Organization. The study also shows the health issues that
the local communities are suffering from, which includes skin problems, diarrhea,
dysentery, anemia and complications in childbirth. Yellow fever, cholera, dengue,
malaria and other epidemic diseases. Furthermore, the residents experience
respiratory diseases due to the odor pollution around the river
Study 6. Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river
water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India
Gupta N., Pandey P. & Hussain J.
The study on the Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the
quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India by Gupta N., et. al. (2016)
considered the improvement of the water quality index using eight parameters: pH,
Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N),
Phosphate (PO43−), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen(DO)
which were measured at six different sites (S1–S6) along the river Narmada. Three
methods (Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index, National Sanitation Foundation
Water Quality Index and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water
17
Quality Index) were used for calculation of water quality index. As observed, the
water quality was found to be excellent to good in the season summer and winter
and poor to unsuitable for human consumption in the season monsoon along the
river Narmada. The fall in the quality of water in monsoon season was due to poor
sanitation, turbulent flow, soil erosion and high anthropogenic activities.
Study 7. Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in
Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India
Subramani T., Elango L. & Damodarasamy S.R.
According to the study entitled “Groundwater quality and its suitability for
drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India” done by
Damodarasamy S. R., et. al. (2005), to determine the quality of the groundwater for
assessing its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in Chithar River Basin,
Tamil Nadu, India, hydrochemistry was used. Physical and chemical parameters of
groundwater such as electrical conductivity, ph, total dissolved solids (TDS) were
assessed. The concentrations of the chemical elements in groundwater vary spatially
and temporarily. Mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Cl and Na–Cl are said to be the dominant
hydrochemical facies in the study area showed by the interpretation of analytical
data. Alkalis (Na+, K+) and weak acids (HCO 3 − , CO 3 2− ) are slightly being
dominated by Alkali earths (Ca2+, Mg2+) and strong acids (Cl−, SO 4 2− ). The
abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+ ≥ Ca2+ ≥ Mg2+ > K+ = Cl− > HCO 3
− > SO 4 2− > NO 3 − > CO 3 2− .
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Study 8. Reduction of Turbidity of Water Using Locally Available Natural Coagulants
Md. Asrafuzzaman A. N., Fakhruddin M., and Md. Hossain A.
Turbidity imparts a great problem in water treatment. Moringa oleifera, Cicer
arietinum, and Dolichos lablab were used as locally available natural coagulants in
this study to reduce turbidity of synthetic water. The tests were carried out, using
artificial turbid water with conventional jar test apparatus. Optimum mixing intensity
and duration were determined. After dosing water-soluble extracts of Moringa
oleifera, Cicer arietinum, and Dolichos lablab reduced turbidity to 5.9, 3.9, and 11.1
nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), respectively, from 100 NTU and 5, 3.3, and
9.5, NTU, respectively, after dosing and filtration. Natural coagulants worked better
with high, turbid, water compared to medium, or low, turbid, water. Highest turbidity
reduction efficiency (95.89%) was found with Cicer arietinum. About 89 to 96% total
coliform reduction were also found with natural coagulant treatment of turbid water.
Using locally available natural coagulants, suitable, easier, and environment friendly
options for water treatment were observed.
Study 9. Investigation of Total Dissolved Solids Regulation in the Appalachian
Plateau Physiographic Province: A Case Study from Pennsylvania and
Recommendations for the Future
Wozniak M.
A study done by Wozniak M. (2011) stating that total dissolved solids (TDS)
are a natural constituent of surface water throughout the world. The World Health
Organization, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and most states regulate TDS
as a secondary drinking water criteria, affecting taste and odor, limiting discharges to
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500 mg/L. This method of regulation fails to account for the conservative nature of
TDS, with in-stream concentrations increasing with each addition, as well as impacts
to aquatic life. New sources of TDS are further stressing historically contaminated
waterways throughout the Appalachian Plateau, leaving them unable to assimilate
additional TDS. With these new sources only projected to increase, it is necessary,
now more than ever, for the states to develop total maximum daily loads for the
affected waterways. This is the most effective method for regulating TDS to ensure
the sustained health of the regional aquatic communities and human health.
Study 10. Groundwater quality mapping in urban groundwater using GIS
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-008-0689-4
Nas B. & Berktay A.
The purpose of this study were to provide an overview of present groundwater
quality and to determine spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters such
as pH, electrical conductivity, Cl − , SO4 − 2, hardness, and NO3 − concentrations,
and to map groundwater quality in the study area by using GIS and Geostatistics
techniques. The quality of this groundwater was determined by taking samples from
177 of the wells within the study area. The final map shows that the southwest of the
city has optimum groundwater quality, and, in general, the groundwater quality
decreases south to north of the city; 5.03% (21.51 km2) of the total study area is
classified to be at the optimum groundwater quality level.
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Study 11.Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a
blackfoot disease area in Taiwan
In this study by, correlation among 13 parameters are examined. There are 28
groundwater samples that were collected from the wells in the coastal blackfoot
disease area of Yun-Lin, Taiwan. A two-factor model is suggested and explains over
77.8% of the total groundwater quality variation. Factor 1 (seawater salinization)
which includes the concentrations of EC, TDS, Cl−, SO42−, Na+, K+ and Mg2+, and
Factor 2 (arsenic pollutant) which includes the concentrations of Alk, TOC and
arsenic. Maps are drawn to visualize the geographical distribution of the factors.
These maps depicts the high salinity and arsenic concentrations of the samples.
The geographical distribution of the factor scores at individual wells does not reveal
the sources of the constituents, which are instead, deduced from geological and
hydrological evidences. The areas of high seawater salinization and arsenic pollution
correspond well to the groundwater over-pumping area. Over-pumping of the local
groundwater causes land subsidence and gradual salinization by seawater. It also
