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Application of process parameters in planning and technological

documentation: CNC machine tools and CMMs programming perspective

Article  in  Procedia CIRP · November 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.09.054

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6th CIRP Global Web Conference

“Envisaging the future manufacturing, design,Web
6th CIRP Global technologies and systems in innovation era”
Conference
“Envisaging the future manufacturing, design, technologies and systems in innovation era”
Application28th
of process parameters
CIRP Design in planning
Conference, May and
2018, Nantes, technological
France
Application of process parameters in planning
documentation: CNC machine tools and CMMs programming and technological
perspective
Adocumentation:
new methodology
CNCtomachine
analyze tools
the functional
and CMMs andprogramming
physical architecture
perspectiveof
existing
Romanproducts
Wdowik a*,for an Magdziak
Marek assembly a
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, R.M. product
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Ratnayake b
identification
, Chiara Borsellinoc
Roman Wdowik *, Marek Magdziak , R.M. Chandima Ratnayake , Chiara Borsellino
a a b c
a
Ignacy Łukasiewicz Rzeszów University of Technology, The Faculty of Mechanical Eng. and Aeronautics, al. Powstańców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
a
b
Ignacy Łukasiewicz Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
University
Rzeszówof Stavanger,
UniversityDepartment of Mechanical
of Technology, The Facultyand Structural Engineering
of Mechanical and Materials
Eng. and Aeronautics, Science, N-4036
al. Powstańców Stavanger,
Warszawy Norway
8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
University University of Messina, Department of Engineering, Contrada di Dio, and
Villaggio S.Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy Norway
c
b
of Stavanger, Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering Materials Science, N-4036 Stavanger,
c
École Nationale University of Messina,
Supérieure d’Arts et Department
Métiers, ArtsofetEngineering, Contrada
Métiers ParisTech, di Dio,
LCFC EA Villaggio S.Agata,
4495, 4 Rue 98166
Augustin Messina,
Fresnel, MetzItaly
57078, France
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 17 865 11 32; fax: +48 17 854 25 95. E-mail address: rwdowik@prz.edu.pl
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 17 865 11 32; fax: +48 17 854 25 95. E-mail address: rwdowik@prz.edu.pl
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu

Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
This article focuses on the role and application of process parameters in technological process planning (TPP) and technological
documentation
This (TD).onThe
article focuses thechallenges and complexity
role and application involved
of process in computer
parameters numerical control
in technological (CNC)
process machine
planning tools
(TPP) andand coordinate
technological
Indocumentation
today’s business
measuring machinesenvironment,
(TD). (CMMs) the trendand
towards
programming
The challenges morebeen
have
complexity product
taken
involvedvariety
into and customization
consideration
in computer is reference
with
numerical unbroken.
control Due
to thetomachine
(CNC) this development,
TD. Thetools
article the needthe
andpresents
coordinate of
agile
use and
of reconfigurable
different production systems
programming platformsemerged
and to cope with various
implementation of products
them inandtechnological
product families. To design
process and optimize
planning. The production
subtractive
measuring machines (CMMs) programming have been taken into consideration with reference to the TD. The article presents the
systems as well asand
manufacturing to choose
relatedthe optimal product
measurements matches, product analysis methods are
TDneeded.
phase Indeed, mosttaken
of theinto
known methods aimThe to
use of different programming platformsthat andareimplementation
required during the them
of TPP andin technological haveprocess
been planning.consideration.
The subtractive
analyze a product or one product family on the physical level. Different product families, however, may differ largely in terms of the number and
findings and suggestions
manufacturing and relatedenable planners to
measurements incorporate
that are required theduring
existing
theprogramming
TPP and TDplatforms
phase have and tools
been in the
taken TPP
into and TD.
consideration. The
nature of components. This fact impedes an efficient comparison and choice of appropriate product family combinations for the production
findings and suggestions enable planners to incorporate the existing programming platforms and tools in the TPP and TD.
system.
