LESSON 11 THE GLOBAL

DEMOGRAPHY
CONNECTING
The students are expected to:

 Explain the theory of demographic transition as

it affects population

DEMOGRAPHY

• the statistical study of human populations

especially with reference to size and density
distribution, and vital statistics

• Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on

live births, deaths, fetal deaths, and marriages

Vital statistics include:

• Numbers and rates of births

• Key characteristics of births, such as births by

sex, location and maternal age

• Population size is the number of individuals in a • Numbers and rates of deaths

population. • Deaths by key characteristics such as age, sex,
location and cause of death.

• Population density is the average number of

individuals per unit of area or volume.

The "Demographic Transition" is a model that describes

population change over time.
 • It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929
by the American demographer Warren
Thompson, of the observed changes, or
transitions, in birth and death rates in
industrialized societies over the past two
hundred years or so.
CONFIGURING
Shanghai Will Allow Only 800K More to Live There
Chinese city will cap its permanent population at 25M
By John Johnson, Newser Staff Posted Dec 26, 2017 8:03
AM CST
SHANGHAI, CHINA – TOP 30 GLOBAL CITY IN THE GCPI
OF 2019 | TOP 10 GLOBAL CITY IN THE GPCI OF 2020
(Newser) Anyone interested in moving to Shanghai
better not dawdle. The Chinese economic hub currently
has a population of 24.2 million, and authorities just put
a plan in place to cap the permanent population at 25
million, reports Reuters. The idea behind the newly
adopted master plan through 2035 is to curb the
maladies common to major cities such as environmental
pollution, gridlock traffic, and a decline in the quality of
public services such as medical care and education. The
State Council, which refers to all of the above as "big
city disease," also will limit the amount of land made
available for development in the coming years.
A research fellow at the Shanghai Academy of Social
Sciences predicts that the poor will bear the brunt of
the new population limit the most because the
govemment will begin tearing down cheap housing now
in existence, per the Global Times. Imposing such a
limit, he warns, is unpractical and against the social
development trend."
BEIJING, CHINA- TOP 24 IN GCPI OF 2019
China similarly hopes to cap the population of Beijing at
23 million by 2020, notes the Guardian. Already, plans
were in the works to move government offices out of
Beijing to a new city being built about 50 miles to the
south.
How are we going to reflect on this lesson?
Man looks for ways on how to improve life…
Some are introducing radical solutions to man’s
problems.
Looking into DEMOGRAPHY (the study of population)
• Its size, density, and vital statistics
• And how all of these are affecting people’s lives
DEMOGRAPHY …an eye-opener
• Knowing where we are now as one among 7.8
billion people in the world
• Knowing where we are now as one among
108.8 million filipinos
• Knowing the state and condition of your family
today and of yourself is very important…
• For most homes, this is a matter of survival.
Knowing is LEARNING… … but what is there to LEARN?
DECODING
1. What is the news article all about?
The news article is about Shanghai capping its
population to only 25M and Beijing to only 23M.
2. Why do you think Shanghai city is limiting its
population to 25M only?
Shanghai is limiting its population in order to curb the
common problems in major cities such as
environmental pollution, gridlock traffic and a decline in
the quality of public services such as medical care and
education.
3. Is China's way of limiting the people in the city
and the land made available for development
reasonable? Why or why not?
No, it is not reasonable. This master plan is mostly only
catered for the upper class members of the society.
Those who are more marginalized are the ones to suffer
more due to demolitions of their housings in order to
“beautify” the city. The population growth is extremely
difficult to control that is why it would be better to
provide better management and more public services
instead of redirecting all of the efforts in a plan that
would cause harm to less fortunate members of the
public.
4. What is the implication of this news to the
global population?
The news mirror how the population is steadily growing
but the land still remains the same size, thus creating
numerous undesirable effects which needs good
planning in order to control.
5. Can we also do the same thing here in the
Philippines? Explain your answer.
No, the Philippines is not yet at the point that it needs
to take drastic actions in order to control the population
in its major cities. Also, the country’s marginalized
sectors are a few times more than those who can afford
to relocate if the same plan as China’s is implemented in
the country. It is not wise to possibly cause harm to
those who needs protecting the most. There still various
ways in which this “situation” can be managed, so, we
believe that there is no need to resort to such radical
ways.
ADVANCING
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: THREE
CENTURIES OF FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE
By Ronald Lee
Before the start of the demographic transition, life was
short, births were many, growth was slow and the
population was young. During the transition, Z mortality
and then fertility declined, causing population growth
rates first to accelerate and then to slow again, moving
toward low fertility, long life and an old population. The
transition began around 1800 with declining mortality in
Europe. It has now spread to all parts of the world and
is projected to be completed by 2100. This global
demographic transition has brought momentous
changes, reshaping the economic and demographic life
cycles of individuals and restructuring populations.
Since 1800, global population size has already increased
by a factor of six and by 2100 will have risen by a factor
of ten. There will then be 50 times as many elderly, but
only five times as many children; thus, the ratio of
elders to children will have risen by a factor of ten. The
length of life, which has already more than doubled, will
have tripled, while births per woman will have dropped
from six to two. In 1800, women spent about 70 percent
of their adult years bearing and rearing young children,
but that fraction has decreased in many parts of the
world to only about 14 percent, due to lower fertility
and longer life
MORTALITY DECLINES
 The world's demographic transition started in
northwest Europe, where mortality began a
secular decline around 1800
 The first stage of mortality decline is due to
reductions in contagious and infectious diseases
by air or water.
 Preventive medicine, small pox vaccine, played
significantly in the mortality decline in the
eighteenth century.
 Improved personal hygiene also helped as
income rose.
 The germ theory of diseases became more
