Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCH OO LS DIVISIO N OFF ICE
MARIKINA CITY
General Chemistry 1
Second Quarter-Module 3:
Lewis Structure and Molecules

Writer: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong

Illustrator: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong
Cover Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the concepts and ideas in Chemistry. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. explain the steps in drawing the Lewis structure of a molecular compound
and polyatomic ions;
2. apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);
3. write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77);
4. draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-
g-78).

What I Know

Read each question carefully. Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which among the following is a symbol that is used to represent a valence
electron in a Lewis structure?
A. Dot C. Square
B. Line D. Chemical symbol

2. Which among the following is a symbol that is used to represent bonding

pairs of electron in a Lewis structure?
A. Dot C. Square
B. Line D. Chemical symbol

3. Which of the following will form a covalent bond?

A. Na + Cl C. H + Br
B. Al + Br D. K + F

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 4. Which of the following pair of element- valence is CORRECT?
A. C – 2 C. P – 3
B. H – 1 D. Se – 4

5. How many valence electrons are in a H2O molecule?

A. 3 C. 8
B. 6 D. 16

6. How many valence electrons are in a CO2 molecule?

A. 3 C. 8
B. 6 D. 16

7. How many electrons do hydrogen need to fill its outer shell?

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

8. How many electrons do carbon need to fill its outer shell?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8

9. Which of the following statement is FALSE?

A. Two nonmetals combine to form a covalent bond.
B. Covalent bond can be a single, double, or a triple bond.
C. Valence electrons that participate in the bonding of atoms is called
lone pairs.
D. In Lewis structure, most atoms attain stability by obtaining 8 valence
electrons.

10. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of iodine fluoride?
A. C. Both A and B is correct

B. D. Neither A nor B is correct

11. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of N2?

A. C.

B. D.

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For numbers 12 – 14, refer to the following Lewis structure .

12. What is the correct name of the given?

A. chlorine fluoride C. monochlorine tricflouride
B. chlorine trifluoride D. triflourine chloride

13. How many valence electron does chlorine in the given have?
A. 4 C. 8
B. 6 D. 10

14. Chlorine in the given is an example of a/ an ____________.

A. duet C. extended octet
B. expanded octet D. octet

15. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of cyanide ion?

Lesson Lewis Structure and Molecules

What’s In

Module 13 described how electrons can be transferred or shared from one

atom to another so that both atoms have eight electrons in its outer shell. When
two or more atoms share their valence electron it is called a covalent bond and the
two electrons that join this atom are called bonding pair of electrons. Atoms
connected by covalent bonds are called a molecule.
Nonmetals are the elements that usually form a covalent bond or a
molecular compound. Lewis structure is used to represent the covalent bonding of

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nonmetal atoms. For example. In order to form a water molecule, 2 hydrogen (duet)
and 1 oxygen (octet) atoms must share their electrons to have a stable outer shell.

What’s New

A Lewis structure is a two- dimensional model that represents covalent

bonds as straight lines and unbonded valence electrons as dots.

Activity 1.1

Answer what is being asked in the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

A. Draw the Lewis structure of the following nonmetals.

1. Carbon 2. Oxygen 3. Fluorine 4.Phosphorus 5. Sulfur

B. Match the name of the molecular compounds in the box with its Lewis
structure below.

Oxygen difluoride dinitrogen tetrahydride

Hydrochloric acid silicon tetrafluoride
Sulfur trioxide

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 What Is It

In covalent bonding atoms share electrons in order to get a complete octet or

duet. Covalent bond can be a single bond, double bond, or a triple a bond.

Steps in writing Lewis structure of molecules

1. Count all the valence electrons.
2. Determine the central atom. This is the atom that needs the most amount of
valence electron.
3. Draw single bonds between atoms or to the central atom.
4. Draw all remaining valence electrons on atoms as lone pair.
5. Convert lone pairs into double bonds or triple bonds to give an atom an octet

Example 1. Draw the Lewis structure of H2O.

Step 1
Valence electrons of H2O

H = 2 atoms x 1 Ve-= 2
O = 1 atom x 6 Ve- = 6
Total Ve- 8 Ve-
This means that you need a total of 8 valence electrons in your Lewis structure

Step 2
Since O needs 2 electrons to complete an octet and H only needs 1 electron to
complete a duet, the central atom will be O.

Step 3
Draw single bonds between oxygen and hydrogen, remember each bond is
composed of 2 bonding pair of electron.

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Therefore, you already use 4 valence electrons out of the total 8 needed in this
Lewis structure.