© 2018 A newThemethodology
Authors. isPublished
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(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
assembly
Selectionsystems. Based onunder
and peer-review
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committee of the 6th CIRP Global Web Conference “Envisaging the future
similarity between product families by providing design support to both, production system planners and product designers. An illustrative
manufacturing, design, technologies and systems in innovation era”.
example of planning;
Keywords: a nail-clipper
CAPP;ismanufacturing
used to explain the proposed methodology. An industrial case study on two product families of steering columns of
process
thyssenkrupp
Keywords: planning; CAPP; manufacturing processto give a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach.
Presta France is then carried out
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.
1. Introduction
Keywords: Assembly; Design method; Family identification
1. Introduction
Manufacturing engineering faces the new challenges 1.1. Introduction to process planning
regarding preparation
Manufacturing of technological
engineering facesprocesses,
the newamong others,
challenges 1.1. Introduction to process planning
the need
regarding of using statistical
preparation
1. Introduction of methods
technological [1], rapid
processes, development
among of
others, Technological
of the product rangeprocess planning (TPP)manufactured
and characteristics plays an important
and/or
internet
the needtechnologies [2,3] or
of using statistical advanced
methods [1], measuring techniques
rapid development of role in subtractive
Technological manufacturing
process planning processes.
(TPP)
assembled in this system. In this context, the main Thean
plays majority
important
challenge of
in
[4].
DueThese
internet to challenges
the fastare
technologies theorresult
[2,3] of new
advanced
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measuring
in in the
techniques
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role tasks
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subtractive before
manufacturing the implementation
processes.
modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with singleThe phase
majority [5].
of
construction
[4]. These of CNC
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are the tools
result and
of new coordinate
communication and an ongoing trend of digitization anddevelopmentsmeasuring
in the However, a process
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theorimplementation
existing productduring
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[5].
families,
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digitalization, of CNCSoftware ortools
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but also to be able to analyze and to compare products to define of
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also crucial
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(CMMs).the case of
Software existing
or need
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challenges in today’s market environments: a continuing the process
developments plans
are several challenging
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TPP (see Fig.
usually 1). Currently,
involves a a significant
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new product families. It can be observed that classical existing of
improvements.
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in the section
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reduction presents
of of
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Currently, ato increase
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presents the mainprocess
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TPP [6]. tools available
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all over the world. This trend, (e.g.
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which is inducing the development from macro to micro (e.g. ADEM [7]) and the new e-CAPP [2] tools,
type of components (e.g. mechanical, electrical, electronical). the cloud-
markets,
2212-8271 results in diminished
© The Authors. Publishedlot sizes due
by Elsevier B.V.toThisaugmenting
is an open access Classical methodologies
article under considering
the CC BY-NC-ND license mainly single products
product varieties (high-volume to low-volume production) [1].
2212-8271 © The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license families analyze the
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). or solitary, already existing product
To cope and
Selection with this augmenting
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doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.04.009
2212-8271 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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Selection and
2212-8271 peer-review
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by Elsevier scientific committee of the 6th CIRP Global Web Conference “Envisaging the future manufacturing,
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scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.
10.1016/j.procir.2018.09.054
44 Roman Wdowik et al. / Procedia CIRP 78 (2018) 43–48
2 Roman Wdowik et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2018) 000–000
based tools [3] or the feature-based process planning
approaches [8], to date, most of manufacturing companies use
hybrid (i.e. a blend of software and conventional approaches)
methods of process planning. Software is used for the choice of
tools and process parameters (e.g. Tool Guide from Sandvik [9],
ITA from Iscar [10]), and also necessary calculations of tool
paths (e.g. Catia from Dassault Systèmes [11] or NX from
Siemens [12]). Conventional approaches require the use of
experience and knowledge of a process planner and know-how
of a company. Important information about the condition of
machine tools, skills of operators, results of previously
completed processes are taken into account during the phase of
conventional process planning. Conventional process planning
also means, in this case, that a process is created without the
significant computer assistance. The main structure of
technological process (see Fig. 2) is usually divided into
technological operations which are the main components of
process [13,14]. Each operation requires the use of individual
workstations which can be defined as the separate machine
tools or automatized cells.