introduces excess dissolved oxygen that oxidizes the immobile minerals, releases
arsenic by reductive dissolution of arsenic-rich iron oxyhydroxides and increases the
arsenic concentration in water. The over-extraction of groundwater however, is the
cause of groundwater salinization and arsenic pollution in the coastal area of
Yun-Lin, Taiwan.
Study 12. Design of Water Distribution System Using Naugong Spring as an
Additional Water Source for Laguna Water District
This study by Badiana R.M., Alvarez F.J., Jimenez B.E., Herradura D.A. &
Francisco J.R. (2016), focused on the most suitable design of the water distribution
21
system using Naugong Spring as an additional water source for Laguna Water
District. It covered the water supply system for the three barangays in Calauan,
namely: Perez, Paliparan and Mabacan. To make this possible, the researchers
analyzed and evaluated the present water system of Laguna Water District and
gathered information through interviews, observations, library research, and Internet.
After gathering all essential data, designing of the water distribution system was
done by systematic computations.
Study 13. Analytical Studies on Water Quality Index of River Landzu
Jimoh T. & Yisa J.
There is a study done by Jimoh T. and Yisa J. (2010) that is about the
analytical studies on water quality index of River Landzu. Outflows from cottage
industries, municipal sewage, agricultural and urban run-off are being discharged on
the River Landzu making considerable change to its water quality making the river
important in the study of surface water pollution. This study intended to use the
application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in assessing the quality of River Landzu for
public usage. Exposing 120 collected water samples to complete physicochemical
analysis using APHA standard method of analysis was done for this. 171.85 was the
WQI for the samples. The value of WQI was mainly because of the higher values of
iron, chromium and manganese, COD and turbidity. When compared with the World
Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) acceptable limit,
the results of the analysis indicated that the water was polluted, thus making it not
safe for domestic use and would be needing further treatment. The study
demonstrated application of water quality index in estimating/understanding the
22
quality of river water and appeared to be promising in the field of water quality
management.
Study 14. Treatment of surface water with Moringa Oleifera seed extract and alum –
a comparative study using a pilot scale water treatment plant.
Alfugara A. & Suleyman M.
In this study by Alfugara A. and Suleyman M. (2010), Moringa oleifera seed
and alum were used as primary coagulants as a remedy for the turbidity of the
surface water from stream. At low initial turbidity of 21.5 to 49.3 NTU, residual
turbidities of 2.7, 1.8 and 1.4 NTU were achieved after treatment using Moringa
oleifera, alum, and alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant‐aid, respectively. For
medium turbidities varying from 51.8 to 114 NTU, lowest residual turbidities of 2.9,
1.2 and 1.4 were achieved after treatment using Moringa oleifera, alum, and alum
with Moringa oleifera as coagulant‐aid, respectively. For high turbidity varying from
163 to 494 NTU, minimum residuals of 1.4, 1.9 and 0.9 NTU were achieved after
treatment using Moringa oleifera, alum, and alum with Moringa oleifera as
coagulant‐aid, respectively.
This treatment entails both partial‐charge neutralization and micro‐bridging for
turbidity removal by the use of Moringa oleifera seed.
Study 15. An Assessment of the Physicochemical Parameters of Mananga River,
Cebu, Philippines
Flores M. L. & Zafaralla M. T.
According to the study done by Flores M. L. and Zafaralla M. T. (2012), the
Mananga River today is a source of potable water to meet the demands of a fast
23
growing Cebu metropolis. The physicochemical parameters of Mananga River were
studied to assess its water quality status. Six sample collections were done from
February to December 2006 in 3 monitoring stations covering the upstream (S1),
midstream (S2) and downstream (S3) of Mananga River. Results showed significant
spatial variation (p<0.05) in the studied physicochemical parameters except for
alkalinity, total phosphates and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Significant temporal
variation (p<0.05) was also observed for the factors except for stream width,
biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS). Flow velocity
showed significant positive correlation with discharge, pH, DO and NO3-N, and
negative correlation with water temperature and TSS. Water temperature correlated
negatively with DO and pH, and positively with TSS, with the latter showing a
positive correlation with BOD5. The results implied that water currents play a major
role in the distribution of dissolved substances and the suspension of sediments.
Water quality of the studied segments of Mananga River progressively decreased
downstream and was more pronounced during the dry periods. Results also
indicated that the river was receiving loads of organic matter from natural and
anthropogenic sources.
Study 16. Water quality trends and trophic state assessment of Laguna de Bay,
Philippines
Barril C. R. & Tumlos E. T.
A study about Water quality trends and trophic state assessment of Laguna
de Bay, Philippines was done by Barril C. R. and Tumlos E. T (2010). To determine
trends in the trophic state and water quality of the lake, observation of important
24
water quality parameters Laguna de Bay was carried out from the years 1986 to
1996. Monthly sampling and field analysis were done by the researchers at randomly
selected sites of the lake. The worsening condition of the lake was shown by the
three-year trend analysis of the annual mean values of some important water quality
parameters showed. Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, ortho-phosphate, total
phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, conductivity, and chlorides
increased while alkalinity, clarity, and dissolved oxygen decreased. The lake is
judged to be extremely trophic or dystrophic. Uses of the lake as a fishery resource
and as a source of domestic water supply are discussed briefly.
Study 17.Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk,
Karnataka State, India
C. R. Ramakrishnaiah,C. Sadashivaiah, & G. Ranganna
This study done by Ramakrishnaiah C. R., et. al. (2008), aims to assess the
Water Quality Index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur Taluk by using 12
parameters namely: pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride,
nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, manganese and fluorides. The WQI for
these samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. The high value of WQI has been found
to be mainly from the higher values of iron, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness,
fluorides, bicarbonate and manganese in the groundwater. The results of analyses
reveals that the groundwater from Tumkur, Taluk needs to be treated before
consumption due to contamination.
25
Study 18. Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment:
Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India
Vasanthavigar M., Srinivasamoorthy K., Vijayaragavan K., Ganthi R.R.,

