NAMA : GRESIA PALENTINA HUTAGAOL

NIM : 4193342003

CLASS : BESP 2019

SUBJECT : GENETICS

kerjakan soal dibawah ini.

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1. apa yg dimaksud dengan pewarisan sitoplasmik?

2. Buat contoh dan penjelasan contohnya

ANSWER:

1. Cytoplasmic Inheritance is the inheritance of traits caused by the external part of the nucleus,
namely by the presence of Histone proteins which are twisted by DNA in chromosomes located
in the cytoplasmic area. Cytoplasmic inheritance can also be an inheritance in which the traits
are not regulated by the genetic material in the chromosomes but in the cytoplasm.
2. Male Sterility in Corn In agriculture, there is one example of a very important cytoplasmic
inheritance phenomenon, namely the sterility of cytoplasmic males in maize. Corn plants are
said to be sterile or cytoplasmic male sterile if they are unable to produce active pollen in
normal amounts while the reproductive process and female fertility are normal. Cytoplasmic
male sterility is not regulated by chromosomal genes but is passed on through the cytoplasm of
female gametes from generation to generation. This type of sterility has been widely used in the
production of hybrid maize seeds. The inheritance pattern of male sterility was first studied by
M. Rhoades through cross experiments on maize, which can be seen schematically in the
following figure. Male sterile individuals as female parents were crossed with normal individuals
as male parents. The offspring, which are sterile males, are crossed back over several
generations with the normal parents. It turned out that after so many generations an individual
was obtained whose all or almost all of the chromosomal genes came from normal parents but
this individual was male sterile. Meanwhile, male sterile individuals can actually still produce
active pollen even though the amount is very small. With this very little pollen, reciprocal
crosses between male sterile individuals as male parents and normal individuals as female
parents can be carried out, which turns out to produce normal offspring. From the two crosses,
it can be concluded that the male's sterility is carried by the female parents in the cytoplasm of
the gametes. Currently, various causes of cytoplasmic male sterility have been identified. For
example, there is cytoplasmic male sterility which only occurs if there is no dominant gene in the
nucleus, say R. This means that with the R gene there will be recovery from sterile to
fertile/normal. On the other hand, the emergence of another type of cytoplasmic male sterility
may occur due to the presence of another dominant gene in the nucleus, say S. Killer and
nonkiller cross in Paramaecium
a. There is no exchange of cytoplasmic material
b. Cytoplasmic material exchange occurs pbn = killer; b-pbn = not a killer