Analysis of drawings and CAD models of a part to be machined
Selection of workstations (CNC machine tools)
Selection of measuring machines
Choice of tools, process parameters
Choice of programming platforms
Preparation of technological documents, framework of process,
instruction sheets, CNC/CMM setup information, description of
raw material or semi-finished workpieces to be machined, etc.
Manufacturing and measurements
Final quality control (e.g. using CMM)
Fig. 1. The stages of TPP including manufacturing and measurements
Fig. 2. The structure of technological process including programming tasks
Each technological operation is frequently divided into
setups (called also as subjobs [15]). Setup consists of positions
or machining tasks. Based on the authors’ experience,
depending on the complexity of machining, the machining task
can play, in reference to position, the subordinate or the
overriding role. For instance, in the case of drilling of several
holes, located on the perimeter of a shaft, on the 4-axis milling
machine tool with a rotary table (A - axis), the position plays
subordinate role because there are several positions within one
complex task. The machining tasks consist of passes or
individual tool paths in which the allowance is removed from
the workpiece. There are also presented in Fig. 2 the moments
in which CNC programming takes place. Programming may be
carried out before the realization of the first technological
operation while technological documentation is prepared. In
this case, all technological operations can be programmed
using different programming platforms or selected operations
can be programmed by using the same platform. The next
possibility concerns programming before realization of each
operation after completing the previous one. This is beneficial,
among others, if the results of machining in previous operation
are considered for the preparation of the following one. In the
case of conversational programming it is a typical procedure
because usually programming process is realized directly at
a machine tool by an operator. If the number of manufactured
parts is small, programming of CNC machine tool may be also
carried out between each setup or even each task.
1.2. The need of new developments
There is the great need for wider discussions on process
planning (see Fig. 3). Manufacturers operate in the digital era
in which many tasks are performed by the use of computers.
Fig. 3. Clarification of the necessary research
 Roman Wdowik et al. / Procedia CIRP 78 (2018) 43–48
Roman Wdowik et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2018) 000–000
New trends and solutions often lead to the need of change
of procedures, which have been used so far. This is visible in
the case of process planning. Developing the templates
(documentation of technological processes) requires the
consideration of structure of various programming platforms
which often differ, and also manufacturing processes, which
are developed intensively. This study is, hence, the preliminary
overview of existing solutions and challenges and an attempt
to find the new approaches which can improve the use of
programming platforms and process parameters – both in
measurements and subtractive manufacturing.
2. Issues of CMMs programming
Coordinate measurements are usually performed for the
quality control. They can be performed using coordinate
measuring machines (CMMs) or directly on machine tools.
Measurements performed on CNC machine tools are called “on
machine measurements” (OMM). Coordinate measurements of
products are conducted mainly at the end of a production
process but they can be also performed after selected phases of
process (refer with Fig. 2 and Fig 4). The such measuring
systems may be equipped with contact and non-contact
measuring probes [4,16]. The information concerning the
parameters of coordinate measurements should be included in
the technological documentation of a product.
A measurement program may be prepared using both on-
line and off-line modes (see Fig. 4). The example of software
which enables programming of coordinate measurements with
the use of two mentioned modes is Calypso software produced
by the Carl Zeiss company. The Calypso software enables
conducting simulations of coordinate measurements including
e.g. styluses of measuring probes, measuring probes, a rotary
table and coordinate measuring machines which are planned to
be used during real coordinate measurements. Having the
possibility of performing simulations, an operator of a CMM
can check the occurrence of collisions between styluses of
a measuring probe and a measured workpiece. In the case of
measurements conducted in a production environment, off-line
programming of measuring probes mounted in spindles
of CNC machine tools is also possible.