Step 4
Draw the remaining valence electrons as lone pairs, 8 – 4 = 4 Ve-. The remaining 4
valence electron was drawn around the oxygen atom because hydrogen is already
complete (duet).

2 lines = 4 Ve-
2 lone pairs = 4 Ve-
total 8 Ve-

Now both atoms satisfy the octet rule, hydrogen have 2 valence electrons in its
outer shell and oxygen have eight valence electrons in its outer shell. No need for
step 5.

Example 2. Draw the Lewis structure of OF2.

Step 1
Valence electrons of OF2

O = 1 atom x 6 Ve- = 6
F = 2 atoms x 7 Ve- = 14
Total Ve- 20 Ve-
This means that you need a total of 20 valence electrons in your Lewis structure.

Step 2
Since O needs 2 electrons to complete an octet and F only needs 1 electron to
complete an octet, the central atom will be O.

Step 3
Draw single bonds between oxygen and fluorine.

Therefore, you already use 4 valence electrons out of the total 20 needed in this
Lewis structure.

Step 4

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Draw the remaining valence electrons as lone pairs, 20 – 4 = 16 Ve-. Make sure
that both sides have equal distribution of lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule.

2 lines = 4 Ve-
8 lone pairs = 16 Ve-
total 20 Ve-

Now both oxygen and fluorine have 8 valence electrons in its outer shell. No need
for step 5.

Example 3. Draw the Lewis structure of CO2.

Step 1
Valence electrons of CO2

C = 1 atom x 4 Ve- = 4
O = 2 atoms x 6 Ve- = 12
Total Ve- 16 Ve-

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Notice that both oxygen atoms are already an octet, but carbon only has 4
electrons. In this case we may proceed to step 5.

Step 5
Transfer lone pairs to make a double or a triple bond.

4 lines = 8 Ve-
4 lone pairs = 8 Ve-
total 16 Ve-

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Now both oxygen and chlorine have 8 valence electrons in its outer shell.

Example 4. Draw the Lewis structure of CF2H2

Step 1 Step 2

C=1x4= 4
F = 2 x 7 = 14
H=2x1= 2
20 Ve-

Step 3 Step 4

Steps in writing Lewis structure of polyatomic ions

1. Count all the valence electrons of the elements
2. Determine the central atom. This is the atom that needs the most amount of
valence electron.
3. Draw single bonds between atoms or to the central atom.
4. Draw all remaining valence electrons on atoms as lone pair.
5. Convert lone pairs into double bonds or triple bonds to give an atom an octet.
6. Add or subtract electrons based on the charge of the ion then draw
brackets around the Lewis structure and write the charge outside.

Example 1. Draw the Lewis structure of a carbonate ion (CO3 2-)

Step 1
Valence electrons of CO3 2-

C = 1 atom x 4 Ve- = 4
O = 3 atoms x 6 Ve- = 18
Total Ve- 22 Ve-

Step 2

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Step 3

Step 4

Notice that both oxygen and carbon atoms are not in octets. Carbon only has 7
electrons, and all three oxygen has 7 electrons.

Step 5
Transfer lone pairs to make a double or a triple bond.

Now carbon has 8 Ve- and the oxygen on the left has 8 electrons but the 2 other
oxygen still has incomplete electrons.

Step 6
Since CO3 2- is a negatively charge polyatomic ion, this means that it has additional
2 valence electrons. Distribute this 2 electrons so that the other oxygen atoms will
be in an octet state.

Example 2. Draw the Lewis structure of the hydroxide ion (OH-)

Step 1 Step 2
Valence electrons of OH-

H = 1 atom x 1 Ve- = 1
O = 1 atoms x 6 Ve- = 7
Total Ve- 8 Ve-

Step 3 Step 4

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Step 5
Since hydrogen is already a duet and it does not have a valence electron to share,
we will proceed immediately to step 6.

Step 6
Since OH- is negatively charge add 1 electron to so oxygen atom to make it an octet.

What’s More

Activity 1.2

Draw the Lewis structure of the following molecular compounds. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. CH4
2. CHN
3. CS2
4. O3
5. CCl2F2

Activity 1.3

In your previous modules, how to write and name a chemical formula was
already discussed. Recall that in writing the formula of the covalent compound
elements in the lower group (left of the periodic table) is written first. If both
elements are in the same group, the element in the higher period is written first.

