POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (UEE509)

By
Course Coordinator- Dr. Manbir Kaur
Associate Professor, Electrical and
Instrumentation Engineering Department

Course Instructor- Dr. Amit Kumar

Assistant Professor, Electrical and
Instrumentation Engineering Department
Power Flow Equations
 Objectives
• To develop power flow equations
• To know about type of buses in power system
• To explain load flow methods to obtain steady
state solution of power system

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 Load Flow Studies
• Introduction: It is the steady state analysis that
is carried out to obtain voltage profile at the
buses, real and reactive power injected at
buses, real and reactive power flow in lines for
given network configuration and specified load
at buses.
• Significance: Steady state solution is obtained
for power system planning (addition/deletion
of generation, addition /deletion/augmentation
of lines, capacity of lines, reactive power
compensators)
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 Power Flow equations
Complex power injected at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus in an 𝑁𝐵 buses power system is expressed
as:
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ (1)
𝑃𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑖 : real and reactive power injected at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus respectively
𝑉𝑖 : voltage at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus
𝐼𝑖 : Current injected at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus and is expressed as:
𝐼𝑖 = σ𝑁𝐵𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑁𝐵 (2)

Substituting for current in eq.(1) as:

∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 σ𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖 σ𝑁𝐵
𝑁𝐵
𝑘=1 𝑉𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑘 (3)

Assume 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑖 , 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑘 , 𝑌𝑖𝑘 = 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖𝑘

𝛿𝑖 , 𝛿𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ bus respectively.
𝑥𝑖𝑘
𝜃𝑖𝑘 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ buses
𝑟𝑖𝑘

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 Power flow equations cont…
𝑁𝐵

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑖 ෍ 𝑉𝑘 𝑒 −𝑗𝛿𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑖𝑘

𝑘=1

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 σ𝑁𝐵 𝑘=1 𝑘𝑉 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑒 𝑗(𝛿𝑖 −𝛿𝑘 −𝜃𝑖𝑘

(4)
Writing in trigonometric form as:
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 × σ𝑁𝐵
𝑘=1{ 𝑉𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑘 cos 𝛿𝑖 −𝛿𝑘 − 𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿𝑖 −𝛿𝑘 − 𝜃𝑖𝑘 ) } (5)
Take A=𝛿𝑖 −𝛿𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝜃𝑖𝑘
cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 sin 𝐵
Also 𝑌𝑖𝑘 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑘 = 𝐺𝑖𝑘 , and 𝑌𝑖𝑘 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑘 = 𝐵𝑖𝑘
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 Cont…
Substituting in eq.(5) and rearranging in real and imaginary
parts as:
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 σ𝑁𝐵
𝑘=1 𝑉𝑘 { 𝐺𝑖𝑘 cos 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 + 𝐵𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 }
And
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 σ𝑁𝐵
𝑘=1 𝑉𝑘 { 𝐺𝑖𝑘 sin 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 − 𝐵𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 }

For 𝑁𝐵 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 two times the number

of buses as the power flow equations

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 Type of Buses
Slack bus (Generator Bus)
Generator Bus
Load Bus
Voltage controlled bus

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 Definition of Buses
Type of Bus Known Unknown Comments
variables variables
Slack (Reference 𝐕 ,δ P, Q Slack bus is always a generator bus
Bus/ Swing bus)
Generator bus (PV P, 𝐕 Q, δ It is a pure PV bus when there is no any
Bus) load connected at that bus
Load Bus (PQ Bus) P, Q 𝐕 ,δ It is pure load bus when there is no
generator at the bus.
Voltage controlled P, 𝐐, 𝐕 δ It is a bus with reactive power
Bus compensator

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Single Line Diagram of IEEE Five Bus System

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 IEEE Five Bus Data

Bus Assumed Bus Generation Load

Code Voltage MW MVArs MW MVArs
1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

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Single Line Diagram of IEEE 14 Bus System

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 Why iteration method to find load
flow solution???
Example :Find the complex power at bus 1 voltage
at bus 2 for two bus system shown in figure.