widely known and accepted.
 Another major factor in the early phases of
growing life expectancy is improvement in
nutrition.
 Famine mortality was reduced by
improvements in storage and transportation.
Secular increases in incomes led to improved
nutrition in childhood and throughout life
 Life expectancy is positively associated with
height in the industrial country populations
(Fogel, 1994; Barker, 1992.)
 In recent decades, the continuing reduction in
mortality is due to reduction in chronic and
degenerative diseases, notably heart disease
and cancer (Riley, 2001).
 In the later part of the century, publicly
organized and funded biomedical research has
played an increasingly important part, and the
human genome project and stem cell research
promise future gains.
 In India, life expectancy rose from around 24
years in 1920 to 62 years today, a gain of 48
years per calendar year over 80 years. In China,
life expectancy rose from 41 in 1950-1955 to 70
in 1995-1999, a gain of 65 years per year over
45 years.
 On the optimistic side, Oeppen and Vaupel
(2002) offer a remarkable graph that plots the
highest national female life expectancy attained
for each calendar year from 1840 to 2000
 The points fall close to a straight line, starting at
45 years in Sweden and ending at 85 years in
Japan, with a slope of 2.4 years per decade. if
we boldly extend the line forward in time, it
reaches 97.5 years by mid-century and 109
years by 2100
 Less optimistic projections are based on
extrapolation of trends in age-specific death
rates over the past 50 or 100 years. This
approach implies more modest gains for the
high-income nations of the world, with average
life expectancy approaching 90 years by the end
of the twenty- first century (Lee and Carter.
1992: Tuljapurkar. Li and Boe, 2000)
FERTILITY TRANSITION
 Between 1890 and 1920, marital fertility began
to decline in most European provinces with a
median decline of about 40 percent from 1870
to 1930.
 Most economic theories of fertility starts with
the idea that couples wish to have a certain
number of surviving children than births.
 Some of the improvement in child survival is
itself a response to parental decisions to invest
more in the health and welfare of a smaller
number of children (Nerlove, 1974)
 These issues of parental investment in children
suggest that fertility is also influenced by how
economic changes influences the costs and
benefit of childbearing
 Bearing and rearing is is time intensive.
 Technological progress and increasing physical
and human capital makes labor more
productive, raising the value of time in all
activities which makes children increasingly
costly relative to consumption of goods
  Variations in productivity of women is of
importance since women have had primary
responsibility for childbearing and rearing.
 Rising income have shifted consumption
demand towards nonagricultural goods and
services
 Overall, these patterns have several effects:
children becomes more expensive, their
economic contributions diminishes because of
school time and educated parents have higher
value of time, which raises opportunity costs of
childrearing.
 Parents with higher incomes choose to devote
most of their resources to each children and
thus leads to fewer children. (Becker, 1981;
Willis, 1974, 1994)
POPULATION GROWTH
 The combination of fertility and mortality
determines population growth.
 Between 1950 and 2050, the actual and
projected trajectories for the More, Less and
Least Developed Countries are plotted.
 One is a trajectory for Europe from 1800 to
1950. The end point of this trajectory in 1950 is
quite close to the start point for the more
developed countries.
 The starting points of these demographic paths
differ somewhat.
 India had higher initial fertility and mortality
than Europe, as did the Least Developed
Countries relative to the Less Developed
Countries in 1950, which in turn had far higher
mortality and fertility than the More Developed
Countries in that year.
 Except for India, the starting points all indicate
moderate (for Europe) to rapid (for Least and
Less Developed Countries) population growth.
 There has been rapid global convergence in
fertility and mortality among nations over the
past 50 years, although important differences
remain.
 This convergence of fertility and mortality is in
marked contrast to per capita GDP, which has
tended to diverge between high-income and
low-income countries during this time.
 Today, the median individual lives in a country
with a total fertility rate of 2.3—barely above
the 2.1 fertility rate of the United States—and a
median life expectancy at birth of 68 years
compared to 77 years for the United States
(Wilson, 2001).
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
 The three centuries of demographic transition
from 1800 to 2100 will reshape the world’s
population in a number of ways.
 The obvious changes are the rise in total
population from 1 billion in 1800 to perhaps 9.5
billion in 2100—although this long-term
estimate is highly uncertain due largely to
uncertainty about future fertility.
 The average length of life increases by a factor
of two or three, and the median age of the
population doubled from the low 20s to the low
40s.
 Many More Developed Countries already have
negative population growth rates, and the
United Nations projects that the population of
Europe will decline by 13 percent between now
and 2050.
 But many other changes will also be set in
motion in family structure, health, institutions
for saving and supporting retirement and even
in international flows of people and capital.
 At the level of families, the number of children
born declines sharply and childbearing becomes
concentrated into a few years of a woman’s life.
When this change is combined with greater
longevity, many more adult years become
available for other activities.
 The joint survivorship of couples is greatly
increased, and kin networks become more
intergenerationally dense, while horizontally
sparser. These changes appear to be quite
universal so far.
 However, whether childbearing is concentrated
at younger ages or at older ages and whether
age at marriage rises or falls seems to vary from
setting to setting, and patterns are still changing
even in the populations farthest along in the
transition.
 Parents with fewer children are able to invest
more in each child, reflecting the quality-
quantity tradeoff, which may also be one of the
reasons parents reduced their fertility (Becker,
1981; Willis, 1974)
LESSON 12 THE GLOBAL
MIGRATION
CONNECTING
 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and
social factors underlying the global movements
of people
 Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences
of the OFW’s
Migration means
• crossing the boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum
period
 • Internal migration is the movement of people
from one area like a province, a district, or
municipality to another within one country.
• In the Philippines, migration is usually