Fig. 4. The stages at which coordinate measurements are possible
45
3
The Productivity+ software produced by the Renishaw
company is dedicated for off-line programming in a production
environment. Using that software a user has the possibility of
optimizing a program created for measurements.
3. Programming platforms for CNC machine tools
Programming platforms are the unique software-based
solutions which enable to develop CNC programs using the
specific programming method/approach. Most of the CNC
controllers enable to run programs formulated as the set of
blocks of data describing the tool paths and technological
parameters. These programs are usually created by
programmers using three known approaches - direct
programming, conversational programming and CAM
software. Direct programming concerns developing of code,
based on the manuals from producers of controllers.
Conversational programming is based on the graphical
interfaces which allow to build the technological operation
with an efficient and easy way (usually by operators who are
not experienced programmers) by using dialog windows
describing programmed geometry of a part. CAM software is
used frequently in order to prepare machining sequence using
PC software and generate a program by specified postprocessor.
There are different types of controllers for which exist very
specific functions (e.g. miscellaneous M-codes and preparatory
G-codes). Therefore, direct programming should be analysed
separately for each controller although there are many
similarities. For instance, the standard cycles (e.g. plane
milling cycle, drilling cycle, taping cycle) may be programmed
differently depending on the format of block and parameters.
Moreover, among conversational programming and CAM
programming platforms there are also differences which force
programmers and process planners to define some parameters
(e.g. strategies’ types) individually for used platform taking
into account their limitations. Table 1 is an example of
differences and presents exemplary parameters and strategies
of rectangular pocket milling in different programming
platforms. Other differences can be presented based on the
analysis of other standard cycles implemented in CNC
controllers. In the case of examples presented in Table 1
standard cycles used in direct programming (e.g. Pronum CNC
controller) have much less parameters than similar algorithms
which are used in CAM programs. In the case of conversational
programming there are some similarities to windows of CAM
programs but CAMs offer more flexible choice of ready-to-use
machining strategies and technological parameters, and also
postprocessing. The names of parameters also differs although
it concerns similar machining tasks.
The above described differences cause some problems of
developing of unified technological documentation. The
templates which are usually used in process planning should
include the gaps for definition of parameters present in various
platforms. There is a challenge to create, in the technological
documentation, the gaps which enable to define the most
important parameters and take into account all options in
existing programming platforms. The choice of different
programming platforms for the aim of one technological
process, which consists of many technological operations, may
46 Roman Wdowik et al. / Procedia CIRP 78 (2018) 43–48
4 Roman Wdowik et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2018) 000–000
lead to the need of exploring the use of these platforms by
process planners.
Table 1. Exemplary parameters and strategies of rectangular pocket milling in
different platforms on the basis of [17] and sources in Acknowledgments
Tool definition (e.g. center drill, end mill) and technological
Haas conversational
parameters: rotational speed (n) , feed (vf)
programming
Geometry definition: depth of pocket, starting position in X
axis, starting position in Y axis, axial depth of cut, width of a
pocket, length of a pocket, rapid plane definition: R-value
defining the plane of rapid moves
Machining strategy: only one available for selected tools
Type of input: simple, complete
Tool definition (tool type, D-number) and technological
Sinumerik conversational
parameters: feed rate (vf), cutting speed (vc) or rotational speed
(n), radial depth of cut (ae), axial depth of cut (ap),
programming
Geometry definition: reference point, starting point (in three
axes), width of pocket, length of pocket, corner rounding,
rotation of pocket, allowance in XY plane, allowance in Z
plane,
Machining strategy: type of insertion (vertical, helical, ramp
cutting), type of machining (chamfer, wall, complete, re-
machining)
Tool definition (cutter, D-number) and technological
Pronum direct programming
parameters: feed rate in XY plane (vfxy), feed rate in Z axis
(vfz), rotational speed (n), axial depth of cut (ap),
Geometry definition: reference plane, plane defining the depth
of pocket, allowance for finishing, length of pocket, width of
pocket, centre of pocket in X axis, centre of pocket in Y axis,
corner rounding, rotation of pocket
Machining strategy: only one is available
Tool definition (tool type) and exemplary technological