Chidambaram S., Anandhan P., Manivannan R. & Vasudevan S.
A study by Anandhan P., et. al. (2010) says that water pollution not only
affects water quality but also threats human health, economic development, and
social prosperity (Milovanovic 2007). This study focused on the Water Quality Index
of the groundwater from Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. A total of 148
groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions to
understand the hydrogeochemical parameters to develop water quality index in
Thirumanimuttar sub-basin. The samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3,
Cl, SO4, PO4, H4SiO4, F, pH, EC, and TDS by using standard procedures (APHA
1995). In which the pH, TDS, and EC were measured by Systronics Water Quality
Analyzer 371. SAR, Na%, and TH were noted higher during both seasons indicating
most of the groundwater locations not suitable for irrigation purposes.
Study 19.Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Geol N. E. & Rao S. N.
This study by Geol N. E. and Rao S. N. (2006) discuss the impact of
seasonal variation of groundwater quality on irrigation and human health, where the
agriculture is the main livelihood of rural people and the groundwater is the main
source for irrigation and drinking in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The
parameters used were pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO 3 2− , HCO
3 − , Cl−, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − and F−. The samples were collected seasonally, pre-
26
and post-monsoons, during three years from forty wells in the area. The results
shows that the water is not suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation, especially on
the post-monsoon period. Therefore a management plan was suggested for
sustainable development of the area.
Study 20.Correlation Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Quality
Assessment of Kosi River Water, Uttarakhan
Bhandari N.S. & Nayal K.
This study was conducted to know the health effects of the physical, chemical,
and biological parameters that were used in the assessment of the water from the
well waters of Karachi. They collected samples from different parts of Karachi and
the parameters used on each sample were: pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids,
hardness and others. The result shows that some of the parameters exceeded the
acceptable concentration set by the World Health Organization. Therefore the well
waters of Karachi was not suitable for domestic as well as industrial purposes.
2.8. Synthesis
There are five water quality assessment parameters utilized in order to
determine its safety for bathing and laundry purposes and these water quality
parameters are turbidity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, pH level, and water
temperature. The spring in Barangay Agusan can be found just at the side of the
highway road. The spring flows through two black metal pipes that connect to the
back of the area which is closed off to the public. A few meters away from the pipes
that water connects with a sewer drainage with trashes and the like floating in the
27
waters. The residents of the area make use of the spring for laundry purposes,
bathing, and for drinking water. These are all happening simultaneously, on the left
and right the residents are doing there laundry while near the pipes they take a bath,
and at the end of the pipe they fill their empty plastic bottles with the water.
In a study by Lagbas A. and Habito C. the results showed that there is a
possibility of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms contamination of total coliform
and fecal coliform but there is little to no significant relationship between the
incidence of disease related to the consumption of the contaminated water as shown
by the barangay health office of Panukulan, Quezon. The study shows that well
water if consumed untreated is not suitable for human consumption due to fecal
coliform contamination. With the spring being used for laundry washing and bating,
atopic dermatitis can be triggered from the detergents. Other known triggers include
metals and soap. A study on the association between domestic water hardness,
chlorine, and Atopic Dermatitis and its risks in early life reveals that water calcium
carbonate and chlorine concentrations are strongly related risk factors for atopic
dermatitis from the recruited one-thousand-three-hundred-three three-month old
infants. The effects were stronger on babies that carried the FLG mutation. This
shows that the contamination of total coliform and fecal coliform as well as high
levels of water calcium carbonate causes atopic dermatitis.
2.9. Conceptual Framework
This figure shows the entire scheme of procedures to be accomplished on the
assessment of the water quality in the spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oo.
The study will encompass of a one-time spring water testing on five (5) selected
28
parameters, namely, pH Level, Temperature, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
and Hardness (on CaCO3). The volume of water sample will only be 1 Liter as
instructed by the research advisor, pertaining to the requirement for the F.A.S.T.
Laboratories analysis. The water sample will be directly collected on the specific and
located spring in Barangay Agusan. After which, the researchers will submit the
water samples to F.A.S.T. Laboratories for further analysis and testing. After
gathering the results from the tests, the researcher will then refer the collected data
to the safety standards for both external usage and internal consumption.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the Procedures of the Study
29
Chapter III
Methodology
3.1. Research Design
This study follows a quantitative descriptive design. A descriptive design
research aims to observe and report necessary details, characteristics and variables
on a certain phenomenon. The researchers made use of this design to acquire data
regarding the five selected parameters in assessing the water quality of the spring
near the highway of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro. This collection of data may
serve as means for the improvement of the public facilities available in the
mentioned barangay.
3.2. Context and Participants
This study focuses on the water quality assessment of the spring found near