motivated by economic conditions due to
the lack of employment and income, as well
as livelihood prospects.
• Cases of prolonged and persistent mismatch
between educational attainment and
available economic opportunities push more
migrants to the cities.
• This partly explains why young female migrants
tend to move earlier to the cities.
• With relatively lesser education and skills,
particularly in relation to agricultural
activities, they are motivated to respond to
the high demand for domestic female
helpers in the urban areas
• International migration is the crossing the
frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 200 states from another.
CAUSE OF MIGRATION
• According to neo-classical economic theory, the
main cause of migration is individual’s efforts to
maximize their income by moving from low-
wage to high- wage economies
• Differences in demographic patterns with
regard to fertility, mortality, age- structure, and
labor-force growth
CONFIGURING
DECODING
 Share with the class your viewpoints regarding
the statistics presented above.
As you can see the pie graph divided where might the
OFW work. 85% of OFW are choose to work in Asia,
especially in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Hong
Kong, Singapore and others. Followed by European
countries with 6.6%. Next is North and South America
with 5.6%. And for 1.4% OFW working in Africa and
Australia. Lastly, 0.03% for the other countries.
 Why do you think most Filipino workers choose
to work in Asia?
I think why most of Filipino workers choose to work in
Asia: First, they are closer to the Philippines. Second,
they do not want to feel a racism. Lastly, the travel
expenses back to the Philippines is much cheaper and
faster.
 What does these statistics tell us?
These statistics reveal to us that 85 % of Filipino
migrants tend to work within the Asian country.
 Do you think international migration help the
economy of our country? Prove your stance.
Indeed, they help the economy of our country.
Immigrants send money to their home where they came
from in the form of remittances, at that point they
spend it locally on housing, foods, medical services and
leisure activities. Immigrants' remittances have
significantly contributed to a positive force on the
country's earnings of foreign exchange. By substantially
adding to the country's earnings in foreign exchange,
these remittances have contributed to the
strengthening of the nation's balance of payments
position, sustaining the surpluses on current accounts.
 Would you also choose to work abroad in the
future? Why or why not?
Personally speaking, I will work abroad, in light of the
fact that these days medical field professions are the
most essential workers and the way I see that all of my
seniors working diligently and sacrifice their lives during
this pandemic in the emergency clinics and the
government of this nation did not give them an extra
token of appreciation. And then I have realized that
staying here after the board examination will be a
waste.
ADVANCING
GLOBAL MIGRATION DEFINITION AND
TYPES
 Migration means crossing the boundary of a
political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period.
 Internal migration is the movement of people
from one area like a province, a district or
municipality to another within one country.
 International migration is the crossing the
frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 200 states from another.
 Many scholars argue that international
migration are part of the same process: they
should be analyzed together. (Skeldon, 1997)
 The great majority of border crossings do not
imply migration: most travelers are tourist or
business visitors who have no intention of
staying in the country for good.
 International migration arises in a world divided
up into nation-states, in which remaining in the
country of birth is still seen as norm and moving
to another country as a deviation.
 Migration tends to be regarded as problematic.
It has to be controlled and curbed, for it may
bring unpredictable changes.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS ARE DIVIDED INTO:
 TEMPORARY LABOR MIGRANTS -people who
migrate for a period of time in order to work
and send remittances to families in the country
of origin
 HIGHLY SKILLED & BUSINESS MIGRANTS -
people with qualification and who move within
the internal labor markets of transnational
corporations and international organizations.
 IRREGULAR MIGRANTS - also known as the
undocumented or illegal migrants.
 REFUGEES- those who are unable or unwilling to
return to their country because of a well-
founded fear or persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group or political opinion
 ASYLUM SEEKERS - people who move across
borders in search of protection.
 FORCED MIGRATION - people forced to move by
environmental catastrophes or development
projects like new factories, roads or dams.
 FAMILY MEMBERS - also known as family
reunion or family reunification migrants.
 RETURN MIGRANTS - people who return to their
countries of origin after a period in another
country.
CAUSE OF MIGRATION
 Disparity in levels of income
 Employment
 Social well-being
 Differences in demographic patterns with
regards to fertility, mortality, age-structure, and
labor-force growth
 According to neo-classical economic theory, the
main cause of migration is individual’s efforts to
maximize their income by moving from low-
wage to high-wage economies
 Migration decisions are made not just by
individuals- they often represent family
strategies to maximize income and survival
chances (Hugo, 1994).
THE VOLUME OF CONTEMPORARY
MIGRATION
 The United Nations figures show that the global
migrant stock (the number of people resident in
a place outside their country of birth) grew from
75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990.
 The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the
world’s population.
 The number of migrants grew slightly faster
than world population as a whole, but the
annual growth rate of 1.9% for the whole period
increasing to 2.6% from 1985-1990 was not
dramatic.
 International migrants remain a fairly small
minority.
 Internal migration, conversely, is much larger.
 For instance the number of internal migrants in
India in 1981 was some 200 million, more than
double the number of international migrants in
the whole world at that time.
 The significance of migration as a major factor
in societal change lies in the fact that it is
concentrated in certain countries and regions.
 Migration affects certain areas within both the
sending and the receiving countries more than
others.
 Migration needs to take place in an orderly way
to safeguard the human rights of migrants.
LESSON 13 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Compare and contrast stability from sustainability
• The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines
it as ‘avoiding large swings in economic activity,
 high inflation, and excessive volatility in
exchange rates and financial markets.