(various parameters can be selected in defined Catia
parameters: feedrate (vf) parameters (e.g. feedrate of
approach, retract, machining), parameters of feedrate
CATIA CAM programming
reduction in corners, radial (ae) and axial (ap) depth of cut
parameters, parameters of finishing, parameters of HSM
software windows)
machining, spindle speed (n), possibility of automatic
computation from tooling feeds and speeds
Geometry definition: choice of geometry from a CAD model,
definition of chuck for a collision checking
Machining strategy: e.g. inward spiral morphing, outward
spiral morphing, concentric, offset on part Zig-Zag, offset on
part One -Way, back and forth, inward helical, outward helical
Tool definition (tool type) and exemplary technological
(various parameters can be selected in defined NX
parameters: feedrate (vf) parameters (e.g. feedrate of
approach, retract, machining), radial (ae) and axial (ap) depth
NX CAM programming
of cut parameters, parameters of finishing, algorithm of HSM
machining, spindle speed, possibility of automatic
software windows)
computation from tooling feeds and speeds
Geometry definition: choice of geometry from a CAD model,
definition of chuck for a collision checking
Machining strategy: e.g. Zig, Zig, Zig-Zag, Trochoidal, etc.
To avoid these problems enterprises may purchase CNC
machine tools with the same CNC controllers and they can also
use the only one programming platform. It enables to teach
employees the proper use of selected platform, so they are not
forced to explore different solutions and the necessary training
is usually cheaper. Unfortunately, this approach may cause, in
some cases, that a company loose other valuable solutions by
excessive concentration on the implementation of the only one
platform. Therefore, this problem can be solved by choosing
the programming platform which is intensively developed by
its producer (e.g. software which is updated every year or more
often), avoiding the standardization of documentation (e.g.
applying internet-based, flexible templates, which are
susceptible to editing, and creating the departments/positions
in the organizational structure of company in order to update
existing templates.
4. The choice of significant process parameters and
strategies for the aims of CNC machine tools and CMMs
programming
Technological documentation should consist of efficient set
of data which enables CNC programmers and operators to
perform machining tasks correctly. There are important groups
of parameters (input data) which differ for various processes
(see Table 2). In the case of cutting and grinding there are
parameters regarding feed rates, cutting speeds and these which
concern the removed allowance. Additional parameters should
also be considered if the machining process concerns the tool.
It exists for grinding wheels which are shaped in conditioning
processes. Electro discharge machining requires the definition
of electrical parameters and feed rates. Laser machining
requires to set laser output parameters, which substitute the
parameters of a main drive in cutting and grinding, and feed
rates of laser head in machining zone. In the case of hybrid
machining processes, additional parameters regarding the
special devices necessary for the realization of hybrid process
have to be included in the technological documentation. For
instance, in ultrasonic assisted processes, the parameters of
ultrasonic generator are programmed. Laser assisted machining,
similarly to conventional laser machining, requires the use of
laser output parameters.
All numerically controlled machine tools enable to use
various toolpath strategies. The strategy may be defined as the
shape of the tool path and is selected by a process planner in
order to formulate NC-codes for the efficient course of process.
Numerical control allows to apply different, often complex,
strategies. The strategies are chosen based on the tool type,
allowance, hardness, part geometry, method of clamping, etc.
Abovementioned Table 2 presents, hence, examples of the
most important technological parameters for selected
subtractive machining processes. They should be considered in
the process plans when templates are filled out. Moreover, in
the templates regarding the specific technological operation,
attention of process planner should also be paid on the method
of setup of a workpiece on CNC machine tool used for the
planned technological operation. The proper presentation of the
method of setup requires a drawing/or CAD models (prepared
in assembly modules) which contains the fixture, workpiece,
 Roman Wdowik et al. / Procedia CIRP 78 (2018) 43–48 47
Roman Wdowik et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2018) 000–000 5

used coordinate system and other elements important for of measured points on measured surfaces may be used as an
operator of the specific machine tool. example. In the case of scanning probes parameters may
The specific parameters are also used in the case of include a distribution of scanning lines on surfaces of
measurements performed both on CNC machine tools and on investigated products and an applied scanning velocity.