𝑉1 = 1∠00 1 2 𝑄𝐺2 = 𝑗1.2

𝑆𝐷1 𝑆𝐷2 = 𝑃𝐷2 +j1.0

Z=j0.5

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 Cont…
Complex power injected at bus 2 is
𝑆2 = 𝑆𝐺2 − 𝑆𝐷2 = (𝑃𝐺2 −𝑃𝐷2 ) + 𝑗(𝑄𝐺2 −𝑄𝐷2 )
= (0 − 𝑃𝐷2 ) + (𝑗1.2 − 𝑗1.0) = −𝑃𝐷2 + 𝑗0.2
For transmission line complex power flow over the line is given by
𝐴 2
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑆2 = 𝑆21 = −𝑆12 = − 𝑉 ∠ 𝛽−𝛼 + ∠ 𝛽 − 𝛿1 + 𝛿2
𝐵 2 𝐵

Line between bus 1 and 2 is represented by series impedance .

Therefore ABCD parameters of line will be :
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + 𝑗0, 𝐵 = 𝑍 = 𝑗0.5, 𝐶 = 0
Substituting in eq. and solving for real and imaginary components as:
When 𝑉1 = 1, 𝛿1 = 0, 𝐵 = 0.5, 𝛽 = 900 , 𝐴 = 1.0, 𝛼 = 00
𝑆2 = −𝑆21 = −(−𝑃𝐷2 + 𝑗0.2)
1 2
1 𝑉2
=− 𝑉2 ∠ 90 − 0 + ∠ 90 − 0 + 𝛿2
0.5 0.5
Expanding in trigonometric form as:
−𝑃𝐷2 + 𝑗0.2 = −0.2 𝑉2 2 (cos 90 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛90) + 2.0 𝑉2 (cos(90+𝛿2 ) +
𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (90+𝛿2 ))
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 Cont…
Comparing real components as: 𝑃𝐷2 = 2.0 𝑉2 (sin𝛿2 )
𝑃
Such that sin𝛿2 = 2.0𝐷2
𝑉 2
2
Comparing imaginary components as: 0.2 = −0.2 𝑉2 + 2.0 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿2
1
Such that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿2 = (0.1 + 0.1 𝑉2 2 )
𝑉2
Squaring and adding and solving for quadratic in terms of 𝑉2 2
4.8 ± 4.8 2 − 16 𝑃 2 + 0.04
𝐷2
𝑉2 2 =
8
2 2
For 16 𝑃𝐷2 + 0.04 > 4.8 ; 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
For 16 𝑃𝐷2 + 0.04 < 4.8 2 ; 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
For 16 𝑃𝐷2 + 0.04 = 4.8 2 ; 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2
For 16 𝑃𝐷2 + 0.04 = 4.8 2 , 𝑃𝐷2 = ±1.183 (considering positive value only as it is load
demand)
For 𝑃𝐷2 = 1.183 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉2 = 0.7745 (unique solution)
For 𝑃𝐷2 < 1.183 there are two solutions and non-unique.

For 𝑃𝐷2 = 0.5, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑉2 = 0.253 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1.066

𝑉2 = 0.253 is not within minimum limits so rejected.
For voltage solution close to 1.0pu, choose 𝑉2 = 1.066 will give:
𝛿2 = −13.560 and 𝑆1 = −𝑆2 = − −𝑃𝐷2 + 𝑗0.2 = 0.5 − 𝑗0.2

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 Conclusions
Load demand at bus 2 less than 1.183, voltage at
bus 2 and complex power at bus 1 are obtained
solution is obtained, But this is not a unique
solution.
Practically power system consists of large number
of buses, solving with hit and trial method is
complex, tedious and time consuming. To
overcome this difficulty iterative procedure are
used.

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 References
1. I.J. Nagrath, D.P. Kothari, (2008): Power
System Engineering, Chapter 6, Topic : 6.4,
Example 6.6, pp. 253-259
2. J.J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, (2003): Power
System Analysis, TMH Publishing, Chapter 9:
Topic 9.1, pp. 329-334.