• Bruntland Report (World Commission on

Environment and Development, 1987) said that
‘development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs’
deserves the label of sustainability.

Identify and analyze challenges towards sustainable

Development

Generate insights on sustainable development

initiatives and efforts

CONFIGURING
DECODING
1. From the 17 sustainable development goals
presented above, which do you think is the
most achievable? Why do you say so?

SDG no. 5: Gender Equality. We think this is the most

achievable goal right now as can be seen in the
improvement in our society. Different kinds of gender
are, mostly, now being opened and accepted in the
current society. With regards to the history, female is
being deprived of the basic rights just because of the
discrimination by people in the old society. Right now,
several laws are being implemented in relation with the
gender equality as people are being more open with
different stands. Although this has not been perfected
yet and there are still people who are living in the old
society, influencers and social media sites are being
loud in the equality in which, we think, will reach more
people, and let their minds be open.
WORLD POVERTY LEVEL and in the PHILIPPINES
2. Which is the least achievable? Elucidate reasons
why

In our opinion, it would be SDG no. 1: No Poverty. This

problem is not purely based on the system, it includes
individual behavior and perception in how aid is
allocated to make it much more about the poorest
people. Poverty entails more than the lack of income
and productive resources to ensure sustainable
livelihoods. In addition, this is the root problem of some
other sustainable development goals thus its
manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited
access to education and other basic services, social
discrimination, and exclusion as well as the lack of
participation in decision-making.
3. Which do you think the citizens around the
globe should address with urgency? Why?
At the time of pandemic, the citizens around the globe
should address SDG no. 3: Good Health and Well-Being,
because it aspires to ensure health and well-being for
all, including a bold commitment to end the epidemics
of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and other communicable
diseases by 2030. It also aims to achieve universal
health coverage and provide access to safe and effective
medicines and vaccines for all.
4. As an ordinary citizen, what can you do to help
achieve these sustainable development goals
We, as an ordinary citizen, can help by being aware or
having an awareness in all these developmental goals,
to have an information we can play a critical role in the
implementation and monitoring of these SDG. Also, to
actively participate in some organization that is related
to these goals, sharing our insights, and eventually
supporting each other’s decisions. Lastly, to act, a
simple health education to promote and disseminate
the essentialness of these SDG will have a huge impact
in making these goals achievable.
5. What should we, as citizens of the world,
collectively do to fulfill the goals for sustainable
development?
In order to fulfill the goals, we, as citizens of this world
should have knowledge, a thorough information about
what is happening to our environment. To stop the
poverty, take some responsibility in having family
planning, it is essential since people with narrow
understanding about this family planning is the one who
causes the increased in population, if there is an
increased in population of course the hunger people
also increase, and the rest will follow. So, basically, we
need to have courage to learn and understand these
goals and eventually take the action by participating in
the government’s organization or in some non-
government associations.
ADVANCING
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
 There was a strong impression that the global
economy became the sphere of extreme
uncertainty and risk during the first decade of
the twenty-first century.
 It can be recalled that there was a dimension of
crisis that began in 2007
 It was not like another business cycle setback. It
was a serious breakdown that challenged the
foundations of modern approaches to the
creation of welfare
 Collapsing financial markets, rising
unemployment, deeper inequalities, a shrinking
 middle class, extreme indebtedness, and
inability of governments to force through
reforms were just some of the symptoms of
crisis around the globe.
 Moreover, the challenges of climate change and
the unavailability of resources that were
important in the development of technologies
to keep the economy growing continued to
surface.
 Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist, has predicted
these things to happen years back, and has
coined the term, "risk society” (Beck, 1986).
STABILITY
 Firmness in position, permanence and
resistance to change are the words associated
with stability
 The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines
it as 'avoiding large swings in economic activity,
high inflation, and excessive volatility in
exchange rates and financial markets.
 This refers to indexes that describe the
economy in short term categories.
 Knoop (2009) expressed that within a few years,
every economy moves through periods of rapid
growth with rising demand, higher inflation and
dropping unemployment, followed by
depression with reversal phenomena.
 Excessive highs and lows should be avoided.
 There was a Great Depression that happened in
1929, when the economy collapsed in a
dramatic way after long years of post-war
prosperity and overproduction.
 The global crisis in the 197O's opened the gates
of new economic ideas.
 Monetarism, which is premised on the idea that
stabilization could be produced control of
amount of money in circulation
 Milton Friedman started to dominate global
capitalism.
 Global capitalism fitted well with neo-liberalism,
which expanded with the free market reforms
of Ronald Reagan in the USA and Margaret
Thatcher in the United Kingdom.
 The 1990's still experienced world economy
collapses such as the Asian financial crisis in
19987, the Russian crisis followed by the
disaster in Argentina that started in 1999.
 These crises were mainly attributed to major
political mistakes, but particularly alarming
 with their contagion effects.
 Since 2007, many countries had been trying to
restore stabilization.
SUSTAINABILITY
  It considers the long-term capacities of a system
to exist, not its short term resistance to change
 Bruntland Report (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987) said that
'development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs'
deserves the label of sustainability.
 Technology became a fantastic escape from the
sustainability dilemma.
 The Solow-Swan model from the 1950's saw the
only chance for innovations.
 A sheer increase of the amount of resources
added to input could lead to diminishing
 marginal returns only.
 New ideas in technology and organization made
it possible to overtake the steady state of zero
growth and induce development without
increasing resources
 Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980's
proposed a new theory called, the New Growth
Theory.
 The endogenous factors like human capital and
education were recognized as crucial for growth
and their application was free from the steady
state of classical resources.