coordinate measuring machines. Table 3 presents important Parameters which are defined for coordinate measuring
parameters of measurement performed on CNC machine tools machines concern the definition of measurement plan based on
and coordinate measuring machines. In the case of CNC CAD models of parts. Technological documentation which
machine tools, there are different types of measuring probes includes the mentioned groups of parameters should be editable.
(contact and non-contact ones). They enable to measure The elimination of paper versions of documents is still a big
workpieces and tools based on parametric programs (macros). challenge, even in developed companies. Technological
Nowadays measurements on machine tools may be performed documents, e.g. these which are available in the internet cloud
also between separate machining tasks. The requirements of could solve some problems if the structure of cloud is readable
measurements force process planners to define specific for users. Table 3 includes only examples of parameters
parameters of measurements in the TD. dedicated for coordinate measurements performed using
CMMs and CNC machine tools equipped with measuring
Table 2. Examples of technological parameters of selected processes which probes. In the case of using other measurement systems, it may
should be considered in the process plan
be necessary to apply different parameters, than those
Process name Examples of necessary parameters presented in Table 3, during planning a technological process.
Cutting processes - tool characteristics (e.g. geometry, material)
(e.g. turning, milling, - parameters of a cutting layer (e.g. axial Table 3. Examples of parameters for CNC machine tools and CMMs
drilling) depth of cut (ap), radial depth of cut (ae)), Type of measurement Examples of necessary parameters
Exemplary machine - a velocity of cutting (vc) and CNC machine tools
tool: DMC 635 V from - selected parameters of feedrate (e.g. ft or fn) Measurements of probe configuration (e.g. diameter of a ruby ball)
DMG - machining strategy (e.g. shape of tool path) workpieces with the
scanning speed for scanning probes (vs)
use of measuring
- tool characteristics (e.g. geometry, material) probes number of measurement points (np)
- parameters of a cutting layer (e.g. axial distribution of measurements points (dmp)
Grinding
depth of cut (ap), radial depth of cut (ae)), parameters of feedrate (vf)
(e.g. grinding of flat
- a velocity of cutting (vc) and parameters of workpiece geometry
surfaces)
- selected parameters of feedrate (e.g. fn) (e.g. dimensions of pocket)
Exemplary machine
- selected parameters of conditioning of Measurements of tools
tool: FS 640 C CNC with the use of probe configuration (e.g. calibration parameters)
grinding wheel (e.g. depth of dressing (aed),
from Geibel & Hotz measuring contact parameters of feedrate (vf)
federate of dressing (fd))
probes and laser parameters of tool geometry (e.g. type of a tool)
- machining strategy (e.g. shape of tool path) probes
- type of wire CMMs
- electrical parameters (e.g. voltage (u) , probe configuration (e.g. stylus type, length, etc.)
