TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover ................................................................................................................... i
Table of Content ................................................................................................. ii
I. HOSPITAL JOBS AND PERSONNEL ....................................................... 1
II. HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS AND FACILITIES .................................. 7
III. INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE LAB AND THEIR USES ................... 15
IV. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPE .................................................... 42
V. GIVING SIMPLE SAFETY INSTRUCTION ........................................... 48
VI. PART OF BODY ......................................................................................... 57
VII. BLOOD .................................................................................................. 64
VIII. TAKING A BLOOD SAMPLE ............................................................... 71
IX. STATISTICS AND VITAL SIGNS ........................................................... 78
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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A.Read the passage below and then complete the table:

Blood is composed of many different kinds of cells, each with a specific function. Most blood
cells are formed in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream at various
stages of maturity.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) make up 45 percent of blood volume. Their primary function
is to pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to tissues throughout the body.
At the tissue site, red blood cells exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and carry it back to the
lungs to be exhaled. First, they are packed full of hemoglobin, which functions as the oxygen
carrier. Interestingly, red blood cells have no nuclei, a feature which makes even more room
for hemoglobin. Second, they are shaped like disks. This shape greatly increases their surface
area compared with a sphere of the same volume. The large surface area is important because
it improves the efficiency of oxygen transfer between
hemoglobin and the tissues where the oxygen is needed. Red blood cells are formed in the
bone marrow, and they have an average life span of about 120 days. After this period of time,
red blood cells tend to become misshapen and they are removed from the circulation by the
spleen.

White blood cells (leukocytes) are only /1,000 as numerous as red blood cells in the
bloodstream. There are five main types: neutrophils (also called granulocytes), eosinophils,
basophils, monocytes, and Iymphocytes. Each plays a distinct and important
role in helping the immune system fight infection.

Neutrophils contain granules of bacteria-killing enzymes in the cytoplasm - the substance

surrounding the cell. Eosinophils attack protozoa that cause infection. Basophils are the least
common type of white blood cell and their function is not completely understood. They play
an important role in regulating allergic reactions such as asthma, hives, hay fever and
reactions to drugs.

Monocytes are the largest white blood cells. They engulf and destroy invading bacteria and
fungi and clean up debris once foreign organisms have been destroyed by other white blood

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cells. When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues or organs, they can evolve
into larger cells called macrophages that have an increased capacity to
destroy foreign organisms invading the body.

Lymphocytes are the smallest white blood cells and are the backbone of the immune system.
Lymphocytes fight viral infections and assist in the destruction of other
parasites.

A white blood cell count (WBC) is performed by counting the number of white blood cells in
a sample of your blood. A normal WBC is in the range of 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter.
A low WBC is also called leukopenia, a finding common in persons with HIV
disease.

B.Complete the text. Use the verbs given in the menu and put
them in the appropriate form

examine allow space investigate place immerse disperse

A blood film or peripheral blood smear is a slide made from a drop of blood, that (1)
_______ the cells to be (2) _________ microscopically. Blood films are usually done to
(3) ________ hematological problems (disorders of the blood itself) and, occasionally, to
look for parasites within the blood.

Blood films are made by (4) _________ a drop of blood on one end of a slide, and using
a spreader slide to (5) __________ the blood over the slide's length. The aim is to get a
region where the cells are (6) _________ far enough apart to be counted and
differentiated.

The slide is left to air dry, after which the blood is fixed to the slide by (7) __________ it
briefly in methanol. The fixative is essential for good staining and presentation of cellular
detail. After fixation, the slide is stained to distinguish the cells from each other.

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EXPRESSION: OPINIONS, AGREEING, AND DISAGREEING

A. ASKING SOMEONE FOR THEIR OPINIONS

What do you think of this new book?

What do you feel about working with others?

What are your feelings about the change in the timetable?

What’s your honest opinion about that painting?

B. Giving you opinions

I think Charles had the best idea

I don’t think he knew very much about the subject

Personally, his first book is terrible

In my opinion we should sell the old car and buy the new one

Note:

1. If you want to say something isn’t good idea you make “think” negative: I don’t
think it’s good idea (Not I think it’s not good idea)

2. Personally and as far as I’m concerned are more common in spoken English

3. As far as I’m concerned can mean, “this is my opinion and I don’t care with others
think.

C. Giving the opinion of others

According to one of the journalist on the TV (in the opinion of this journalist), The
Prime Minister knew nothing about it.