 In the 19th century, the issue of sustainability
considered mainly social conditions in early
industrial capitalism.
 Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly
on environmental questions.
 In 1968, Garret Hardin wrote the famous book,
Tragedy of Commons that analyzed how public
goods got exhausted by actors in a free market
economy (Hardin, 1968).
 The Club of Rome published, The Limits to
Growth that dealt with the connection
 between economic growth and the scarcity of
resources.
 Rising awareness of the sustainability problem
in environmental issues and resources
 translated also into international cooperation.
 Sustainability perspectives started to be visible
not only in the environmental area but also on
the theme of overpopulation
LESSON 14 GLOBAL FOOD
SECURITY
CONNECTING
• Discuss the meaning of global food security and
its four pillars
• The prevalence of food insecurity is manifested
by the presence of hunger and malnourishment.
• 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food
security as the ‘availability at all times of
adequate world food supplies of basic
foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food
consumption and to offset fluctuations in
production and prices
• importance of livelihood security as a key
household priority and component of food
security, shaping decisions around whether or
not to go hungry in the short term
• Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life
Critique key trends in global food security
Global Food Security- Key Trends
• Rising Food Prices and Poverty
• Population Growth and Urbanization
• Rising Incomes and Changing Diets
• Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change and
Access to Land
• Climate Change
Propose concrete actions to address problems and
challenges on global food security
CONFIGURING
New Hope against Hunger: These 'Super Beans' Early
signs of success in Africa
By Newser Editors and Wire Services Posted Dec 3, 2017
3:10 PM CST
• (NEWSER) – The so-called "super bean," a fast-
maturing, high-yield variety, is being promoted
by Uganda's government and agriculture
experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts
of Africa, the AP reports
• "Super bean" is the catchy word for a bio-
fortified variety of beans developed in Uganda.
They’re nutritious, grow fast and are a good
basis to feed Uganda’s growing population.
• It's also a step toward the next goal: the "super,
super bean" that researchers hope can be
created through genetic editing.
• The beans are thrilling farmers in an
impoverished part of northern Uganda that also
strains under the recent arrival of more than 1
million refugees from its war-torn neighbor,
South Sudan.
• The International Center for Tropical Agriculture
says the beans have been bred by conventional
means to resist the drought conditions that can
lead to starvation as arable land disappears.
 • The group operates one of just two bean "gene
banks" in Africa, which is expected to be hit
hardest by climate change even though the
continent produces less than 4% of the world's
greenhouse gases, according to the UN
Development Program.
• Beans kept at the two banks are sent to
partners in 30 countries across the continent to
be developed further so they can cope with
local conditions.
• The Uganda bank stores around 4,000 types of
beans, including some sourced from
neighboring Rwanda before its 1994 genocide
killed around 800,000 people and wiped out
many of the country's bean varieties.
• Aid workers hope the beans will encourage the
refugees to grow their own food rather than
rely on handouts, which in some cases have
been cut because of funding shortages.
DECODING
1. What does the news headline tell us?
New Hope against Hunger: These Super Beans- I think
the headline tells us two main points: first, how severe
the hunger problem is and second, the solution (which
is the super beans) that the authorities are trying to
create to solve that problem.
2. Do you think the discovery of super beans can
really solve hunger in the country, in the
continent, and in the globe at large?
I think this discovery can really solve hunger in the
country, in the continent, and in the globe at large,
especially today that climate change is waving. And if
ever it cannot reach all the people around the world, I
think it is a huge stepping stone in addressing the
hunger problem in the world.
3. Why do you think scientists, like the ones in
Africa, continue to research for things that
address hunger?
I think it is a nightmare for a parent to see their children
going to bed with an empty stomach. I think everyone
has the right to eat food, a nutritious food. Addressing
world hunger can positively impact our economies,
health, education, and our overall way of living. It is an
important key in building a better future for everyone.
4. Is the problem of food, nutrition and diseases
common in the Philippines? Give concrete
examples
Yes, these problems are evident in the Philippines. For
example, a lot of people are lining up in a community
pantry for food during this pandemic. Next, according to
the SWS survey, a record-high 7.6 million families
experienced hunger in July to September of 2020. Is it
because of the COVID-19? I think not because in the
2019 global hunger index, Philippine has a score of 20.1
which means the country suffers from a SERIOUS level
of hunger which results in noncommunicable diseases
such as malnutrition.
5. Can you name of government organizations and
programs that address such problems
The non governmental organizations such as Action
Against Hunger, World Food Programme, Feed the
Children, Rise Against Hunger Philippines, and Food for
the Hungry are known for their actions in addressing
hunger in the Philippines. In addition to that,
government agencies such as Food and Nutrition
Service and Task Force on Zero hunger have also the
same objective. Government and private sectors
together launched a program called Pilipinas kontra
gutom as a new anti-hunger coalition.
ADVANCING
THE CHALLENGE OF FEEDING THE WORLD
Global food security has become one of the challenges
of the 21st century. The increase of global food prices
has caught the attention of all governments worldwide.
The vulnerability of food systems to a number of
demographic, socio-economic, environmental and
policy-related factors was also among the concerns of
the globe. The detrimental impacts of high food prices
and food and agriculture-related policies affected the
poor and marginalized communities, specifically in the
developing countries.
The upheavals in local food systems have an influence
on the regional and global food security concerns.
Conversely, the developments at the global level often
have the power to penetrate deep within the regions
and states to cause high levels of insecurity. These
developments may also have diverse and far-reaching
consequences for the security and over-all well-being of
communities across borders
AN EVOLVING CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY
 Food security is used widely across disciplines
and issue areas.
 The prevalence of food insecurity is
manifested by the presence of hunger and
malnourishment.
 Food security is associated with the availability
of food at the local, national and global levels
(McDonald, 2010).
 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food
security as the 'availability at all times of
adequate world food supplies of basic
foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of