WEDM
current (I), time of impulse (ti)) scanning speed (vs)
(e.g. wire EDM)
- geometrical parameters and machining number measurement points (np)
Exemplary machine
strategy (e.g. diameter of wire (dw), shape of distribution of measurement points (dmp)
tool: FA10S from
tool path) time of masking of measurement points (tmp)
Mitsubishi
- other parameters (e.g. wire tension (tw), Measurements of length the travel distance (ltd)
velocity of wire (vw), feedrate of wire (fw), etc.) workpieces with the methods of probe radius correction (e.g. based on
Laser machining - laser output parameters (e.g. pulse use of CMM Bézier curves, based on linear interpolation)
Exemplary machine frequency (pf)) type of scanning path (e.g. circular interpolation)
tool: Lasertec 20 - a feedrate (ft) type of associated element (e.g. Gauss)
linear from Sauer - machining strategy (e.g. shape of toolpath) parameters of filtration process
- tool characteristics (e.g. geometry, material) outliers elimination
- parameters of a cutting layer (e.g. axial alignment strategy (e.g. strategy RPS 3-2-1)
Hybrid processes
depth of cut (ap ), radial depth of cut (ae)),
(e.g. ultrasonic
- a velocity of cutting (vc) and 5. Possible new approaches
assisted grinding)
- parameters of feedrate (e.g. ft)
Exemplary machine
- parameters of additional equipment of a Abovementioned examples reveal that variety of solutions
tool: Ultrasonic 20
hybrid machine tool, for example process available for process planners nowadays may cause the
linear from Sauer
parameters of ultrasonic generator (e.g. fUS) difficulties in developing the standard procedures and standard
- machining strategy (e.g. shape of toolpath) templates. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out following
suggestions in the future (i.e. in relation to the use of different
These parameters, similarly to machining, may be defined programming platforms for CNC and CMMs):
differently depending on the type of measuring device and used • developing the ISO standards of internet-based templates.
programming platform. In the case of using measuring probes • developing the flexible (editable), user-friendly templates.
working in the single probing mode number and a distribution
48 Roman Wdowik et al. / Procedia CIRP 78 (2018) 43–48
6 Roman Wdowik et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2018) 000–000
• developing internal standards (i.e. performance standards)
in manufacturing firms, which point the required parameters
for each measurement or machining operation.
• creating the digital library (see Fig. 5) where the exemplary
processes could be added and discussed among process
planners in order to improve existing processes and to
develop new ideas.
• increasing the collaboration between universities in order to
work out the appropriate procedures.
The digital library of process plans could lead to the rise of
some new ISO standards adequate for changing technologies
of XXI century on the basis of the best solutions in the area of
TPP. Universities could use the developed solutions for the
teaching of process planning basics (also in e-learning). In this
context, the industrial organizations could have the opportunity
to present or share the new solutions with academia.
Fig. 5. The simplified structure of digital library of process plans
6. Conclusion
TPP is one of the most important activity for enhancing
performance of manufacturing operations. The article presents
the complexity involved in TPP and the potential use of
different programming platforms, which require the use of
specific parameters of machining and measurement that are
need to compatible for use in different platforms. In addition, it
presented a detailed discussion about application of parameters
in TD and TPP phases in relation to manufacturing processes.
The appropriate choice of programming platforms may lead
to the increase of effectiveness in manufacturing. If the high-
quality documentation is prepared, the renewal of
manufacturing of the same part should be cheaper and faster.
The process of creation of correct and transparent process plans
is strongly related to existing programming platforms, machine
tools and coordinate measuring machines. For instance, it is
necessary to have a precise set of parameters, strategies,
fixtures, etc. in TD. The possible solution of creating the
unified documentation accurate for different programming
platforms shall be achieved by the use of internet-based and
editable templates with the possibility of adding diagrams,
pictures and movies. Furthermore, existing computer-aided
process planning platforms should also meet the requirements
of different programming platforms, challenges of
contemporary production (e.g. Industry 4.0 concept [18],
design of experiments [1]), networking, etc. Moreover, the
standardization enables to solve the problems involved in
programming platforms; however, it can also prevent the
positive effect of new developments. Therefore, future research
shall be carried out to investigate possibility for developing
new standards focusing on the existing proven best practices.
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In this context, the investigation of the possibility for
integration of the newest technologies (e.g. additive
manufacturing techniques) related factors is also crucial.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank Jarosław Buk, MSc from The
Dept. of Manufacturing Techniques and Automation at
Rzeszów University of Technology for his comments regarding
parameters of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining.
Table 1 is partially prepared on the basis of the authors’
analysis of controllers’ interfaces and software available in
laboratory: Haas controller (www.haascnc.com), Sinumerik
controller (www.siemens.com), NX CAM
(www.siemens.com), Catia (www.3ds.com). Table 2 and
Table 3 are prepared on the basis of author’s experience.
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