the Barangay Agusan highway in Cagayan de Oro, there are no participants needed
for this study as the researchers will only be assessing the spring water quality
based on the parameters chosen. The researchers have no direct access to the
water source of the spring as the area is closed off to the public and can only be
accessed once a month by the locals to clean the said area. The spring is owned by
the barangay and the officials built a fence that seals the source away from the
public however it can be accessed by everyone without having to enter as a pipe
was placed outside that is connected to the spring and that is where the locals get
water from. The researchers will be collecting only one bottle of spring water directly
from the metal pipe that it is flowing from since the researchers have no access to
the direct water source of the spring.
30
3.3. Instruments
The instrument to be used for this study is a performance-based test in which
one bottle of water will be collected off of the spring water in barangay Agusan,
Cagayan de Oro city and sent to The First Analytical Services and Technical
Cooperative Laboratories (F.A.S.T. Laboratories) for assessment. The methods used
by the laboratory were 4500H+ B. Electrometric, 2130 B. Nephelometry, 2540 C.
Gravimetric, and 2340 EDTA Trimetric methods. The 4500H+ B. Electrometric
method was used to determine the pH level and temperature of the sample, the 2130
B. Nephelometry for turbidity, 2540 C. Gravimetric for total dissolved solids, and
2340 EDTA Trimetric for the total hardness as CaCO3. To validate the data gathered,
content validity, where the instrument to be used is appropriate to gather the data
needed of the variable to be measured, has to be considered.
3.4. Data-gathering Procedure
The instruments used in this research were tests (performance based) which
were explicitly measured, examined and analyzed. The entire research was concise
and specific. Each measurements per parameter were obtained with varying tests,
according to which procedure best fits with the selected parameters, as performed
by the experts in F.A.S.T. Laboratories.
PET Bottles
The researchers made use of a 1-Liter PET Bottle as the container in
collecting the water from the spring in Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro. The PET
Bottle was bought from YSU Marketing. Next, the researchers performed sterilization
of the bottle following the steps from the online website, Hunker.com, using
31
dishwashing soap and boiled distilled drinking water. The PET Bottle was rinsed five
(5) times to assure that the soap residues were removed. Placed upside-down on a
well-ventilated drying rack, the bottle was dried overnight.
Collection of Spring Water
After completing the steps in sterilizing the PET Bottle, the researchers visited
the spring located in Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro. The water was directly
taken from pipes from where the water flowed out. The bottle was filled up to the
brim and was immediately sealed with its screw cap.
Testing of the Sample
Right after the collection of the sample, the researchers immediately
proceeded to the F.A.S.T. Laboratories, located in Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro. There,
the sample was submitted. The clerk informed that the results will be ready after
twelve (12) working days. Each parameters were tested with their specific
approaches in order to obtain the best results. The following procedures were used
in measuring the data for each parameter:
For pH level and Temperature - 4500 H+ B. Electrometric
For Turbidity - 2130 B. Nephelometry
For Total Dissolved Solids - 2540 C. Gravimetric
For Total Hardness as CaCo3 - 2340 EDTA Titrimetric
These procedures were specifically performed by the experts in the F.A.S.T.
Laboratories.
32
3.5. Data Analysis
According to various sources, one of these is the Philippine Nationals
Standards of Drinking Water, the maximum limit for pH in drinking water should be
between 6.5-8.5, for turbidity it should not be more than 5 NTU, the amount of total
dissolved solids should not exceed 600 mg/L, and total hardness should not exceed
180 mg/L. To be able to measure these parameters The First Analytical Services and
Technical Cooperative Laboratories (F.A.S.T. Laboratories) used four methods as
mentioned previously; 4500H+ B. Electrometric, 2130 B. Nephelometry, 2540 C.
Gravimetric, and 2340 EDTA Trimetric methods. After the assessment the
researchers will consider the results and its indication for the spring water quality
based solely on the parameters tested and its implication on water sample.
33
Chapter IV
Results and Discussions
4.1. Introductory Paragraph
This section of the research paper shows the results and discussion of the
examination done by The First Analytical Services and Technical Cooperative
Laboratories (F.A.S.T. Laboratories) that determined the pH level, temperature,
turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness as calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) of the water sample retrieved from the spring in Barangay Agusan,
Cagayan de Oro City.
4.2. Results
The present study assessed the water quality in the spring near the highway
found in Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro city. Five parameters were considered
namely: pH level, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids(TDS), and total
hardness as CaCO3. This section shows the results obtained at the examination of
the water sample given by the researchers to the laboratory.
Table 1.1 shows the result of the examination of the 1L of ground water
gathered in Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City in determining its pH level, temperature,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness as CaCO3. Upon examining the
1L water sample it showed that the pH level is 7.3, the temperature is 18.1℃, the
turbidity is 0.88 NTU, the total dissolved solids is 266mg/L, and the total hardness as
CaCO3 is 185mg/L. The test methods employed were also found on table 1.1 such
as 4500H+ B. Electrometric to measure the pH and temperature, 2130 B.
34
Nephelometry for the turbidity, 2540 C. Gravimetric in looking for the total dissolved
solids, and 2340 EDTA Trimetric methods for the total hardness as CaCO3.
Table 1.1 Result of the 1L Ground Water in Agusan, CDOC
Parameters Unit Results Test Method
pH - 7.3 4500H+ B.
Electrometric
Temperature - 18.1 ℃ 4500H+ B.