The newspaper says that the Prime Minister knew weeks ago (note: we still use the
verb say when referring to written opinion).

D. Agreeing with someone

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 We often agree by continuing with the same opinion or adding to it.

1. I think we should concentrate on this one project

2. Yes, I think it’s better to do one thing well than two things badly

But if we want to make it clear we agree, we can use this expression:

Yes, I agree (with you). (Note: Agree is verb in English. Not I’m agree)

Yes, I think you’re right

E. Disagreeing with people

It is very common in English to begin with very short expression or agreement, and
then give a different opinion. Here the expression used to introduce the disagreement.

Yes, perhaps may be possibly but don’t you think…

Yes, that’s true but I’m not sure that….

Yes, you could be alright but don’t forget…..

If you disagree strongly with someone you can say: I’m afraid I totally disagree (with
you)

Note: when we want to disagree but not completely, we can use these phrases:

Yes, partly agree (with you) but…

I agree to some extent/certain extent but….

Exercise:

A. Work in small groups of four or five, and involve them in a group discussion on a
similar topic familiar to them.

Topic for expressing opinion

1. School children should not be allowed to watch TV as it will make them lazy and
inattentive towards their studies.
2. Girls are more serious students than boys.

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 3. Parents should listen to their children’s views rather than just forcing children to
listen to them.
4. School should be over by noon so that children have time to take an afternoon nap
and play until evening.
5. Keeping the streets clean is not our business; there are officers to take care of that.

6. Girls should help with housework as they need to learn how to be a good
housekeeper after they get married.
7. Examinations should be abolished. Everyone should be allowed to get into the next
grade.
1. Reading and writing in English are more important than listening and speaking in
English.

2. You can’t learn a language in a three months

3. The club need to buy a new players

4. Learning English is very difficult

5. A lot of women are quite happy to stay at home and be housewives

6. Smoking is bad for your health

B. Students face each other in pairs and engage in the following (for-fun) 2-minute
debates. Students A take the first argument, students B the second.

1. Coffee is better than tea. vs Tea is better than coffee.

2. Instant coffee is delicious. vs. Instant coffee is horrible.
3. Coffee is very good for the brain. vs. Coffee is very bad for the heart.
4. Espresso and cappuccino are best. vs. The cups are too small.
5. Starbucks is the greatest coffee shop. vs. You can’t beat the small, locally
owned, traditional coffee shops.
6. Coffee is bad for your health. vs. Coffee is good for your health.
7. Coffee is best for waking you up in the morning. vs. Exercise and a cold shower
are better.
8. We should buy fair trade coffee and help the poor coffee farmers, not multi-
national coffee companies. Vs. Fair trade coffee is too expensive

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Learning Focus Learning Focus

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

FORM: has/have + been + verb-ing

Positive

I have been waiting

We ('ve)
You
They

He Has been waiting

She ('s)
It

Question

Have We been waiting

You
They

Has He been waiting

She
It

Negative

I have not been waiting

We (haven't)

ENGLISH FOR HEALTH ANALYST, COMPILED BY DEDI SUMARSONO&LALU ARWAN D Page 69

 You
They

He has not been waiting

She (hasn't)
It

USE
1. Frequently used with how long, for and since (>• Exercise 43 for difference
between for and since).
I've been studying English since I was a child.
How long have you been waiting?
2.To describe activities which were happening until this moment or a very short
time ago:
'You look tired.' 'Yes, I've been working all night'
"Why are you so dirty?' 'I've been playing football'
Note: this tense is not used with to be or with verbs that do not normally take the continuous.

Practice
Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the present perfect continuous.
1. 'What (you do) today?' 'I (play) tennis.'
'What have you been doing today?' I've been playing tennis.'
2. 'How long (you study) English?'
3. 'Oh, David! I (look) for you!'
4. 'Pat (live) here for twenty-five years.'
5. 'I'm tired. We (walk) all day.'
Make some sentences and conversation using present perfect continuous tense

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