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Identify the formula of the following molecular compound. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.4
Fill in the blanks with word/s that will best complete the following statements.
1. When two or more atoms share their valence electron it is called a
____________ bond.
2. Two electrons that join atoms are called _______________ of electrons.
3. Atoms connected by covalent bonds will form a ________________.
4. Nonmetals are the elements that usually form a _______________ compound.
5. Chemists frequently use ________________ to represent covalent bonding in
molecular compounds.
6. In covalent bonding atoms ______________ electrons in order to get a
complete octet or duet.

Steps in writing Lewis structure of molecules

7. Count all the _____________ electrons.
8. Determine the ______________ atom.
9. Draw _______________between atoms or to the central atom.
10.Draw all remaining valence electrons on atoms as _________________.
11.Convert lone pairs into ________________ or _______________ to give an atom
an octet.

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 What I Can Do

Complete the table below. Fill in what is being asked in each column of the table,
the first given has been already done for you.

Lewis structure Chemical Chemical Use

formula name
CS2 carbon Carbon disulfide is used in
disulfide many industries. It is used
to make rubber, viscose
rayon, cellophane, and
carbon tetrachloride.

Assessment
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer, write your
answers in your notebook.
1. How many valence electrons are in a H2O molecule?
A. 3 C. 8
B. 6 D. 16

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 2. Which of the following statement is FALSE?
A. Two nonmetals combine to form a covalent bond.
B. Covalent bond can be a single, double, or a triple bond.
C. Valence electrons that participate in the bonding of atoms is called
lone pairs.
D. In Lewis structure, most atoms attain stability by obtaining 8 valence
electrons.

3. Which of the following will form a covalent bond?

A. Na + Cl C. H + Br
B. Al + Br D. K + F

4. Which among the following is a symbol used to represent a valence electron

in a Lewis structure?
A. Dot C. Square
B. Line D. Chemical symbol

5. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of cyanide ion?

For numbers 6 – 8, refer to the following Lewis structure .

6. What is the correct name of the given Lewis structure?

A. chlorine fluoride C. monochlorine tricflouride
B. chlorine trifluoride D. triflourine chloride

7. Chlorine in the given is an example of a/ an ____________.

A. duet C. extended octet
B. expanded octet D. octet

8. How many valence electron does chlorine in the given Lewis structure have?
A. 4 C. 8
B. 6 D. 10

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 9. Which of the following pairs of element- valence is CORRECT?
A. C – 2 C. P – 3
B. H – 1 D. Se – 4

10. How many electrons do hydrogen need to fill its outer shell?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

11. How many valence electrons are in a CO2 molecule?

A. 3 C. 8
B. 6 D. 16

12. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of N2?

A. C.

B. D.

13. How many electrons do carbon need to fill its outer shell?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8

14. Which among the following is a symbol use to represent bonding pairs of
electron in a Lewis structure?
A. Dot C. Square
B. Line D. Chemical symbol

15. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure of iodine fluoride?
A. C. Both A and B is correct

B. D. Neither A nor B is correct

Additional Activities

Draw the Lewis structure of the following molecular compounds. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. CCl4
2. H2CO
3. H2O2
4. C2H4
5. HBr

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 References

(1) 10.5: Writing Lewis structures for covalent compounds. (2020, August 11).
Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC
%3A_CHEM_300_-_Beginning_Chemistry/SCC%3A_CHEM_300_-
_Beginning_Chemistry_(Alviar-
Agnew)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding/10.05%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structu
res_for_Covalent_Compounds
(2) 9.5 covalent bonds and Lewis structures – CHEM 1114 – Introduction to
chemistry.
(n.d.). B.C. Faculty Pressbooks – Open Textbooks Adapted and
Created by B.C. Faculty.
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/chem1114langaracollege/chapter/
covalent-bonds/
(3) Covalent Lewis dot structures. (n.d.). Mr. Kent's Chemistry Regents Help and
AP Chemistry Exam Review Pages.
https://www.kentchemistry.com/links/bonding/covalentlewisdot.ht
m
(4) Introduction to Lewis structures for covalent molecules | Introduction to
chemistry. (n.d.). Lumen Learning – Simple Book Production.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/introduction
-to-lewis-structures-for-covalent-
molecules/#:~:text=Two%20H%20atoms%2C%20each%20contributin
g,share%20a%20pair%20of%20electrons.&text=The%20former%2C%
20known%20as%20a,that%20form%20a%20covalent%20bond

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong (SEHS)
Editors: Russel S. Berador (SEHS)
Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Illustrator: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong (SEHS)
Layout Artist: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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