Electrometric
Turbidity NTU 0.88 2130 B.

Nephelometry
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 266 2540 C. Gravimetric
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 185 2340 EDTA

Titrimetric
4.3. Discussions
Table 1.2 shows the mandatory drinking water quality parameters provided by
The First Analytical Services and Technical Cooperative Laboratories (F.A.S.T.
Laboratories) with the Philippine Nationals Standards of Drinking Water as source for
the drinking water quality standard for the year 2017. In the table can be found the
parameters to be considered in assessing the drinking water quality in consideration
of microbiological quality and the physical and chemical quality, however the
researchers only chose 5 parameters namely; temperature, total dissolved solids,
total hardness, turbidity, and pH. The maximum limit for the parameters chosen are
6.5-8.5 for pH, 300mg/L for total dissolved solids, 180mg/L for total hardness, and 5
NTU for turbidity.
35
Table 1.2 Mandatory Drinking Water Quality Parameters, Philippine National
Standards of Drinking Water 2017
Parameters Maximum Limit
Microbiological Quality
Total Coliform MTFT: < 1.1 MPN/100mL
EST: Absent or <1 MPN/100mL
MFT: <1 total coliform colonies/100mL
Thermotolerant Coliform/ E. coli MTFT: < 1.1 MPN/100mL
EST: Absent or <1 MPN/100mL
MFT: <1 total thermotolerant coliform

colonies/100mL
Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) <500 CFU/mL
Physical and Chemical Quality
Taste No objectionable taste
Color (Apparent) 10 CU
Odor No objectionable odor
Turbidity 5 NTU
Aluminum (Al) 0.2 mg/L (Aesthetic)
Chloride (Cl-) 250 mg/L
Copper (CU) 1.0 mg/L
Total Hardness 180 mg/L
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) 0.05 mg/L
Iron (Fe) 1.0 mg/L
pH 6.5-8.5
Sodium 200 mg/L
Sulfate 250 mg/L
36
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 300 mg/L
Zinc (Zn) 5.0 mg/L

The results of the assessment done can be found on table 1.1 in regards to
the parameters that the researchers chose. It was found that the pH level is 7.3, the
temperature is 18.1℃, the turbidity is 0.88 NTU, the total dissolved solids is
266mg/L, and the total hardness as CaCO3 is 185mg/L. Located on table 1.2 are the
maximum limit for the standard drinking water quality provided by the Philippine
National Standards of Drinking Water (2017).
Temperature impacts both the chemical and biological characteristics of
surface water. It affects the dissolved oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis of
aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these
organisms to pollution, parasites and disease. In addition to increasing the amount
of solar radiation reaching the water's surface, removal of vegetation near streams
often results in increased erosion and increased amounts of sediments in the water.
Furthermore, the sediments absorb heat from sunlight rather than reflect it which
heats the water further. The temperature of the spring water was measured to be
18.1℃ in the laboratory which means that the spring water does not have large
amounts of sediments and that it is not often directly exposed to sunlight.
Upon considering both values it showed that the pH level of the water sample,
7.3, is within the mandatory standard given which states that it should be between
6.5 to 8.5. pH ranges from 0-14, level 7 as neutral with values greater than 7
indicating a base whereas values lesser indicates acidity, since pH can be affected
by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing
chemically (IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2017). Based on the
37
experiment it appears that the pH of the spring water from barangay Agusan is
neutral.
Turbidity refers to how clear the water is, when the measured turbidity is high
it indicates that the water is murky and there is a great possibility that the number of
total suspended solids (TSS) also has a large amount. Elevated readings for total
suspended solids or turbidity can be used as an indicator of other potential pollutants
due to high concentrations of particulate matter has a high probability of causing a
proliferation of sediment and siltation in a stream which can destroy important habitat
areas for fish and other aquatic life. Suspended particles also provide attachment
places for other pollutants, such as metals and bacteria (Michaud, 1991). The
turbidity from the water sample taken from the spring water in barangay Agusan,
Cagayan de Oro City is 0.88 NTU, which is below the maximum limit of 5 NTU which
indicates that the water is very clear. High levels of turbidity has no health risks or
effects but it can provide a medium for microbial growth, it can also indicate the
presence of disease causing organisms, which can cause nausea, cramps, diarrhea,
and headaches.
The total dissolved solids have a maximum limit of 300 mg/L. Based on the
results of the experiment, the TDS of the spring water is 266 mg/L. According to a
study done by the World Health Organization on the preferable level of total
dissolved solids in (TDS) water, a panel of tasters came to a conclusion that the
most preferable level of TDS is less than 300 mg/L, which was rated as excellent.
TDS is mainly an indicator of aesthetics, an elevated level does not indicate that the
water presents health risks however, elevated levels of specific ions (nitrate, arsenic,
aluminium, copper, or lead) included in the TDS measurement could present health
38
risks. If the TDS is elevated, specific analysis is then required for each contaminant
to determine the possible health effects.
The total hardness as CaCO3 is 185 mg/L which exceeded the maximum limit
which is 180 mg/L and is considered to be very hard according to Mcgowan (2011)
as it falls on the category where the amount of water containing calcium carbonate
concentrations is more than 180 mg/L. Hard water often produces a noticeable
deposit of precipitate (e.g. insoluble metals, soaps or salts) in containers, it is not
caused by a single substance but by a variety of dissolved polyvalent metallic ions,
predominantly calcium and magnesium cations as well as other cations (WHO,
2011). Exposure to hard water has also been investigated as a risk factor that could
trigger eczema, although the environment plays an important role in the disease the
specific causes are still unknown but one of the factors that could exacerbate
eczema is shampoo (Langan, 2009). Increased soap usage in hard water results in
metal or soap salt residues on skin that are not rinsed off easily and could cause
contact irritation (Thomas & Sach, 2000).
Creating a substantial report that records and analyzes the level of the
different parameters in the water will be made beneficial for the residents of
Barangay Agusan, and the Local Government unit of the said barangay. Using this
study as reference, the Local Government Unit could start action to reducing the
Total Hardness of the water, thus further improving the quality of the water. Also with
this study the Local Government Units could also help inform the residents of
Barangay Agusan of the threats to their external health, and thus take further action
to reduce its effects. As researchers of this study, it is important that all of our
information presented is credible and accurate. This study of the Barangay Agusan
39
spring is also a pioneering study, that can open up different avenues for future
researchers.
40
Chapter V
5.1 Conclusion
The objective of this paper is to be able to answer the following:
1. What are the results of the water quality with the five testing parameters
according to the test report?
2. Does the water provide any possible health risks?
3. Is it necessary for the people involved to be aware of the substances that is
found in the water?
Considering the results on the experiment done on the water sample from
barangay Agusan in consideration of the five parameters chosen by the researchers,
it showed that the pH level is 7.3 meaning its neutral, the temperature is 18.1℃
which is not alarming, the turbidity is 0.88 NTU which means that the water is very
clear, the total dissolved solids is 266mg/L, and the total hardness as CaCO3 is
185mg/L which is considered as very hard. Although no notable health risks were
associated by the given results regarding the pH level, turbidity, temperature, and
total dissolved solids, the total hardness showed that there was a high level of
CaCO3 found on the spring water sample which meant that it could be a health
hazard as exposure to hard water was reported to be a health risk factor that could
trigger eczema according to Langan (2009).
41
5.2 Recommendations
The researchers recommend future researchers to consider the following:
- To consider the microbiological qualities in the drinking water source, like the
total coliform, Thermotolerant Coliform/ E. coli, Heterotrophic Plate Count
(HPC), etc.
- To be able to gain direct access or to be able to locate the point source of the
water within the area to get better and more accurate results
- To be able to personally perform and experience the experiment so that the
researchers would be well informed of the process and of the factors that
could contribute to the failure or success of the experiment
- To make use of the most accurate and appropriate tools that are the most
applicable to the research to be able to achieve the objectives made by the
researchers
- To be able to monitor the water quality of the spring water over a certain
period of time and consider factors that could affect the results such as the
weather condition during the date and time of sampling
- To be able to test the potability of the spring water and to be able to test more
parameters that would ensure that the results are accurate and that it would
consider numerous possibilities
42
Limitations
The researchers were not able to identify conclude whether the spring water sample
is safe for consumption or not, they were only able to assess the water based on the five
chosen parameters due to:
- Insufficient parameters tested to be able to firmly conclude that the water is safe and
potable
- Time constraints that the researchers were faced with
- Unable to monitor the spring water in different seasons to ensure that the results are
consistent and that the change in weather or temperature would not introduce a
hazard to the spring water
- The lack of facilities to be able to perform tests and experiments first hand
- The limitation of the researchers’ financial capabilities
- The lack of skill to personally be able to perform the test and experiments first hand
43
Appendix
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
LAURIE CLAIRE RODRIGUEZ – MOTOL
Blk. 34 Lot 12 Xavier Heights Subdivision, Upper Balulang,
9000 Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
Contact number: 0936 721 3647
E-mail: lauriemotol2000@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Height: 5’1’’ Weight: 48 kg

Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATION
___________________________________________________________________
Senior High School Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Senior High School
Corrales Avenue
9000 Cagayan de Oro City
2017 – Present
___________________________________________________________________
Junior High School Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High School
Pueblo de Oro, Masterson Avenue
2014-2017
___________________________________________________________________
Grade School Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Grade School
Pueblo de Oro, Masterson Avenue
2005 - 2014
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Academic Award Third Honor September 2018

Academic Award Second Honor March 2017
Academic Award Second Honor March 2014
Academic Rank Award Top 9 March 2014
Magis Awards February 2016
Magis Awards March 2014
Magis Awards February 2012
Miniature House Making Competition First Place February 2017
___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Presidential Camp July 2015

(Leadership Camp)
52
Legacy: Layout Designing Workshop July 23, 2016
Senior High Presidential Congress January 10, 2018
(Leadership Seminar)
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
Leadership Skills Organization Skills

Graphic Designing and Layout Simple Animation/Motion Graphics
Drawing, Painting and Crafting Problem Analysis Skills
OTHER SKILLS
- Creative, strategic and mastery in the use of technology

- Ability to work under pressure/in a fast paced, deadline-driven environment
- Ability to work independently
- Ability to effectively manage time
53
MICHELLE E. PORRAS
C-26 Catarman Street, Capistrano Complex,
Gusa Cagayan De Oro City 9000
Contact number/s: 09177438208
E-mail: m.porras1414@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Height: 5’3’’ Weight: 61 kg.

Birthplace: Valencia City Nationality: Filipino
EDUCATION
SENIOR HS: Xavier University (STEM Strand) 2017 – 2019

Corrales Ave., Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
JUNIOR HS: Capitol University Basic Education Department 2013-2017
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTARY: Capitol University Basic Education Department 2007-2013
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Academic Excellence 1st honors March 2017

Academic Excellence 2nd honors March 08-16
Academic Excellence 2nd honors March 2016
Mayor Oscar Moreno Award
for Excellence Top 3 March 2017
___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Leadership Training Seminar Capitol University Basic Education 2016