food consumption and to offset fluctuations in
production and prices' (FAQ, 2003: 27).
 Maxwell (1996) mentioned that in subsequent
decades, three distinct paradigm shifts took
 place to significantly influence the food
security discourse and international agenda.
 First paradigm shift was through the late
1970's and early 1980's in which the academic
and policy discourse on food security
witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting
focus on food availability and supply as the
core concerns of food security
 The second paradigm shift highlighted the
importance of livelihood security as a key
household priority and component of food
security, shaping decisions around whether or
not to go hungry in the short term.
 The third shift indicates a move away from a
purely calorie-counting approach to food
security, to one that incorporates subjective
measures of what it means to be food-secure,
including access to food that is preferable
(Maxwell, 1988,1996:158-60.)
 Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO,
2002).
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY- KEY TRENDS
A. Rising Food Prices and Poverty
• In the mid 2000's, global food prices began to
climb.
• The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice,
maize, and soy bean as well as edible oils all
soared.
 Civil unrest in the forms of protests and riots in
numerous countries around the world
happened.
 The impact of food prices spikes has been most
devastating to those who are in the poverty
level.
 The global food price crisis in 2007-2008 may
have forced as many as 100 million people
deeper into poverty.
 The global food price spike in 2010-2011 may
have consigned an additional 44 million around
the globe to a life of poverty and food insecurity
(Rastello and Pugh, 2011).
 There are several reasons that have been
debated over the global food price spikes. One
of those is the on-going world population
growth.
 The growth of the world population is
proportionate to the demand for food and
rising incomes and growing per capita food
consumption.
 The rising cost of fuel and agricultural inputs
like fertilizers and pesticides; in developing
countries, declining or stagnating agricultural
yield growth rates in the context of the poor,
adverse weather events such as droughts and
floods; the kneejerk government export bans in
the face of food shortage, and the financial
speculation in agricultural commodities could
have also been the reasons of global food prices
spikes on the supply side.
B. POPULATION GROWTH AND URBANIZATION
• By mid-century, the world’s total population is
set to reach over 9 billion, doubling the demand
for food, feed, and fiber (FAO, 2009)
• The increase of demands for food comes from
developing countries in Asia and Africa
• India and China, for example, are the fastest
growing countries in the Asian region
• The demographic trends in Asia have serious
implications for food systems in the region and
elsewhere.
• As the youth move from rural areas to urban
areas to look for better livelihoods, there are
fewer people of working age left behind to
produce the growing quantities of food required
to meet rising demand in urban areas.
• The mass movement of people from rural to
urban areas has also been accompanied by a
rapid and ongoing expansion of cities and slums
in parts of Asia
• By 2030, urban populations and the number of
slum dwellers in Africa and Asia are set to
double.
• Slums are characterized by lack of access to
clean drinking water, inadequate sanitation and
waste disposal mechanism, making resident
population highly vulnerable to quick-spreading
diseases and chronic food insecurity (CISS,
2013).
C. RISING INCOMES AND CHANGING DIETS
• As incomes in developing countries continue to
grow, more and more people are able to access
food in greater quantities
• Initial increases in food consumption may
pertain to the intake of higher quantities of key
staples- cereals
• There is a substitution phase in which the
cereals are replaced by more energy-rich foods
such as meat and those with a high
concentration of vegetable oils and sugar
(Godfrey et al., 2010: 2770)
• Global consumption of meat increased by
around 62 per cent between 1963 and 2005.
• The consumption of meat in the developing
countries grew threefold during this period.
• Much of the growth of meat consumption took
place in Asia in general and in China in
particular (Kearney, 2010:2796).
• However, not all developing countries have
experienced this phenomenon of nutrition
transition equally.
 • In India, for example, the consumption of meat
continues to lag behind when compared to
Brazil and China for people at similar income
levels.
• The overall demand for grains for direct and
indirect consumption through animal products
continues to expand.
• In China, the increasing conversion of land for
intensive mono-cropping of soybeans and maize
for animal feed over the decades had caused
immense pollution of waterways by pesticides
and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the
destruction of natural carbon sinks and rising
greenhouse gas emission (Schneider, 2011)
D. BIOFUEL PRODUCTION, LAND USE CHANGE
AND ACCESS TO LAND
• The global surge in bio-fuel production was
triggered in 2004-2005.
• It happened when the United States and the
European Union adopted a number of policies
and incentives to boost bio-fuel consumption
(USAID, 2009).
• Biofuels are seen to be significant in reducing
dependence o fossil fuels in a number of
countries around the globe.
• Biofuel production and policies that encourage
and support it- has become highly controversial
in the context of global food security.
• First generation biofuels are produced from
plant starch, oils, animal fats and sugars.
• Bio-ethanol, for example, is produced from food
crops such as sugarcane, maize, wheat, sugar
beets and sweet sorghum, and is currently the
most widely used fom of biofuel.
• The United States and Brazil are the world's
largest bioethanol producing countries
• Largest quantities of biodiesel, which is made
from edible oils, come from Germany, France,
United States, and Italy (Naylor et at., 2007).
• Jean Ziegler (2007:2), the UN special Rapporteur
on the right to food, stated that the sudden, ill-
conceived, rush to convert food into fuels is a
recipe for disaster
• The IMF highlighted that biofuels were
responsible for almost half the increase in the
total consumption of key food crops in 2006-
2007
• In Asia, a large number of small famers in
countries like Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines,
Bangladesh, and Nepal continue to suffer from
weak access to land and tenure insecurity, in
the wider context of weak governance
institutions, poor law enforcement, and
endemic corruption.
E. CLIMATE CHANGE
• Climate change affects all four dimensions of
food security: food availability, food
accessibility, food utilization, and food systems
stability.
• Agriculture is highly-sensitive to climate, and
food production is affected directly by
variations in agro-ecological conditions for
growing crops (Devereux and Maxwell, 2001;
Fischer et al., 2002; Kurukulasuriya and
Rosenthal, 2003; Schmidhuber and Tubiello,
2007).
• Overall studies show that the impacts of climate
change will be mixed and uneven across regions
(IPcC, 2007)
• In the next four decades or so, average global
temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius
(Stern, 2006:56).
• For countries located at lower latitudes, the
