ME302: Materials Mechanics

Fall 2018
Lecture 5
Chap. 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials
(2)

Instructor: Jaeyun Moon, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Hooke’s Law (3.49th)

𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖 E: the modulus of elasticity

Young’s modulus
𝜎: normal stress
Linear relationship 𝜖: normal strain
between 𝜎 − 𝜖

𝜏 = 𝑮𝛾 G: the shear modulus of elasticity

modulus of rigidity
𝜏: shear stress
𝛾: shear strain
Linear relationship
between 𝜏 − 𝛾
Strain Hardening = Work hardening = Cold working
 Mechanism

(3)

(4)

(1) (2)

After strain hardening

• Higher yield point AA’
• Elastic behavior: OAO
• A greater elastic region (1)(2)
• Plastic deformation: OAA’O’ • A smaller plastic region (3)(4)
Problem 3.13
A bar having a length of 5 in. and cross-sectional
area of 0.7 in.2 is subjected to an axial force of 8000
lb. If the bar stretches 0.002 in., determine the
modulus of elasticity of the material. The material
has linear-elastic behavior.
 The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used for making aircraft parts
Example 3.2 is shown in Fig. 3-19. If a specimen of this material is stressed to 600MPa, determine
the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load is released. Also,
find the modulus of resilience both before and after the load application.
Example 3.3
An aluminum rod, shown in Fig. 3-20a, has a circular cross-section and is subjected to an axial load of
10kN. If a portion of the stress-strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3-20b, determine the approximate
elongation of the rod when the load is applied. Take Eal=70GPa.
Problem 3-30,31
The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. diameter bolt.
If the bolt is made from a material having a shear stress–strain
diagram that is approximated as shown, determine
(1) the shear strain developed in the shear plane of the bolt when
P = 75 kip
(2) the permanent shear strain in the shear plane of the bolt
when the applied force P = 150 kip is removed.
Example 3.5 A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear stress-strain
diagram is shown in Fig. 3-25a. Determine the shear modulus G, the proportional
limit and the ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the maximum distance d that
the top of a block of this material, shown in Fig. 3-25b, could be displaced
horizontally if the material behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear force
V. What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this displacement?
Strain Energy (3.59th, 3.410th)
• Strain Energy
: the external work is stored in the material as internal
energy 𝜎
∆𝐹
W: Work
𝑊 =𝐹∙𝑠 F: Force 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔
s: Displacement
𝜖
Force 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∆𝐹/2 ∆𝐹 = 𝜎∆𝐴 = 𝜎(∆𝑥∆𝑦)
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1/2(𝜎∆𝑥∆𝑦)
Displacement 𝑠 = 𝜖∆𝑧 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑠
Strain Energy 1 1
(Work done by ∆𝑈 = 𝜎∆𝑥∆𝑦 ∙ 𝜖∆𝑧 = 𝜎𝜖∆𝑉
External Force)
2 2

Strain-energy density ∆𝑈 1
𝑢= = 𝜎𝜖
∆𝑉 2
Strain-energy density 1 𝜎2 E: Young’s modulus
(linear elastic materials) 𝑢=
𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖
2𝐸 σ: stress
• Modulus of Resilience
: the strain-energy density, when the stress reaches the
proportional limit.
1 1 𝜎𝑝𝑙2
𝑢 = 𝜎𝑝𝑙𝜖𝑝𝑙 =
2 2 𝐸

• Modulus of Toughness
: the entire area under the stress-strain diagram
= the maximum amount of strain energy that the material can absorb before it
fractures

Resilience and toughness are changed

by changing a carbon content in steel.
Problem
Using the stress-strain diagram of a structural
steel shown in Fig. P3.70, determine:
(a) The modulus of resilience.
(b) The approximate modulus of toughness.
Poisson’s Ratio(3.69th, 3.510th)
• Poisson’s effect: when a material is stretched in one direction (longitudinal direction), it
tends to contract in the other two directions perpendicular to the direction of stretching.
(lateral direction)
 • Strain in the • Strain in the
longitudinal lateral
direction direction
𝛿 𝛿′
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 =
𝐿 𝑟
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡
𝜈=− : Poisson’s Ratio
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔

• The ratio of the strain in the longitudinal direction and the strain in the lateral
direction (Poisson’s Ratio) is constant within the elastic range.
• Negative sign to make 𝜈 positive.
Tensile force
Compressive force
Lateral contraction Lateral elongation
(negative strain) (positive strain)
<0 <0
Longitudinal elongation Longitudinal contraction
(positive strain) (negative strain)

• Dimensionless quantity
• 1/4~1/3 for most non-porous solids
• 0≤ 𝜈 ≤0.5
Example 3.4 A bar made of A-36 Steel has the dimensions shown in Fig. 3-22. If an
axial force of P=80kN is applied to the bar, determine the change in its
length and the change in the dimensions of its cross section after applying
the load. The material behaves elastically.
Shear Stress-Strain Diagram(3.79th, 3.610th)
• Shear Strain-strain diagram of ductile materials
• Shear Strain-strain testing
Shear stress • Thin tubes subjected to a torsional loading

 Hooke’s law for shear

G : the shear modulus of elasticity
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 the modulus of rigidity
𝜏 : the shear stress, γ : the shear strain

Shear strain * Hooke’s law (for normal) E : Young’s modulus

the modulus of elasticity
𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖 σ : the normal stress
𝜖 : the normal strain
 Relationship between E (elastic modulus) ,ν (Poisson’s ratio) & G
(Shear modulus of elasticity)

𝐸 G : Shear modulus of elasticity

𝐺= E : Young’s modulus, modulus of elasticity
2(1 + 𝜈) ν : Poisson’s ratio

For steel, Est=29 x 103 ksi, Gst=11 x 103 ksi

Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.32
Problem 3.26
The thin-walled tube is subjected to an axial force of 40
kN. If the tube elongates 3 mm and its circumference
decreases 0.09 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity,
Poisson’s ratio, and the shear modulus of the tube’s
material. The material behaves elastically.
Example 3.6 An aluminum specimen shown in Fig. 3-26 has a diameter of d0=25mm and a
gauge length L0=250mm. If a force of 165kN elongates the gauge length 1.2mm,
determine the modulus of elasticity. Also determine by how much the force
causes the diameter of the specimen to contract. Take Gal=26 GPa and
σY=440MPa
Average Properties of Common Engineering Materials