Department
Leadership Training Seminar Capitol University Basic Education 2016
Department
Leadership Training Seminar iFight 2016
Anti-Human Trafficking Seminar iFight 2015
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
- Analytic Skill - Ability to easily Adapt
- Quick Learner - Interpersonal skills -
54
Research and analysis skill -Excellent communication skills -
Technology Literate -Problem solving Skills
- Analytical Skills - Fast Thinker
OTHER SKILLS:
- Microsoft Office such as Excel and Powerpoint literate
- Computer and Internet Skills
- Can grasp a topic easily
55
ANN MARIE B. SANGLITAN
Corrales Hayes St., Cagayan De Oro City 9000
Contact numbers: 0935-290-5465
E-mail: annmariesanglitan@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Birthplace: Malaybalay City, Bukidnon Nationality: Filipino
EDUCATION
__________________________________________________________________
SECONDARY: San Isidro College 2013-2017

Impalambong, Malaybalay City
__________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTARY: Bethel Baptist Christian Academy 2007-2013

Sumpong, Malaybalay City
__________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Best Response Team Second Place September 2018

Best Teamwork Bandaging Third Place February 2018
__________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Emergency First Aid Training September 2018

Basic Bandaging Techniques and Patient-Casualty Handling February 2018
__________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
-Communication ( oral and written) -Leadership skills

-Interpersonal skills -Technical skills
-Organizational -Time-management
OTHER SKILLS:
- Ability to work under pressure or in a deadline-driven environment
- Ability to work with others or a group
56
JULES MICHAEL M. MONTECILLO
Blk 11, Lot 35-37, Arroville Subd. Phase 1,
Upper Macasandig, Cagayan De Oro City 9000
Contact numbers: 09564136312
E-mail: minynam@yahoo.com

EDUCATION
SENIOR HS: Xavier University (STEM Strand) 2017 – 2019

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City
__________________________________________________________________
JUNIOR HS: Kong Hua School 2014-2017
Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
__________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTARY: Kong Hua School 2008-2014
Kauswagan , Cagayan de Oro City
__________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Academic Excellence With Honors March 2017

__________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Leadership Training Seminar Kong Hua School November 2012

Leadership Training Camp Kong Hua School March 2017
__________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
-Interpersonal skills - Research and analysis

-Excellent communication skills - Technology Literate
-Problem solving Skills - Analytic Skills
-Adaptability - Quick Learner
OTHER SKILLS

- Chinese Language
- Proficient in Microsoft Office such as Excel and Powerpoint
- Computer and Internet Skills
57
TONI ANGIELENE N APARECE
Zone 1 Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City
Contact number: 0956-329-5116
Email: toniaparece@gmail.com
Height: 5’2’’ Weight: 53 kg

EDUCATION
__________________________________________________________________
Senior High School: XAVIER UNIVERSITY 2016 – Present
___________________________________________________________________
Junior High School: XAVIER UNIVERSITY 2013 – 2016
Pueblo de Oro, Mastersons Avenue.
Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
Grade School: XAVIER UNIVERSITY 2005 – 2013
Pueblo de Oro, Mastersons Avenue.
Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Mckeough Marine Camp Project Proposal Third Place April 2018

___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Xavier University Mckeough Xavier Mckeough Marine Center April 2018

Marine Camp
Career Development Seminar Xavier University August 2018
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
-Communication skills -Time management
-Technology competencies -Meticulous in following instructions
-Organization skills -Adapts to changing work environment
-Work under pressure -Problem solving skills
-Interpersonal skills -Research and analysis
-Collaborative skills
58
JOHN MARLEY V. LAGO
#3650 San Jose Street, Lago Village, Capisnon,
Kauswagan, CDOC 9000
E-mail: johnmarleyv.lago@gmail.com
Height: 5’3” Weight: 44 kg.

EDUCATION
___________________________________________________________________
Senior High School: Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan SHS 2017-Present

TRACK/STRAND: Academic Track-STEM
___________________________________________________________________
Junior High School: Liceo de Cagayan University High School 2013-2017
R.N Pealaez Boulevard, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
Grade School: Liceo de Cagayan University Grade School 2007-2013
R.N Pelaez Boulevard, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Divisions Schools Press Conference Third Place September 2017

Radio Broadcasting (English)
Earthbeat Song Writing Competition First Place September 2017
PopCOM Indie Film (Orasan) Best Film November 2015
PopCOM Indie Film (Mata Na) Best Film November 2016
Regional Schools’ Press Conference Fifth Place December 2012
Newswriting (Filipino)
Division Schools’ Press Conference Second Place August 2012
___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Sandaan sa Mindanao: Philippine Xavier University November 2018

Cinema Centennial Conference
59
Senior High Leadership Development Xavier University January 2018
McKeough Marine Summer Camp MMC Xavier University April 2018
MVP Future Leaders’ Summit FPLA –Antipolo City November 2016
Mathematics Training’s Guild Xavier University HS September 2015
PYSC Science Camp Liceo de Cagayan HS September 2013
MTAP City Central School September 2012
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
-Writing skills -Leadership skills

-Interpersonal skills -Public Speaking
-Communication skills -Entrepreneurship Skills
-Analytical Skills -Performing Arts
OTHER SKILLS
-Ability to work under pressure and acquiring the prerequisites on or before the
expected due with a quality output.
-Ability to manage-time wisely and efficiently
-Diverse in skills and applies interests to obtain income.
-German Language
60
JANNEL C. BELA-ONG
Goking Ville Subdivision Bulua, Cagayan De Oro City 9000
E-mail: jannelbelaong@gmail.com
Height: 5’’ Weight: 41 kg.