IPCC warns that the productivity of major crops
like rice, wheat, and maize, is projected to drop
with even small increases in local average
temperature. This is particularly the case for
countries that are located in seasonally dry and
tropical regions.
• Climate change will bring the developing
countries high costs and few benefits (Stern,
2006:vii).
• Low income developing countries tend to lack
adequate infrastructure for health care, and
large chunks of the population often do not
have access to basic amenities such as clean
drinking water and sanitation.
• Both sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with
the highest levels of hunger and
malnourishment worldwide, are set to suffer
from the negative impacts of climate change on
crop production.
LESSON 15 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
CONNECTING
• Articulate a personal definition of global
citizenship
• A global citizen is someone who is aware of and
understands the wider world – and their place
in it.
• They take an active role in their community and
work with others to make our planet more
peaceful, sustainable and
fairer. ...
• Global citizenship helps young people to: Build
their own understanding of world events.
CONVICTION
• Appreciate the ethical obligation of global
citizenship
be ethical
 • … that is doing what is right and not doing what
is wrong, in everything.
CONFIGURING
The UK Commits to Safer Schools, Urged by the Actions
of Global Citizens and Partners
This is vital news at a time of escalating conflict
By Katie Dallas
(Published April 20, 2018.
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-safe-
schools-action/#.)
• In a week of military action in Syria that is
drawing global attention, it is important to
remember the innocent human lives —
including the many children — that suffer
during conflict.
• An often-overlooked consequence during these
periods is the impact on education, despite how
critical learning is for children to rebuild their
war-torn communities.
• More than a third of Syrian schools have been
destroyed or damaged by fighting leaving nearly
2 million children out of the classroom.
• And another 600,000 who have fled their
homes are not in school.
• The story is much the same with rising conflict
across the globe — 246 million children
experience some kind of school violence in the
The Safe Schools Declaration
world today.
• Thus it came as very welcome news on
Thursday that the UK became the 74th
signatory to the Safe Schools Declaration— a
commitment that serves as an official assurance
that the UK will condemn attacks on schools,
protect education during armed conflict, and
offer supervision, services and teaching to save
children’s lives.
• Just 48 hours before, at the “Girls in
Emergencies” reception co-hosted by Global
Downward Trends in Incidents of Military Use of
Citizen and Coalition for Global Prosperity,
Schools
Global Citizen and our partners at Send My
Friend to School had performed a petition
handover to the UK Foreign Secretary, Boris
Johnson, at the event.
• The petition contained the signatures of 25,549
people and children from 932 schools who want
the UK to sign this declaration to make schools
around the world safe. At the event, Johnson
had indicated that the declaration would be
signed “very soon”
• This vital commitment is thanks to your actions
and the tireless campaign led by our partners-
among them: Send My Friend to School, the
Global Coalition to Protect Schools from Attack,
Save the Children, Results UK, Plan UK, Human
Rights Watch, Global Citizen and the Malala
Fund.
• For the past four years these organizations have
been urging the UK government to join 73 other
countries, including Canada, France and New
Zealand, as signatories to the Declaration
• The importance of a commitment like this
should not be underestimated.
• In Afghanistan, where atleast 40 schools were
attacked in 2016, the Education Ministry is using
the declaration to push for the removal of
military checkpoints and bases from schools,
with other big steps also taken in Central
African Republic, Nigeria, Somalia, and the
Democratic Republic of Congo
• Of course, Global Citizen and partners will be
watching closely to see that the UK government
stands by this commitment and takes concrete
steps to make it less likely that students,
teachers, schools and universities will be
attacked in coming months.
• And we invite other Commonwealth countries,
like Australia, Malawi, and Bangladesh, and G7
leaders like japan and United States to sign up
to the Declaration to help every child stay safe
in their place of learning
• An inter-governmental political commitment to
protect students, teachers, schools, and
universities from the worst effects of armed
conflict.
• In May 2017, the United Nations Secretary
General, António Guterres, urged all Member
States to endorse the Safe Schools Declaration.
• As of November 2020, 106 countries have
endorsed the Declaration.
• The Global Coalition to Protect Education from
Attack (GCPEA) found that the overall reported
incidents of military use of schools and
universities declined between 2015 and 2018
• Global Citizen and partners will be watching
closely to see that EVERYONE stands by this
commitment and takes concrete steps to make
it less likely that students, teachers, schools and
universities will be attacked
• and help every child stay safe in their place of
learning…
DECODING
1. What did you feel after reading the article?
I felt disturbed and saddened on how these innocent
children were being involved in the issues of the world. I
feel like I had to contribute something, I feel like I have
to do something like signing the petitions of the said
organizations that protect the welfare of the children in
a place where they should be learning. But, I felt
relieved and protected when the UK has endorsed Safe
Schools Declaration, whereby it is a political and
practical initiative to reduce the impact of conflict on
education. In addition, it is an important step to make
sure to protect schools, students, and teachers through
a voluntary shift in practice to prevent the military use
of schools and mitigate risks where this does occur. A
school is said to be a ‘second home’, and so that’s how
a child should feel when she’s in one.
2. How does the Syrian military action affect the
children in the country?
More than third of a Syrian schools were destroyed by
their actions which have heavily affected the children
and left nothing but sufferings for these children’s
future. Children have no safe place to learn, play or live
in peace with their families. Repeated displacement and
exposure to the violent conflict are known to have both
immediate and long-term impacts on a child’s
psychosocial wellbeing. Syrian military action exposes
students to harm, deny large numbers of children and
students their right to education and so deprive
communities of the foundations on which to build their
future. In many countries, armed conflict continues to
destroy not just school infrastructure, but the hopes
and ambitions of a whole generation of children.
3. What is the relevance of UK’s signatory to Safe
School Declaration?
Schools should be a place where children can learn,
develop, and play with their classmates, and prepare for
their future lives in society. But for too many children
around the world, school have become battlegrounds
because it has been bombed, shelled, and burned, and