Birthplace: Antipolo, Rizal Nationality: Filipino
EDUCATION
___________________________________________________________________
Senior High School: Xavier University 2017-2019
___________________________________________________________________
Junior High School: Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive 2013-2017
High School
Velez Street, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
Grade School: Bulua Central School 2007-2013
Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS
Academic Excellence Award Teacher’s Guild 2016

Academic Excellence Award Teacher’s Guild 2016
___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
Color Theory Workshop Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan 2016

Museo de Oro Art Exhibit Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan 2017
Career Development Seminar Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan 2018
Misfit Workshop Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan 2018
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS
-Creativity -Self-motivation
-Artist skills -Time management and computer competencies
61
-Profound ability to plan, organize and manage the projects
-Exceptionally good communication skills
-Gives attention to details in instructions
-Upholds the artistic quality and integrity of the design process
-Adaptable ( work in changing environment)
-Quick Learner
62
CARLOS EMANUEL B. TALAG
Blk 27 Lot 2 Abraham Abel Cor. Street
San Agustin Valley Homes Carmen - Canitoan,
Cagayan De Oro City 9000
Contact numbers: 0917-246-7399
E-mail: carlostalag24@gmail.com
Height: 5’11” Weight: 62 kg.

EDUCATION:
___________________________________________________________________
Senior High School: Xavier University 2017-2019
___________________________________________________________________
Junior High School: Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan 2014-2017
Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
Grade School: Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan 2007-2013
Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City
___________________________________________________________________
AWARDS:
Exemplum Award February 2018
Veritas Awards for Collaborative Project First Place March 2017
(For all Organizations in JHS)
Veritas Awards for Digital Art Second Place March 2017
COSAA Volleyball Silver Medal March 2014
___________________________________________________________________
TRAINING & SEMINAR
ALG-CIT Leadership Training and Seminar November 17, 2018
(facilitated the seminar)
Film Seminar November 16 2018
XUSHSG Leadership Seminar September 2018
5 Day Marine Camp April 9 – 13, 2018
CREATE workshop November 2017
Microsoft Office 365 Seminar November 2016
63
___________________________________________________________________
SKILLS:
-Writing skills (Article) - Leadership skills
-Teamwork and Interpersonal skills - Research and analysis
-Excellent communication skills - Adobe Photoshop expert
-Adobe Illustrator expert - Adobe Premier proficient
-Adobe After Effects proficient - Microsoft Powerpoint expert
-Microsoft Word expert - Microsoft Excel expert
-Planning and Research Skills - Relevant Work experience
-Effective Leadership and Management - Self Management
OTHER SKILLS:
- Ability to do multiple tasks at once, but still producing quality output.
- Ability to work well even under pressure.
- Capable to resolve workplace tension.
64
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Water Quality Assessment On The Spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro

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Water Quality Assessment On The Spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro

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Water Quality Assessment on the Spring of Barangay Agusan, Cagayan de Oro

Aparece, Toni Angieliene N.

Lago, John Marley V.

Montecillo, Jules Michael M.

Motol, Laurie Claire R.

Sanglitan, Ann Marie B.

Talag, Carlos Emanuel B.

Grade XII – Kochanski

Mrs. Lolita S. Martinez

Ms. Hannah Gwen E. Balasabas

February 28, 2019

The researchers would like to acknowledge the invaluable guidance that

Chapter II - Review of Related Literature 9

Chapter III - Methodology 31

Chapter IV - Results and Discussions 35

Water is an essential part in sustaining life on earth. This study aims to

Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City, following a quantitative descriptive design. The

1.1. Background of the Study

water sources of the residents in the barangay - particularly in terms of laundry,

personal hygiene purposes and consumption, and if it can be considered safe in

solids, and total hardness.

such as laundry, bathing and consumption.

1.2. Statement of the Research Questions

parameters according to the test report?

2. Does the water provide any possible health risks?

3. Is it necessary for the people involved to be aware of the substances

that is found in the water?

1.3. Significance of the Study

study the researchers focus mainly on the inorganic substances.

1.4. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study on Water Quality Assessment on the Spring at Barangay Agusan,

on the Philippine National Standard of Drinking-Water of 2007 as the standard

Analytical Services And Technical Cooperative) Laboratories located in Lapasan,

physico-chemical parameters such as moisture, humidity, dissolved oxygen (DO),

assessment especially here in the Philippines, particularly in Cagayan de Oro, and

access to the source of the water from other studies.

Review of Related Literature

water temperature. These sources provided the researchers with an extensive

review and background of the topic to pursue this study.

2.2. Concept 1: Turbidity

Turbidity is the measure of the loss of transparency in water due to the

plants, aquatic organisms and chemical precipitates. As defined by the

Environmental Protection Agency in the United States, turbidity is referred to as the

According to the Southeast Kelowna Irrigation District, this parameter is important in

are 2130 B. Nephelometry (also known as Turbidimeter), Jackson Candle

“Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environment”, the World Health

Organization (WHO) suggests a turbidity standard with an upper-limit guideline of 0.5

2.3. Concept 2: Hardness

Mg (Magnesium); however Fe (Iron) and Mn (Manganese) may also contribute.

Carbonate hardness is also equal to alkalinity but a non-carbonate fraction may

of other metals to aquatic life. If a stream or river is a drinking water source,

Oftentimes, small water supplies using groundwater encounter significant

levels of hardness. Ca (Calcium) concentrations up to and exceeding 100 mg/l are

common in natural sources of water -groundwater in particular. (Mg) Magnesium is

present in natural groundwater usually at lower concentrations, and that is why

calcium-based hardness usually predominates (National Research Council, 2002).

Total dissolved solids (TDS) represents the total concentration of dissolved

substances in water. It is made up of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic

Professional Geologist (PG) Water Research Center.

Alone, a high concentration of dissolved solids is usually not a health hazard,

United States, includes TDS as a secondary standard, meaning that it is a voluntary

900 to 1200, Poor; and above 1200, Unacceptable.