children and their teachers have been killed, injured, or
kidnapped. Further, the relevance of UK’s signatory to
Safe School Declaration is that it serves as an official
assurance that the UK will condemn attacks on schools,
protect education during armed conflict, and offer
supervision, services, and teaching to save children’s
lives. Also, the UK has been a champion on many
children’s issues. It has worked to prevent child
marriage in Bangladesh, it has given money to help
Yazidi girls who were raped in Iraq, and it is supporting
young Syrian refugees in camps in Jordan that is why
this UK’s participant is essential to make this new and
powerful promise that on the UK’s watch, no child
should ever be attacked at school and that all schools
should be place where children can learn.
4. Do you think the Philippines has to sign the said
declaration?
I believe that the Philippine government should strongly
endorse the Safe Schools Declaration since it is
undoubtedly that learners face attacks, recruitment of
armed groups and sexual violence in conflict-affected
areas in Mindanao. By joining the Safe Schools
Declaration, the state commits to undertake several
steps to make it less likely that students, teachers,
schools, and universities will be attacked, and to
mitigate the negative consequences when such attacks
occur.
5. Why should we care about the children and
their learning environment around the globe?
Every child has their rights to learn, for them to be
prepared for their future, they are our future, but how
can a child be our future if they won’t be in a learning
environment free from the cruel of this world. If we
prohibit them to be in a peaceful learning environment,
what does that makes us? If we neglect the children and
the importance of their learning environment, it’s like
we stole their freedom and rights to learn. In a learning
environment, they are taught many things, including on
how to meet 21st century needs and they cultivate our
children’s leadership qualities that will contribute for
their countries to rise. But, we cannot have that if we
deprive them a peaceful learning environment, right?
Truthfully, safe, responsive, and nurturing environment
serves as a vital part of supporting the learning and
development of children. A positive learning
environment allows them to grow and develop while
poorly designed learning environment such as being
exposed to military actions can have a negative effect
on a child's learning experience.
ADVANCING
 The world citizen was typically an intellectual,
who travelled widely, met and corresponded
with intellectuals in many countries and
advanced cosmopolitan views.
 Since 1945, the global citizen is usually pictured
as the activist on transnational social
movements.
 The idea that travelling is an expression of
cosmopolitanism is indeed debatable.
 Mass tourism, which often shields people from
the society they are visiting, has nothing to do
with increasing international understanding and
may hay harmful effects on the environment
and local culture.
 However, there are travels that are seen as
means of promoting international
understanding like exchanges between
schoolchildren.
 The image of wandering scholar is still part of a
cosmopolitan view of the world of learning. It is
 also encouraged by governments to promote
friendly relations between countries.
 In the beginning of the 21st century, there was
the development of informal networks and
formal transnational organizations. These
organizations pursue professional or social
interests that have become an important
feature of international politics.
 The existence of these organizations can be
interpreted as the creation of civil global
society.
 The existence of transnational associations does
not necessarily mean that those involved are
acting as global citizens because in many cases,
they are basically promoting their own
particular concerns.
 Those who belong to these organizations meet
in international conferences to share their ideas
and to call for states and international law to
respect their rights to copyright and to an
income from their writing.
 Campaigning to transnational organizations is
committed to global causes.
 The number and importance of voluntary
bodies opposing oppression, or expressing
practical solidarity with those suffering in other
parts of the world also grew significantly in the
20th century.
 Many people around the world are making links
across national frontiers to demonstrate
support for cosmopolitan ideals.
 Transnational organizations like Amnesty
International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace cite
discussions on global citizenship.
 Transnational movements usually involve
political lobbying and protest.
 Sometimes, they encompass more extreme
form of resistance.
 They also depend on volunteers who offer
direct assistance to those who are suffering
from abuse, poverty, war, among others.
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
 The concept of civil society has become central
to social theory since the 1980’s when dissident
intellectuals in Eastern Europe looked to social
networks initiated from below to provide a
sphere of independence from the state and a
basis for resistance.
 The existence of autonomous social groups and
institutions has been seen as essential to
democratization both in remaining communist
regimes such as China and in other
authoritarian states.
 Democratic theorists have argued that civil
society is essential to liberal democracies as a
barrier to an encroaching state or intruding
state.
 Participation in voluntary bodies provides a
political education and promote responsible
citizenship.
 Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as
the sphere defined by the market economy, and
its resulting individualism and socially divisive
effects.
 But most theorists of civil society see it as
distinct from both the state and the economy.
 Civil society also suggests very informal links –
whether between neighbors or fellow
enthusiasts of a particular hobby.
 The implication of global civil society must
depend on how it is defined and on the
comparative economic and political power of
groups within it.
 Global civil society poses a direct challenge to
states when groups within one country ignore
or oppose official policies to create links with
citizens in other countries.
CAMPAIGNING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS:
COSMOPOLITAN PRINCIPLES AND
INTERNATIONAL LAW
 The basic tenet of cosmopolitanism is the belief
in universal equality and human rights.
 Transnational organizations supporting human
rights are often cited in discussion of both
global society and global citizenship.
 Richard Falk discussed how global civil society
promotes a world order based not on state
interests but on the interests and rights of
human beings.
 Amnesty International and regional human
rights bodies typify this move towards ‘a law of
humanity.’
 Amnesty International is probably the best-
known human rights campaigning organization
with a separate international secretariat and
sections in many parts of the world.
 It is used to exemplify transnational action to
protect individual rights.
 Amnesty has also played a role in strengthening
global civil society.
 It can also be seen as a collective global citizen.
 Human Rights Watch, which is based in the USA,
is one of those who play important role in
monitoring human rights worldwide and
protesting about abuses.